臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自然與地理一直是碧霞璞詩中重要的主題。 詩人出於對自然的愛好甚至曾謙稱自己是『小一號的女性華滋華斯』。但是她與浪漫派大詩人之間的差異卻不容小覷。本論文旨在探討詩人自然詩中模擬再現，以及自然與人的主客關係等問題，並藉此釐清詩人與其浪漫派傳統的牽連，指出其跨越傳統的特殊性，及其在跨越國家疆界行旅天涯時所面對的創作衝擊。
本文第一章將大略描述自然在歷來文學呈現中所展現的面貌以及詩人所依循與試圖修正的傳統。第二章進入正題，闡述碧霞璞對形塑世界的工具：語言及其透明指涉能力的懷疑。詩人同時藉由認識論方面的探討與自我反省式的論述來重塑自然，目的是要擺脫浪漫時代詩人過度唯心的感知模式。第三章延續對傳統的質疑態度，試圖運用女性主義的觀點，討論詩人細緻的觀察描摹、第一人稱多數的敘事習慣與將自然陰性化的運用。這些具體的形式技巧都隱含著對傳統父權式再現的反動。第四章集中討論詩人在巴西的詩作，指出她在書寫異國風土人情時，雖仍持續反自我中心的關照方式，卻因本身階級與國族認同的限制，無法更深入周全地與他者對話。最末章專論詩人重要長詩「英倫島上的庫索」，探究個人與文化記憶如何影響人的觀看方式，如何將現實變形，並藉此詩回顧詩人歷來重要的藝術命題。

-Abstract-
The purpose of the thesis is to reexamine Elizabeth Bishop’s treatment of nature in the context of her tradition so as to testify her renovations of this ancient subject matter. Though the poet used to position herself along the line of Romanticism and American Transcendentalism, a revolt of poetic language is implicitly launched in her artistic practice. The subversion is essentially motivated by her doubt over the limits of human perception in connecting the reality and representation. Following the Western epistemology to view nature and self as a duet of me and not-me, the poet, nevertheless, attempts to question the blindness of idealism, which gives forth such a strong comprehending light as to blur the real existence of nature.
The first chapter is going to give a brief account of the traditions Bishop falls heir to. Her link to Romanticism is also delineated in the chapter. The second chapter will deal with the conflicts she undergoes when representing nature and how she assumes a self-reflexive attitude to avoid the transcendent representation of nature. The following chapter tries to further solidify her deflection from an authoritative tradition, which shapes nature or landscape in a more generalizing and overbearing way. Her inclination to adopt a more participative lyric voice is to be regarded as a feminist move, which tries to subvert the authentic and phallic tradition. The very chapter will also examine her trope of nature and her particular ways to feminize nature. Stepping into the fourth chapter, I will try to focus on her works about Brazil and how the traveling experience leads her to face an even more complex problem in articulating the otherness of another country. The poems chosen reveal once again her concern over the act of representation. In praxis she also admits an inevitable lack of knowledge when addressing the other and learns that a gaze upon the other will invariably be returned back to one’s self. The concluding chapter will discuss the function of cultural and personal memory in her long poem, “Crusoe in England” and its maneuver which is distinct from a Wordsworthian pentimento so as to reassess her challenge toward her tradition.

Table of Contents
Abstract i
I. Introduction:
A Brief Historical Account of the Conception of Nature 1
II. “Vision Is Too Serious a Word”
─Bishop’s Deflection from Romantic Idealism 12
III. Feminine Visuality and Feminized Nature 38
IV. Un-namable Brazil 69
V. Conclusion: Memory and Landscape 91
Works Cited 103

Works Cited
English Works:
Abrams, M.H. Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature. New York: Norton Lib, 1971.
Bishop, Elizabeth. The Complete Poems 1927-1979. New York: The Noonday Press, 1997.
----. The Collected Prose. Ed. Robert Giroux. New York: The Noonday Press, 1984.
----. “ ‘The Work!’: A Conversation with Elizabeth Bishop.” With George Starbuck. Ploughshares 3 (1977): 11-29. Shwartz and Estess 312-330.
----. One Art: Letters. Ed. Robert Giroux. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994.
----. Exchanging Hats: Paintings. Ed. William Benton. New York: Farrar, straus and Giroux, 1996.
Bloom, Harold. The Visionary Company: A Reading of English Romantic Poetry. Taipei: Bookman, 1991.
Brogan, Jacqueline Vaught. “Elizabeth Bishop: Perversity as Voice.” Elizabeth Bishop: The Geography of Gender. Ed. Marilyn May Lombardi. London: UP of Virginia, 1993.
Costello, Bonnie. Elizabeth Bishop: Questions of Mastery. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991.
Culler, Jonathan. “Meaning and Convention: Austin and Derrida.” Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies. Eds. Robert con Davis and Ronald Schleifer. New York and London: Longman, 1994.
Cushman, Stephen. Fictions of Form in American Poetry. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1993.
Derrida, Jacques. Speech and phenomena: and other essays on Husserl's theory of signs. Translated, with an intro., by David B. Allison. Evanston : Northwestern University Press, 1973
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays& Lectures. New York: Literary Classics of the U.S., 1983.
Empson, Williams. Some Versions of Pastoral. New York: New Directions, 1968.
Ettin, Andrew V. Literature and the Pastoral. New Haven: Yale UP, 1984.
Goldensohn, Lorrie. “Elizabeth Bishop’s Written Pictures, Painted Poems.” Dorenkamp, Angela G. and Laura Jehn Menides, eds., “In Worcester, Massachusetts” Essays on Elizabeth Bishop. Proc. of the 1997 Elizabeth Bishop Conference at WPI. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Harrison, Victoria. Elizabeth Bishop’s Poetics of Intimacy. New York/Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.
Hartman, Geoffrey H. Beyond Formalism: Literary Essays, 1958-1970. New Haven: Yale UP, 1970.
Islam, Syed Manzurue. The Ethics of Travel: From Marco Polo to Kafka. Manchester and New York: Manchester UP, 1996.
Kalstone, David. Five Temperaments: Elizabeth Bishop, Robert Lowell, James Merrill, Adrienne Rich, John Ashbery. New York: Oxford UP, 1977.
----. Becoming a Poet: Elizabeth Bishop with Marianne Moore and Robert Lowell. New York : Farrar Straus Giroux, 1989.
----. “Conjuring with Nature: Some Twentieth-Century Readings of Pastoral.” Twentieth-Century Literature in Retrospect. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1971.
Kolodny, Annette. The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Krasner, James. The Entangled Eye: Visual Perception and the Representation of Nature in Post- Darwinian Narrative. New York: Oxford UP, 1992.
Labbe, Jacqueline M. Romantic Visualities: Landscape, Gender and Romanticism. London: Macmillan Press, 1998.
Marx, Leo. The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
McKusick, James C. Green Writing: Romanticism and Ecology. New York: St. Martin’s P, 2000.
McNeilly, Kevin. “Toward a Poetics of Dislocation: Elizabeth Bishop and P.K. Page Writing ‘Brazil’.” Studies in Canadian Literature 23/2 (1998): 85-107.
Merrin, Jeredith. An Enabling Humility. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers UP, 1990.
Millier, Brett C. Elizabeth Bishop: Life and the Memory of It. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Mitchell, M.J.T. Landscape and Power. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Ortner, Sherry B. “Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?” Woman, Culture and Society. Eds. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1974.
Paton, Priscilla M. “Landscape and Female Desire: Elizabeth Bishop’s ‘Closet’ Tactics.” Mosaic 31/3 (1998): 133-151.
Pinsky, Robert. “The Idiom of a Self: Elizabeth Bishop and Wordsworth.” Elizabeth Bishop and Her Art. Eds. Lloyd Schwartz and Sybil Estess. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983.
Rich, Adrienne. “The Eye of the Outsider: The Poetry of Elizabeth Bishop.” Rev. of the Complete Poems: 1927-1979, by Elizabeth Bishop. Boston Review 8 (April 1983):15-17.
Rotella, Guy. Reading & Writing Nature: The Poetry of Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, and Elizabeth Bishop. Boston: Northeastern UP, 1991.
Saussure. Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics. Tr. Wade Baskin. NY: Philosophical Library, 1959.
Shigley, Sally B. “Dazzling Dialectics”: Elizabeth Bishop’s Resonating Feminist Reality. New York: Peter Lang, 1997.
Siedl, Mark Gregory. “Elizabeth Bishop and the Subject of Pastoral.” Diss. University of Virginia, 1996.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. In Other Worlds : Essays in Cultural Politics. New York: Methuen, 1987.
Travisano, Thomas. Elizabeth Bishop: Her Artistic Development. Charlottesville: Virginia UP, 1988.
Weiskel, Thomas. The Romantic Sublime: Studies in the Structure and Psychology of Transcendence. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.
Chinese Works:
吳雅鳳，〈由田園主題的變遷談透納的英國風景〉，《框架內外：藝術、文類與符號疆界》，劉紀蕙編，台北：立緒，1999。