臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

科技進步一日千里的現代社會，在知識經濟的體制下，創造力指標更能夠有效預測成年後的成就，唯有擁有創造力的人才不會淹沒於時代的洪流中。如何得知學童創造力的發展情形，對於家長與老師來說，實是一件重要的事。
本研究的目的在研製一份是用於國小低年級學童的創造力圖形測驗，以王字為基礎，藉由完成圖形的方式，計算、分析答案的數量、種類、獨特性及精緻的程度，來測量受試學童創造力的流暢力、變通力、獨創力及精進力的發展情形。
本研究以台北市、新北市及桃園縣的國小一二年級學生為研究對象，進行了重測信度及效標關聯效度的考驗，建立了可供對照的常模分數，並研製了施測與評分的使用手冊。

The rapid progress of technology has brought great attention to creativity in modern society. In the era of “Knowledge Economy”, creativity becomes one of the most dependable indicators of future accomplishments. It is believed that only creative talents will survive in the times of change. For parents and teachers, it is essential to understand their schoolchildren’s creativity development.
The purpose of this study is to develop a graphic creativity test for 1st and 2nd grade elementary students. The test is conducted through the process of picture completion. The development of schoolchildren’s creativity is evaluated by four scales, thus fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration, measured by number of answers, and to what degree the answers are on the dimensions of diversity, uniqueness, and elaboration. The subject of the study is 1st and 2nd grade elementary students in Taipei City, New Taipei City and Taoyuan County. The tests of test-retest reliability and criterion-related validity are conducted. The study establishes norm scores for comparison and develops a manual for operation and evaluation.

目錄
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景 …………………………………………………… 1
第二節 研究動機 …………………………………………………… 6
第三節 研究目的 …………………………………………………… 10
第四節 研究流程 …………………………………………………… 11
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 國外學者的創造力理論……………………………………… 14
第二節 國內對創造力的研究………………………………………… 24
第三節 創造力測驗的發展…………………………………………… 38
第三章 研究設計與實施
第一節 研究架構……………………………………………………… 46
第二節 研究樣本……………………………………………………… 50
第三節 研究工具……………………………………………………… 50
第四節 資料處理與分析……………………………………………… 62
第四章 研究結果
第一節 常模與樣本建置 ………………………………………………65
第二節 信度分析 ………………………………………………………80
第三節 效度分析 ………………………………………………………82
第四節 年級、地區及性別的比較 ……………………………………84
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 研究限制 ………………………………………………………89
第二節 檢討與建議 ……………………………………………………91
參考文獻
中文文獻 …………………………………………………………… 95
英文文獻 …………………………………………………………… 99

中文文獻
James Webb Young(1998)。廣告大師詹姆士．韋伯．楊的廣告傳奇。臺北：魔岩文化。
王文科（1991）。教育研究法。臺北：五南。
毛連塭、郭有遹、陳龍安與林幸台 (2000)。 創造力研究。臺北: 心理出版社。
行政院（2000）。全國知識經濟發展會議。行政院全球資訊網址: www.ey.gov.tw。
朱錦鳳（2004）。「問題解決創造力測驗」的發展及其相關研究。教育與心理研究期刊，26（4），671－695。
江美惠 (2005)。創造性問題解決教學方案對資優學生創造力及問題解決能力影響之研究。資優教育研究，005(002)，0083-0106。
吳明隆（2011）。論文寫作與量化研究（三版）。台北：五南。
吳靜吉、陳甫彥、郭俊賢、林偉文、劉士豪、陳玉樺（1998）。新編創造思考測驗。教育部輔導工作六年計畫研究報告。台北市：教育部。
吳靜吉（2002）。華人學生創造力的發展與培育。應用心理研究，15，17－42。
吳靜吉（2002）。創造力研究取向之回顧與展望。載於創造思考教學策略與實務研討會會議手冊，國立中央大學。
吳玉雯（2004）。幾何圖形教學對學童造形創造力之影響研究。未出版之碩士論文，國立屏東師範學院，屏東縣。
李乙明（2006a）。陶倫斯創造思考測驗語文版。臺北：心理。
李乙明（2006b）。陶倫斯創造思考測驗圖形版。臺北：心理。
林幸台、王木榮修訂（1994）。Williams, F. E. 原著（1980）。威廉斯創造力測驗。Creativity Assessment Packet。臺北：心理。
林幸台（1995）。威廉斯創造力測驗修訂報告。特殊教育研究學刊，（11），133-149。
林偉文(2006)。學校創意守門人對創意教學及創造力培育態度與教師創意教學之關係。教育學刊，000(027)，0069-0092。
洪文東（2002）。創造型兒童之思考特性與科學創造力的關聯性。屏東師院學報，16，355-394。
洪欣憶(2012)。創意巨人 Steve Jobs 的創造歷程及其對教育的影響。彰化縣：彰化縣九年一貫電子報。
涂君暐(2005)。內外在動機、創造力工作環境與創造力之相關研究－以第八屆創思設計與製作競賽之參賽學生為例。未出版之碩士論文，國立中央大學，桃園縣。
教育部（2001）。創造力教育白皮書。臺北市：教育部。
教育部 (2010)。國民中小學校概況統計。臺北市: 教育部統計處。
陳龍安（1984）。基爾福特創造性教學的策略（上）。國教月刊，31（3），50-61。
陳龍安（1984）。創造力思考教學對國小資優班與普通班學生創造思考能力之影響。未出版之碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學，台北市。
陳龍安、朱湘吉（1993）。創造與生活。臺北: 空大。
陳龍安（1998）。創造思考教學的理論與實際。臺北：心理。
張世慧（1988）。創造性問題解決方案對國小資優班與普通班學生創造性問題解決能力、創造力和問題解決能力之影響。未出版之碩士論文，國立彰化師範大學，彰化縣。
葉玉珠、葉玉環、李梅齡、彭月茵 (2006)。以創作性戲劇教學啟發幼兒創造力之行動研究。師大學報：教育類，000(051)，0001-0027。
葉玉珠 (2006)。創造力教學──過去、現在與未來。臺北市:心理。
鄭芳怡、葉玉珠(2006)。兒童解釋形態、領域知識及創意生活經驗與科技創造力之關係。教育與心理研究 ，29(2)，339-368。
賈馥茗（1973）。發展創造才能的教師。國立政治大學學報，（21）。
詹秀美、吳武典（2007）。新編問題解決測驗。臺北：心理。
董奇（1995）。兒童創造力發展心理。臺北：五南。
董愉斐(2005)。應用圖片兌換溝通系統教學法增進自閉症兒童主動溝通行為之研究。未出版之碩士論文，國立屏東師範學院，屏東市。
羅一萍(2010)。父母的傳統性、現代性、管教方式與兒童創造力相關之研究。未出版之碩士論文，國立屏東師範學院初等教育研究所，屏東縣。
羅巧玲（2011）。中部地區幼兒教師創造力人格特質與教學效能之相關研究。未出版之碩士論文，國立臺中教育大學，臺中市。
謝甫佩、洪振方(2006)。從匯合取向的觀點探討科學創造力的評量。科學教育月刊,291, 11-23。










英文文獻
Allen, W. (2010),The 100 most creative people in business. Fast Company.
Amabile, T. M. (1993), Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of ins-trinsic and ex-trinsic motivation in the workplace, Human Resource Management Review, 3, 185-201.
Amabile, T. M. (1996), Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity, Bouler, CO: Westview.
Amabile, T. M., Hill, K. G., Hennessey, B. A., & Tighe, E. M. (1994), The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 950-967.
Amabile, T. M., Schatzel, E. A., Moneta, G. B., & Kramer, S. J. (2004), Leader behaviors and the work environment for creativity: Perceived leader support, The Leadership Quarterly, 14(), 5-32.
Atkinson, J. (1984). Manpower Strategies for Flexible Organizations. Personnel Management, 28-31.
Barron, F., & Harrington, D. M. (1981). Creativity, intelligence, and personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 439-476.
Binet, A., &; Simon, Th. A. (1905). Méthode nouvelle pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. L'Année Psychologique, 11, 191-244.
Bronfenbrenner,U.(1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development. Development Psychology,V22,n6,723-742.
Bronfenbrenner,U. (1989). The ecological systems . Annals of Child Developmant , 6 , 187-249 .
Byrd R.E.(1986). Creativity and Risk-taking. Pfeiffer International Publishers. San Diego, CA.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996), Creativity: Flow and the psychological discovery and invention, New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999), Implications of a systems perspective for the study of creativity, In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity , 313-335, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, G.A. (1986). Creativity is forever (2nd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online，http://www.merriam-webster.com/
Gallagher J. J. (1975). Teaching the gift child. Boston, Ma: Allyn and Bacon.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of Mutiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1988). Creativity: An interdisciplinary perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 1, 8-26.
Gardner, H. (1993), Creating minds: An anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi, New York: Basic.
Guilford, J. P. (1956) . The structure of intellect, Psycho. bull.
Guilford, J. P. (1968) . Intelligence, creativity and their educational implication. CA:Rocert R. Knopp.
Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. Basic Books
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw- Hill, Inc
Guilford, J. P. (1971). Creative and its Cultivation. N.Y. Harper and Row.
Guilford, J. P. (1977). Way beyond the IQ. Buffalo, New York: Creative Education Foundation.
Guilford, J. P. (1986). Creative talents: Their nature, uses, and development, Buffalo, NY:Bearly.
Guilford, J. P. (1988). Some changes in the Structure-of-Intellect Model. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 1-4.
Hocevar, D., & Bachelor, P. (1989). A taxonomy and critique of measurement used inthe study of creativity In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Hu, W., & Adey, P. (2002). A Scientific Creativity Test for Secondary
School Students. International Journal of Science Education, 24(4),389-404.
Jackson, P. W. and Messick, S. (1965), The person, the product, and the response: conceptual problems in the assessment of creativity. Journal of Personality, 33: 309–329.
Jeremy G. and Andy H. (2013). What makes creativity tick(Electronic version). Medical press: http://medicalxpress.com/.
Niu, W., & Sternberg, R. J. (2003), Societal and school influences on student creativity: The case of China, Psychology in the Schools, 40(1), 103-114.
Oldham, G. R., & A. Cummings (1996), Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work, Academy of Management Journal, 39(), 607-635.
Olson, R. W. (1980). The art of creative thinking. New York, NY: Barnes and Noble.
Osborn, A.（1957）. Applied imagination. New York: Scribner.
Plucker, J. A., & Baer, J. (2008). Essentials of creativity assessment. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Polland, M. (1994). The evaluation of creative behaviors. ED 369539.
Rhode, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan.
Simonton,D. K. (1988). Age and outstanding achievement: What do we know after a century of research? Psychological Bulletin, 104,163-180.
Simonton, D. K. (2000), Creativity from a historiometric perspective, In R. J. Stemberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity , 116-133, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Skinner(1974). About beahaviorism. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Sternberg, R. J. & Lubart, T. I. （1991）. An investment of creativity and its development. Human Development, 34, 1-31.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995), Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity, New York: The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster Inc..
Sternberg, R.J., & Lubart, T.I. (1999), The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms, In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity , 3-15, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1982). Handbook of human intelligent. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1988). The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Thurow, L.C. (1997), “Needed: a system of intellectual property rights.” Harvard Business Review, 95-103, September/October.
Torrance, E, P. （1963）. Guiding creative talent. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sterberg, The nature of creativity. Cambridge, MA : Cambridge University press.
Torrance, E. P. (1964). Education and Creativity. IN C.W. Taylor (ed.). Creativity: Progress and Potential. NY: Mcgraw-Hill.
Torrance, E. P. ( 1970). Individual Differences in Creativity among Secondary School Students. Journal of High School; 53, 8, 429-439（ERIC-NO: EJ020706）
Torrance, E. P. & Myers, R. E. (1970). Creative learning and teaching. NYC: Harper and Row.
Torrance, E. P. (1972). Can we teach children to think creativity? Journal of Creative Behavior, 6, 114-143.
Torrance, E. P. et. al., (Eds.) (1972). Creativity: Its educational implications. John Wiley and Sons.
Torrance, E. P. & Orlow E. B. (1986). Torrance tests of creative thinking steam lined (revised) manual. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic testing Service.
Torrance, E, P. （1988）. The nature of creativity as manifest in its testing. In R. J.
Wallas, G. （1926）. The art of thought. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Williams, F. E.(1967). Intellectual creativity and the teacher. Journal of Creative Behavior, 1, 173-180.
Williams, F. E. (1972a). Identifying and measuring creative potential. NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Williams, F. E. (1972b). Encouraging creative potential. NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Williams, F. E. (1980). Creativity assessment packet (CAP): Manual. Buffalo: D.O.K. Publishers, Inc.
Richard W. Woodman, John E. Sawyer and Ricky W. Griffin,(1993). Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity. The Academy of Management Review. Vol.18, No.2 , 293-321.