臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

植物生長過程中會遭受到許多的生物和非生物造成之刻傷逆境。當植物遇刻傷逆境時將會調整其生理及代謝反應以進行修補及防禦反應。糖類分子於刻傷逆境反應中具有提供修補所需碳源及能量之功能。水稻蔗糖轉運蛋白(sucrose transporter, SUT)家族基因中之OsSUT4的表現量會受到機械性傷害和斜紋夜盜蟲(Spodoptera litura)的咬食之刺激而明顯增強。在機械性傷害處理之葉部，與蔗糖代謝相關之蔗糖水解酵素(OsCIN1)及單糖轉運蛋白(OsMST6)之表現也會受到刻傷逆境誘導。然而當水稻莖稈受到褐飛蝨(Nilaparvata lugens)刺吸後OsSUT4的基因表現卻會受到抑制。進一步之試驗結果顯示，機械性刻傷處理後，茉莉酸(JA)和乙烯生合成相關基因均有增加之現象，且此二種荷爾蒙均可促進OsSUT4基因表現，另以茉莉酸合成抑制劑處理水稻植株將會降低機械性刻傷誘導OsSUT4基因表現之反應。此外，刻傷處理將誘導H2O2累積，且H2O2具增強刻傷刺激誘導OsSUT4基因表現之功能。進而，藉由OsSUT4之不同長度的啟動子接上GUS報導基因之水稻轉殖株分析，發現調控OsSUT4受機械性刻傷誘導表現之啟動子調控序列位於轉譯起始點至其上游248個核苷酸序列間。

Plants are often suffered by wounding stresses caused by biotic and abiotic factors during growth and development, and they will modulate physiological and metabolic behavior to process repair and defense responses. Sugars play an important role to provide carbon and energy source for healing at wound site. The expression of OsSUT4 gene, one of rice sucrose transporter family member, was significantly enhanced by mechanical woundsing and Spodoptera litura chewing stimuli. However, when rice plants was attacked by sap-sucking pest, i.e. Nilaparvata lugens, OsSUT4 gene expression in rice culm was down-regulated. In addition to OsSUT4 expression, the transcript levels of the cell wall invertase gene (OsCIN1) and monosaccharide transporter gene (OsMST6) were also increased in mechanical wounding-treated rice plants. Expression of OsSUT4 can be promoted by exogenous jasmonate (JA) and ethylene. Furthermore, if JA biosynthesis pathway was blocked, the wound-induced OsSUT4 expression would be repressed. In addition, since NADPH oxidase inhibitor treatment can reduce the wounding effect on OsSUT4 expression, H2O2 was considered to function as a signal factor involved to the regulatory pathway of wound-regulated OsSUT4 expression. According to OsSUT4 promoter activity analysis in transgenic rice plants, it was suggested that the wounding-responsive element on OsSUT4 promoter was located at the region within 248 bp upstream of the translation start codon.

誌謝………………………………………………………………………………………i
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………ii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………iii
目錄………………………………………………………………………………… iv
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………vii
附表及附圖目錄……………………………………………………………viii
縮寫字對照………………………………………………………………………ix
一、 前言………………………………………………………………………………1
1. 機械性傷害逆境對碳水化合物轉運影響……………………………………1
2. 糖類分子於植物刻傷反應中的角色和功能……………………………………2
3. 水稻的蔗糖轉運蛋白研究………………………………………………………2
4. 糖類相關轉運蛋白及代謝相關基因受機械性傷害逆境的影響………………4
5. 植物受機械性傷害和昆蟲咬食所引起之異同…………………………………5
6. 刻傷逆境的訊息傳導因子………………………………………………………5
7. 本論文研究主題…………………………………………………………………7
二、 材料與方法……………………………………………………………………8
1. 植物材料………………………………………………………………………8
2. 種子消毒和植株培養…………………………………………………………8
3. 水稻機械性傷害處理…………………………………………………………8
4. 三葉齡水稻幼苗斜紋夜盜蟲餵養處理………………………………………8
5. 三葉齡水稻幼苗的褐飛蝨餵養處理…………………………………………9
6. 水稻植株內生糖含量測定……………………………………………………9
6.1 測定材料………………………………………………………………9
6.2 水稻葉身可溶性糖含量測定……………………………………………9
7.MeJA、SA、ABA、ET荷爾蒙藥劑處理………………………10
8.荷爾蒙、過氧化氫生合成抑制劑前處理………………………………10
9.過氧化氫定性及定量測定……..…………..…………………………………11
9.1刻傷逆境下過氧化氫(H2O2)定性觀察……………………………………11
9.2刻傷逆境下過氧化氫(H2O2)定量測定……………………………………11
10.穩定性表現系統進行啟動子活性分析…………………………………11
10.1 OsSUT4基因啟動子-GUS轉殖水稻POsSUT4………………………11
10.2 構築水稻蔗糖轉運蛋白OsSUT4基因啟動子穩定性表現載體………11
10.3 EHA105農桿菌勝任細胞的製備………………………………………12
10.4 EHA105農桿菌轉型……………………………………………………12
10.5 水稻癒傷組織的誘導…………………………………………………15
10.6 水稻農桿菌轉殖……………………………………………………… 13
10.7 轉殖水稻GUS活性之組織化學染色分析……………………………14
11. 基因表現分析………………………………………………………………14
11.1 水稻總RNA萃取……………………………………………………14
11.2 TURBO DNase處理…………………………………………………15
11.3 RNA電泳………………………………………………………………15
11.4 即時反轉錄聚合酶連鎖反應(real-time RT-PCR)……………………16
三、結果………………………………………………………………………………17
1. 機械性傷害對OsSUT4、OsCIN1及水稻單糖轉運蛋白OsMST6基因表現影響………………………………………………………………………………17
2. 斜紋夜盜蟲對水稻蔗糖轉運蛋白的影響………………………………… 17
3. 褐飛蝨對水稻蔗糖轉運蛋白的影響………………………………………17
4.水稻內生糖含量對於刻傷逆境誘導OsSUT4基因表現影響………………18
5.探討荷爾蒙是否參與機械性傷害誘導OsSUT4表現的調控機制…………18
5.1 MeJA相關探討………………………………………………………… 18
5.2 SA相關探討……………………………………………………………18
5.3 ABA相關探討…………………………………………………………19
5.4 乙烯相關探討……………………………………………………………19
6. 過氧化氫(Hydrogen peroxide)在刻傷逆境中對OsSUT4基因表現的影響…20
7. 受刻傷逆境OsSUT4基因啟動子之活性探討………………………………20
四、討論……………………………………………………………………………22
1. OsSUT4在植物受機械性傷害反應中可能扮演的角色…………………22
2. 醣分子對於刻傷誘導OsSUT4表現的探討………………………………22
3. 機械性傷害、斜紋夜盜蟲和褐飛蝨對SUT影響的探討…………………23
4. 刻傷逆境下各荷爾蒙對OsSUT4表現的探討………………………………24
5. 刻傷逆境下H2O2對OsSUT4基因表現的影響探討…………………………25
6. 受到刻傷逆境調控的OsSUT4啟動子區域探討……………………………26
7. 結語及未來展望……………………………………………………………27
五、參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………51

李金龍 (2002) 植物保護圖鑑系列8-水稻保護。行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局。
高景輝 (2005) 植物生理分析技術。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
曾東海、鄭清煥、陳治官、顏信沫、鄭統隆、卓緯玄、王強生(2003) 水稻台農67號突變品系對褐飛蝨之反應及抗性遺傳之探討。植物保護學會會刊 43:211-223
陳佳宜 (2007) 水稻種子發芽時期胚中蔗糖轉運蛋白基因之表現調控機制。國立台灣大學生物資源暨農學院系碩士論文。
陳懷如 (2009) 水稻葉鞘在抽穗期間由儲存組織轉換成供源組織之分子調控機制。國立台灣大學生物資源暨農學院系博士論文。
蕭惠心 (2011) 水稻蔗糖轉運蛋白質基因OsSUT2及OsSUT4之表現分析。國立台灣大學生物資源暨農學院系碩士論文。
Aoki N, Hirose T, Furbank RT (2012) Sucrose transport in higher plants: from source to sink. Photosynthesis 34:703-729.
Aoki N, Hirose T, Scofield GN, Whitfeld PR, Furbank RT (2003) The sucrose transporter gene family in rice. Plant and Cell Physiology 44:223-232.
Arnold TM, Schultz JC (2002) Induced sink strength as a prerequisite for induced tannin biosynthesis in developing leaves of Populus. Oecologia 130:585-593.
Baldwin IT, Zhang ZP, Diab N, Ohnmeiss TE, McCloud ES, Lynds GY, Schmelz EA (1997) Quantification, correlations and manipulations of wound-induced changes in jasmonic acid and nicotine in Nicotiana sylvestris. Planta 201:397-404.
Boller T, Kende H (1980) Regulation of wound ethylene synthesis in plants. Nature 286:259-260.
Braun DM, Slewinski TL (2009) Genetic control of carbon partitioning in grasses: roles of sucrose transporters and tie-dyed loci in phloem loading. Plant Physiology 149:71-81.
Burkle L, Hibberd JM, Quick WP, Kuhn C, Hirner B, Frommer WB (1998) The H+-sucrose cotransporter NtSUT1 is essential for sugar expoort from tobacco leaves. Plant Physiology 118:59-68.
Chen HJ, Wang SJ (2008) Molecular regulation of sink–source transition in rice leaf sheaths during the heading period. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 30:639-649.
Chen HJ, Wang SJ (2012) Abscisic acid enhances starch degradation and sugar transport in rice upper leaf sheaths at the post-heading stage. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 34:1493-1500.
Chen Z, Silva H, Klessig DF (1993) Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid. Science 262:1883-1885.
Chen JY, Liu SL, Siao W, Wang SJ (2010) Hormone and sugar effects on rice sucrose transporter OsSUT1 expression in germinating embryos. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 32:749-756.
Cheng WH, Taliercio EW, Chourey PS (1996) The Miniature1 seed locus of maize encodes a cell wall invertase required for normal development of endosperm and maternal cells in the pedicel. The Plant Cell 8: 971-983.
Chincinska IA, Liesche J, Krugel U, Michalska J, Geigenberger P, Grimm B, Kuhn C (2008) Sucrose transporter StSUT4 from potato affects flowering, tuberization, and shade avoidance response. Plant Physiology 146:515-528.
Chu, C, Lee, T M (1989) The relationship between ethylene biosynthesis and chilling tolerance in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa). Botanical Bulletin Academia Sinica 30:263-273.
Delessert C, Wilson I, Van Der Straeten D, Dennis E, Dolferus R (2004) Spatial and temporal analysis of the local response to wounding in Arabidopsis leaves. Plant Molecular Biology 55:165-181.
Doares SH, Javier NV, Antonio C, Clarence AR (1995) Salicylic acid lnhibits synthesis of proteinase lnhibitors in tomato leaves induced by systemin and jasmonic acid. Plant Physiology 108: 1741-1 746.
Eom JS, Cho JI, Reinders A, Lee SW, Yoo Y, Tuan PQ, Choi SB, Bang B, Park YI, Cho MH, Bhoo SH, An G, Hahn TR, Ward JM, Jeon JS (2011) Impaired function of the tonoplast-localized sucrose transporter in rice, OsSUT2, limits the transport of vacuolar reserve sucrose and affects plant growth. Plant Physiology 157:109-119.
Erb M, Meldau S, Howe GA (2012) Role of phytohormones in insect-specific plant reactions. Trends in Plant Science 17(5): 250-259.
Fotopoulos V, Gilbert MJ, Pittman JK, Marvier AC, Buchanan AJ, Sauer N, Hall JL, Williams LE (2003) The monosaccharide transporter gene, AtSTP4, and the cell-wall invertase, At fruct1, are induced in Arabidopsis during infection with the fungal biotroph Erysiphe cichoracearum. Plant Physiology 132:821-829.
Guo B, Liang YC, Zhu YG, Zhao FJ (2007) Role of salicylic acid in alleviating oxidative damage in rice roots (Oryza sativa) subjected to cadmium stress. Environmental Pollution 147:743-749.
Hackel A, Schauer N, Carrari F, Fernie AR, Grimm B, Kuhn C (2006) Sucrose transporter LeSUT1 and LeSUT2 inhibition affects tomato fruit development in different ways. The Plant Journal 45:180-192.
Hanik N, Gomez S, Best M, Schueller M, Orians CM, Ferrieri RA (2010) Partitioning of new carbon as 11C in Nicotiana tabacum reveals insight into methyl jasmonate induced changes in metabolism. Journal of Chemical Ecology 36:1058-1067.
Hirose T, Takano M, Terao T (2002) Cell wall invertase in developing rice caryopsis: molecular cloning of OsCIN1 and analysis of its expression in relation to its role in grain filling. Plant and Cell Physiology 43:452-459.
Hirose T, Imaizumi N, Scofield GN, Furbank RT, Ohsugi R (1997) cDNA cloning and tissue specific expression of a gene for sucrose transporter from rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant and Cell Physiology 38:1389-1396.
Hogenhout SA, Bos JI (2011) Effector proteins that modulate plant--insect interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 14:422-428.
Hong CY, Chao YY, Yang MY, Cheng SY, Cho SC, Kao CH (2009) NaCl-induced expression of glutathione reductase in roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings is mediated through hydrogen peroxide but not abscisic acid. Plant and Soil 320:103-115.
Howe GA, Jander G (2008) Plant immunity to insect herbivores. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59:41-66.
Huang X, Stettmaier K, Michel C, Hutzler P, Mueller MJ, Durner J (2004) Nitric oxide is induced by wounding and influences jasmonic acid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 218: 938-946.
Ibraheem O, Hove RM, Bradley G (2008) Sucrose assimilation and the role of sucrose transporters in plant wound response. African Journal of Biotechnology 7:4850-4855.
Ibraheem O, Botha CE, Bradley G (2010) In silico analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements in 5'' regulatory regions of sucrose transporter gene families in rice (Oryza sativa Japonica) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Computational Biology and Chemistry 34:268-283.
Jefferson RA (1987) Assaying chimeric genes in plants: the GUS gene fusion system.Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 5: 387-405
Johnson R, Ryan CA (1990) Wound-inducible potato inhibitor II genes: enhancement of expression by sucrose. Plant Molecular Biology 14:527-536.
Khattab H (2007) The defense mechanism of cabbage plant against phloem-sucking aphid(Brevicoryne brassicae L.). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 1: 56-62, 2007.
Kim SR, Costa MA, An G (1991) Sugar response element enhances wound response of potato proteinase inhibitor II promoter in transgenic tobacco. Plant Molecular Biology 17:973-983.
Koo AJ, Howe GA (2009) The wound hormone jasmonate. Phytochemistry 70:1571-1580.
Lopez-Galvez G, Saltveit M, Cantwell M (1996) Wound-induced phenylalanine amminua lyase activity: factors affecting its induction and correlation with the quality of minimally processed lettuces. Postharvest Biology and Technology 9:223-233.
Meyer S, Lauterbach C, Niedermeier M, Barth I, Sjolund RD, Sauer N (2004) Wounding enhances expression of AtSUC3, a sucrose transporter from Arabidopsis sieve elements and sink tissues. Plant Physiology 134:684-693.
Mur LAJ, Naylor G, Warner SAJ, Sugars JM, White RF, Draper J (1996) Salicylic acid potentiates defence gene expression in tissue exhibiting acquired resistance to pathogen attack. The Plant Journal 9:559-571.
Musser RO, Hum-Musser SM, Eichenseer H, Peiffer M, Ervin G, Murphy JB, Felton GW (2002) Herbivory: caterpillar saliva beats plant defences. Nature 416:599-560.
Nojiri H, Sugimori M, Yamane H, Nishimura Y, Yamada A, Shibuya N, Kodama O, Murofushi N, Omori T (1996) lnvolvement of jasmonic acid in elicitor-induced phytoalexin production in suspension-cultured rice cells. Plant Physiology 110:387-392.
Onkokesung N, Galis I, von Dahl CC, Matsuoka K, Saluz HP, Baldwin IT (2010) Jasmonic acid and ethylene modulate local responses to wounding and simulated herbivory in Nicotiana attenuata leaves. Plant Physiology 153:785-798.
Orozco-Cardenas M, Ryan CA (1999) Hydrogen peroxide is generated systemically in plant leaves by wounding and systemin via the octadecanoid pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:6553-6557.
Orozco-Cardenas M, Narvaez-Vasquez J, Ryan CA (2001) Hydrogen peroxide acts as a second messenger for the induction of defense genes in tomato plants in response to wounding, systemin, and methyl jasmonate. The Plant Cell 13:179-191.
Pēna-Cortes H, Sanchez-Serrano JJ, Mertens R, Willmitzer L, Prat S (1989) Abscisic acid is involved in the wound-induced expression of the proteinase inhibitor II gene in potato and tomato. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86:9851-9855.
Pēna-Cortes H, Albrecht T, Prat S, Weiler EW, Willmitzer L (1993) Aspirin prevents wound-induced gene expression in tomato leaves by blocking jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Planta 191:123-128.
Quilliam RS, Swarbrick PJ, Scholes JD, Rolfe SA (2006) Imaging photosynthesis in wounded leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany 57:55-69.
Rakwal R, Tamogami S, Agrawal GK, Iwahashia H (2002) Octadecanoid signaling componen "burst" in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling leaves upon wounding by cut and treatment with fungal elicitor chitosan. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 295:1041-1045.
Ralph SG, Hudgins JW, Jancsik S, Franceschi VR, Bohlmann J (2007) Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase is a regulated step in ethylene-dependent induced conifer defense. Full-length cDNA cloning of a multigene family, differential constitutive, and wound- and insect-induced expression, and cellular and subcellular localization in spruce and douglas fir. Plant Physiology 143:410-424.
Ralph SG, Yueh H, Friedmann M, Aeschliman D, Zeznik JA, Nelson CC, Butterfield YSN, Kirkpatrick R, Liu J, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Douglas CJ, Ritland K, Bohlmann J (2006) Conifer defence against insects: microarray gene expression profiling of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) induced by mechanical wounding or feeding by spruce budworms (Choristoneura occidentalis) or white pine weevils (Pissodes strobi) reveals large-scale changes of the host transcriptome. Plant, Cell and Environment 29:1545-1570.
Reymond P, Weber H, Damond M, Farmer EE (2000) Differential gene expression in response to mechanical wounding and insect feeding in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 12:707-719.
Rosenkranz H, Vogel R, Greiner S, Rausch T (2001) In wounded sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) tap-root, hexose accumulation correlates with the induction of a vacuolar invertase isoform. Journal of Experimental Botany 52:2381-2385.
Sadka A, DeWald DB, May GD, Park WD, Mullet JE (1994) Phosphate modulates transcription of soybean VspB and other sugar-inducible genes. The Plant Cell 6:737-749.
Schafer M, Christine F, Ian TB, Stefan M (2011) Grasshopper oral secretions increase salicylic acid and abscic acid levels in wounded leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Signaling & Behavior 6:9 1256-1258.
Schwachtje J, Minchin PE, Jahnke S, van Dongen JT, Schittko U, Baldwin IT (2006) SNF1-related kinases allow plants to tolerate herbivory by allocating carbon to roots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103:12935-12940.
Scofield GN, Hirose T, Gaudron JA, Furbank RT, Upadhyaya NM, Ohsugi R (2002) Antisense suppression of the rice transporter gene, OsSUT1, leads to impaired grain filling and germination but does not affect photosynthesis. Functional Plant Biology 29:815-826.
Scofield GN, Aoki N, Hirose T, Takano M, Jenkins CL, Furbank RT (2007) The role of the sucrose transporter, OsSUT1, in germination and early seedling growth and development of rice plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 58:483-495.
Sherson S, Alford H, Forbes S, Wallace G, Smith S (2003) Roles of cell-wall invertases and monosaccharide transporters in the growth and development of Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 54: 525-531.
Shiratake K (2007) Genetics of sucrose transporter in plants. Genes Genomes Genomics 1:73-80.
Shivaji R, Camas A, Ankala A, Engelberth J, Tumlinson JH, Williams WP, Wilkinson JR, Luthe DS (2010) Plants on constant alert: elevated levels of jasmonic acid and jasmonate-induced transcripts in caterpillar-resistant maize. Journal of Chemical Ecology 36:179-191.
Siao W, Chen JY, Hsiao HH, Chung P, Wang SJ (2011) Characterization of OsSUT2 expression and regulation in germinating embryos of rice seeds. Rice 4:39-49.
Singer SD, Hily JM, Cox KD (2011) The sucrose synthase-1 promoter from Citrus sinensis directs expression of the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene in phloem tissue and in response to wounding in transgenic plants. Planta 234:623-637.
Smeekens S, Ma J, Hanson J, Rolland F (2010) Sugar signals and molecular networks controlling plant growth. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 13:274-279.
Sun AJ, Xu HL, Gong WK, Zhai HL, Meng K, Wang YQ, Wei XL, Xiao GF, Zhu Z (2008) Cloning and expression analysis of rice sucrose transporter genes OsSUT2M and OsSUT5Z. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50:62-75.
Suttle JC, Lulai EC, Huckle LL, Neubauer JD (2013) Wounding of potato tubers induces increases in ABA biosynthesis and catabolism and alters expression of ABA metabolic genes. Journal of Plant Physiology 170:560-566.
Tang G, Luscher M, Sturm A (1999) Antisense repression of vacuolar and cell wall invertase in transgenic carrot alters early plant development and sucrose partitioning. The Plant Cell 11: 177-189.
Tian D, Peiffer M, Shoemaker E, Tooker J, Haubruge E, Francis F, Luthe DS, Felton GW (2012) Salivary glucose oxidase from caterpillars mediates the induction of rapid and delayed-induced defenses in the tomato plant. PLoS one 7:e36168.
Truernit E, Schmid J, Epple P, Illig J, Sauer N (1996) The sink-specific and stress-regulated Arabidopsis STP4 gene: enhanced expression of a gene encoding a monosaccharide transporter by wounding, elicitors, and pathogen challenge. The Plant Cell 8:2169-2182.
Walling LL (2000) The myriad plant responses to herbivores. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 19:195-216.
Wang KLC, Li H, Ecker JR (2002) Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling networks. The Plant Cell 14:s131-s151.
Wang SJ, Lan YC, Chen SF, Chen YM, Yeh KW (2002) Wound-response regulation of the sweet potato sporamin gene promoter region. Plant Molecular Biology 48: 223–231.
Wang Q, Guan Y, Wu Y, Chen H, Chen F, Chu C (2008) Overexpression of a rice OsDREB1F gene increases salt, drought, and low temperature tolerance in both Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Molecular Biology 67:589-602.
Wang X, Sager R, Cui W, Zhang C, Lu H, Lee JY (2013) Salicylic acid regulates plasmodesmata closure during Innate Immune responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell tpc.113.110676.
Wang Y, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Chai C, Wei G, Wei X, Xu H, Wang M, Ouwerkerk PB, Zhu Z (2008) Molecular cloning, functional characterization and expression analysis of a novel monosaccharide transporter gene OsMST6 from rice (Oryza sativa L.). Planta 228:525-535.
Will T, Tjallingii WF, Thonnessen A, van Bel AJ (2007) Molecular sabotage of plant defense by aphid saliva. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:10536-10541.
Yang Y, Qi M, Mei C (2004) Endogenous salicylic acid protects rice plants from oxidative damage caused by aging as well as biotic and abiotic stress. The Plant Journal 40:909-919.
Zarate SI, Kempema LA, Walling LL (2007) Silverleaf whitefly induces salicylic acid defenses and suppresses effectual jasmonic acid defenses. Plant Physiology 143:866-875.
Zhang L, Cohn NS, Mitchell JP (1996) Induction of a pea cell-wall invertase gene by wounding and its localized expression in phloem. Plant Physiology 112:1111-1117.
Zhang F, Zhu L, He G (2004) Differential gene expression in response to brown planthopper feeding in rice. Journal of Plant Physiology 161:53-62.