臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

正交分頻多工(Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, OFDM)是多載波調變技術的一種，由於高速資料傳輸和有效對抗通道為選擇性頻率衰減的優點下，已成為現今為無線通訊廣泛所採用，但是OFDM系統中有一項主要的缺點就是會產生較高的峰均值功率比(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR)，而這種忽大忽小的功率對於放大器來說，會造成放大器所需要操作的線性區間過大，造成訊號的失真，因此在長期演進技術(Long Term Evolution, LTE)實體層為了考慮用戶端裝置的成本與功率，其上行鏈路改採用單載波調變，以避免多載波調變所造成的高PAPR問題。
在本文中，我們提出了一個寬頻單載波（Single Carriers, SC）空間調變（Spatial Modulation, SM）為基礎的多輸入多輸出（Multi-input Multi-output, MIMO）結構，接收端為頻域均衡（frequency domain equalization, FDE）接收器。我們表明在基於SC的SM-MIMO結構中利用分塊矩陣求反矩陣定理降低均方誤差（Minimum Mean-Square Error, MMSE）準則中反矩陣計算複雜度，其能夠在與原BER性能表現一樣的前提下減少反矩陣運算之複雜度與利用M演算法配合最大似然法則(Maximum-Likelihood, ML)選取最短距離個數，提高偵測之精準度兩項優點。

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique. Since its high-speed transmission and robustness against frequency selective channel fading, it is widely adopted in modern wireless communications. However, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is disadvantage of OFDM. This leads to design problem of power amplifier. In the physical-layer of long Term Evolution (LTE), single-carrier is used for the uplink transmission, and this efficiently lessens the effect of high PAPR.
In this thesis, we propose a frequency domain equalization technique for the single-carrier spatial modulation based multiple-input multiple-output system. We employ matrix inverse lemma for sub-block matrices to reduce the computational complexity of the involved matrix inverse in the minimum mean-squared error detection. Also, we apply the M-algorithm for use with the maximum-likelihood approach for selecting the candidates of decision. Results show that better error-rate performance can be obtained.

目次

誌謝I
摘要II
AbstractIII
目次IV
圖目次VI
表目次VIII
第一章 緒論1
1.1 研究目的和動機1
1.2 論文架構1
第二章 無線傳輸通道簡介2
2.1 多重路徑成因與衰減2
2.1.1 通道型態描述4
2.2正交分頻多工系統5
2.2.1 子載波正交性7
2.2.2 串列與並行7
2.2.3 保護區間和循環字首8
2.2.4 正交分頻多工之優缺點9
2.3 高峰值均值功率比之問題9
2.3.1 高PAPR衍生之問題10
2.4 單載波頻域等化器架構11
2.5 多重輸入多重輸出系統12
第三章 多輸入多輸出系統基於單載波空間調變14
3.1 空間調變系統模型14
3.2 多輸入多輸出系統基於單載波空間調變系統模型15
3.2.1 寬頻SM-MIMO方案的初步討論15
3.2.2 基於SC在SM-MIMO方案之模型17
3.2.3 Hard-Decision SC-SM 接收端20
3.3 最小均方誤差(Minimum Mean-Square Error, MMSE)21
3.4 最大相似偵測器21
第四章 減少複雜度、提高正確率之演算法23
4.1 提出減少複雜度之演算法23
4.2 提出提高偵測準確率之演算法28
4.3 模擬結果30
4.3.1 根據BPSK調變方式模擬30
4.3.2 根據QPSK調變方式模擬33
4.3.3 根據8QAM調變方式模擬35
4.3.4 根據16QAM調變方式模擬38
第五章 結論與建議41
參考文獻42



圖目次
圖2.1 多重路徑傳播2
圖2.2 衰減通道分類5
圖2.3 正交多載波技術6
圖2.4 正交分頻多工系統架構圖6
圖2.5 正交分頻多工傳送訊號頻譜[9]7
圖2.6 正交分頻多工符元區間示意圖8
圖2.7 單載波頻域等化器架構圖11
圖2.8 多重輸入多重輸出之系統架構圖12
圖3.1 一般型空間調變之多重輸入多重輸出之系統架構圖14
圖3.2 空間調變之多重輸入多重輸出之系統架構圖18
圖4.1 矩陣分塊求反矩陣示意圖27
圖4.2 BPSK傳送天線=接收天線=2，M=1、2和3之比較31
圖4.3 BPSK傳送天線=接收天線=4，M=1、2和3之比較31
圖4.4 BPSK傳送天線=接收天線=8，M=1、2和3之比較32
圖4.5 BPSK傳送天線=接收天線=16，M=1、2和3之比較32
圖4.6 QPSK傳送天線=接收天線=2，M=1、2和3之比較33
圖4.7 QPSK傳送天線=接收天線=4，M=1、2和3之比較34
圖4.8 QPSK傳送天線=接收天線=8，M=1、2和3之比較34
圖4.9 QPSK傳送天線=接收天線=16，M=1、2和3之比較35
圖4.10 8-QAM傳送天線=接收天線=2，M=1、2和3之比較36
圖4.11 8-QAM傳送天線=接收天線=4，M=1、2和3之比較36
圖4.12 8-QAM傳送天線=接收天線=8，M=1、2和3之比較37
圖4.13 8-QAM傳送天線=接收天線=16，M=1、2和3之比較37
圖4.14 16-QAM傳送天線=接收天線=2，M=1、2和3之比較38
圖4.15 16-QAM傳送天線=接收天線=4，M=1、2和3之比較39
圖4.16 16-QAM傳送天線=接收天線=8，M=1、2和3之比較39
圖4.17 16-QAM傳送天線=接收天線=16，M=1、2和3之比較40




表目次
表一 空間調變範例，3位元傳送15
表二 SM-MIMO一些基本方案之比較17
表三 對應變量之複數運算複雜度28
表四 基於SC的SM-MIMO系統之模擬環境參數30


[1]H. A. Ngo, C. Xu, S. Sugiura, and L. Hanzo, “Space-time-frequency shift keying for dispersive channels,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 177–180, Mar. 2011.
[2]P. Som and A. Chockalingam, “Spatial modulation and space shift keying in single carrier communication,” in IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Sep. 2012, pp. 1962–1967.
[3]R. Rajashekar, K. V. S. Hari, and L. Hanzo, “Spatial modulation aidedzero-padded single carrier transmission for dispersive channels,” IEEETransactions on Communications, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 2318–2329, Jun.2013.
[4]Rappaport, T.S., Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.
[5]A. F. Molisch, Wireless Communications. John Wiley and Sons, 2005
[6]W. Stallings, “Wireless Communications and Networks”, Prentice Hall, 2004.
[7]C.S.Yong, K.Jaekwon, Y.Y.Won and K.C.Gu. MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB. Wiley, 2010.
[8]Newkirk, David and Karlquist, Rick (2004). Mixers, modulators and demodulators. In D. G. Reed (ed.), The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications (81st ed.), pp. 15.1–15.36. Newington: ARRL. ISBN 0-87259-196-4.
[9]OFDM and Multi-Channel Communication Systems, from http://www.ni.com/white-paper/5689/en/, Nov,2014.
[10]T.D. Chiueh and P.Y. Tsai,OFDM Baseband Receiver Design for Wireless Com-munications.Wiley 2007.
[11]Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication, Artech House, Boston London, 2000
[12]Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications Theory and applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 1999
[13]L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single-carrier and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation-Principles and applications for personal communications, WLANs and broadcasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000
[14]S. M. Alamouti, “A simple transmitter diversity scheme for wireless communication,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 1451-1458, 1998.
[15]G. D. Golden, G. J. Foschini, R. A. Valenzuela, and P.-W. Wolniansky, “Detection algorithmand initial laboratory results using V-BLAST space-time communication architecture,”Electr.Lett., vol. 35, pp. 14 – 15, Jan. 1999.
[16]S. Sugiura, S. Chen, and L. Hanzo, “A universal space-time architecture for multiple-antenna aided systems,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 401–420, May 2012.
[17]M. Di Renzo, H. Haas, A. Ghrayeb, S. Sugiura, and L. Hanzo, “Spatial modulation for generalized MIMO: Challenges, opportunities and implementation,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 56–103, Jan. 2014.
[18]L. Hanzo, L.-L. Yang, E.-L. Kuan, and K. Yen, Single and Multi-Carrier CDMA: Multi-User Detection, Space-Time Spreading, Synchronisation and Standards. John Wiley and IEEE Press, 2003
[19]S. Sugiura, L. Hanzo, “Single-RF Spatial Modulation Requires Single-Carrier Transmission: Frequency-Domain Turbo Equalization for Dispersive Channels,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 64, no. 99, pp. 4, Nov. 2014.
[20]Higham, Nicholas(2002).Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms (2nd ed.). SIAM. pp.258.ISBN 978-0-89871-521-7.MR 1927606.