臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

著都市規模不斷擴張，人工排熱使用量增加，而使大都會地區的氣溫不斷飆升、都市熱島效應日益嚴重，風和溫熱環境日漸成為備受矚目的議題，如何減緩熱島效應更為大家所關注之焦點。其中，植栽綠化被視為有效的緩和手法之一；然而，植栽若缺乏適當配置與應用，反而將降低環境風場，阻撓都市風環境之流動。因此，在思考都市未來的發展上，都市規劃者、設計師更應將風環境及戶外溫熱環境等模擬納入考量。
本研究以風環境面向做探討，首先針對研究地區－台南市東豐路、林森路進行定點觀測，將實測所得資料，用以驗證CFD（Computational fluid dynamics）模擬計算之分析方法，並驗證植栽之參數設定值。
另一方面，透過整理、歸納台南市氣象資料，並按「台南市植栽綠化都市設計審議原則」建立三套方案進行夏季風環境模擬分析，藉以探討行道樹之綠化與都市內風環境的相對關係，包含（1）行道樹綠化有無對都市風環境之影響、（2）行道樹綠化對東西向及南北向道路之影響與（3）其對道路兩側風流場之影響等，並找出不同方案之風速範圍值，最後假定在不改變綠覆率之情形下，提出改善本研究地區都市風環境之建議。期盼藉由本研究所得結果，讓民眾、都市及景觀相關領域工作者了解都市規劃與設計對都市環境之重要。
由模擬結果可發現，下午時段在種植行道樹情形下，東西向道路之平均風速受行道樹影響，平均風速減少0.12 m/s?0.80 m/s；晚上時段在種植行道樹情形下，東西向與南北向道路皆受行道樹引導使風流場產生改變，呈現南北向道路之平均風速減少0.12 m/s?0.77 m/s，東西向道路之平均風速微增。
而行道樹對道路兩側之影響，東西向道路兩側在下午及晚上時段均呈現南側平均風速較低之情形，下午時段南北兩側之平均風速相差達0.79 m/s ? 1.21 m/s；南北向道路兩側在下午及晚上時段均呈現行道樹對西側有較大的影響，下午時段西側之平均風速增加0.4 m/s?0.5 m/s，晚上時段西側之平均風速則減少0.2 m/s?0.3 m/s。
由模擬方案所得之結果加總計算後，可發現種植行道樹後的確造成平均風速下降之情形。以距地面1.5m人行高度而言，降低之平均風速以東西向道路南側最多；其次為南北向道路東側；東西向道路北側變動幅度差不多；最後為南北向道路西側，平均風速增加幅度大於減少幅度。因此，在假定綠覆率不變的情形下，若欲增進本研究地區之風場流通、確保通風效率，對行道樹之配置建議為：(1) 東西向道路南側與南北向道路西側應減少植栽密度、(2) 東西向道路北側與南北向道路東側應增加植栽密度。

The topic of heat island effect is being more and more emphasized in recent years, and how to reduce the urban heat island effect is especially concerned about. Planting is regarded as one of the most effective methods to provide shaded area for pedestrian and cool down the air by transpiration. However, it can also decrease the wind velocity or impact the natural ventilation in the urban area when improperly planned and applied. Since the air temperature in metropolises is getting higher, urban planners and designers have to consider the outdoor thermal and wind environment simultaneously when thinking about the future urban development.
This study focuses on the aspects of wind environment and aims to clarify the effects of roadside trees on the urban ventilation by means of the field measurements and CFD analyses. In this study: The outdoor wind environment was first investigated with field measurements during the summer afternoon and evening of 2009 (September 2nd-4th) at two roads with trees in the eastern area of Tainan City. YK-2005AHs were mounted at the specific places at the height of 1.5m to examine the wind environment for pedestrians. The RM Young 05103 Wind Monitor was mounted on the top of the roof, which was the superior high point was observed on the tallest building around the focus area to examine the entrance of wind. All these measured data such as wind direction and wind speed were used as the CFD validation parameters and simulation parameters.
On the other hand, based on measurement weather data and the principle of urban design in green planting in Tainan city, the simulations were carried out in summer with 6 scenarios. Finally, the relationship between the roadside trees and the urban wind environment was discussed in the view points of: (1) the effects of roadside trees/ treeless on the wind environment, (2) the effects of roadside trees on two roads oriented north- south (NS) and east- west (EW), (3) the effects of planting on two sides of the road.
It was found from the simulation, the Case 1 and Case 2 (with roadside tree) decreased the average wind speed in the study area both in the afternoon and at night. In the afternoon, the average wind speed of the EW road decreased from 0.12 m/s to 0.80 m/s.The average wind speed of the NS road decreased from 0.12 m/s to 0.77 m/s.
The effects of planting on two sides of the road: the average wind speed of the south side was about 0.79 - 1.21 m/s lower than the average wind speed of the north side on the EW road in the afternoon. And on the NS road, the roadside trees showed greater influences on the west side than on the east side. The average wind speed of the west side increased about 0.4 - 0.5 m/s in the afternoon, and it decreased about 0.2 - 0.3 m/s at night.
According to the simulation results, it was found that roadside trees really decreased the average wind speed. The roadside trees showed the greatest negative influences on the south side of the EW road, which meant the roadside trees decreased the most average wind speed, and the second one was east side of the NS road. The nouth side of the EW road almostly unchanged. Therefore, the assumption that the green cover rate unchanged circumstances, wants to be Great improvement region flow of the wind field, to ensure the ventilation efficiency, the configuration of the trees proposed were: (1) the density of the roadside trees on the south side of EW road and the west side of NS road the plant should be reduced, (2) the density of the roadside trees on the north side of EW road and the east side of NS road the plant should be increased.

第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景與動機 1
1-2 研究目的 3
1-3 研究內容與流程 4
第二章 相關文獻回顧分析 7
2-1 都市氣候 7
2-2 風環境相關研究 8
2-3 植栽綠化影響都市微氣候之探討 11
第三章 研究設計 15
3-1 研究範圍 15
3-1-1 研究地區 15
3-1-2 研究地區氣象資料 18
3-2 研究方法 21
3-2-1 研究地區定點觀測法 21
3-2-2 CFD數值模擬驗證 24
3-2-3 植栽參數模擬驗證 25
3-3 研究限制 27
第四章 實證地區數值模擬分析 29
4-1 實測資料分析 29
4-1-1 入風口處實測結果 29
4-1-2 近地面處實測結果 34
4-1-3 小結 36
4-2 現況模擬結果分析 38
4-2-1 模擬條件設定 38
4-2-2 CFD數值模擬分析 39
4-2-3 實測結果與CFD模擬結果驗證 42
4-2-4 小結 43
第五章 行道樹方案模擬分析 45
5-1 方案模擬評估 45
5-1-1 下午時段結果 47
5-1-2 晚上時段結果 55
5-1-3 小結 61
5-2 行道樹配置建議 64
第六章 結論與建議 67
6-1 結論 67
6-2 後續研究建議 70

參考文獻 71
一、 中文文獻： 71
二、 英文文獻： 71
三、 日文文獻 73
【附錄一】觀測計畫 74
【附錄二】植栽參數驗證模擬結果 80

一、中文文獻：
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賴光邦（1984），「敷地計劃中局部氣候之控制」，台北：六合出版社。

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Akashi Mochida, Yuichi Tabata, Tatsuaki Iwata, Hiroshi Yoshino,(2008). Examining tree canopy models for CFD prediction of wind environment at pedestrial level, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamic, 961667-1677
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三、日文文獻
木梨智子、小野佳之、片岡浩人、川口彰久（2005），市街地風環境予測?評?技術 ，大林組技術研究所報 N0.69 2005.12。
吉野正敏(1976)，「小氣候」，大明堂株式會社。
吉田伸治、村上周三、持田?、大岡龍三、富永禎秀（1999），環境緩和?果?合的組?新3次元樹木開? : 屋外環境共生空間??解析，生?研究 51(1) pp.11-16。
佐木澄（2007），??解析基街路樹??熱空?環境及影響?討，清水建設研究報告。