臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的有三：一、探討國小教師運動行為、人格特質與主觀幸福感的相關情形。二、探討國小教師運動行為對人格特質和主觀幸福感的預測。三、探討國小教師人格特質對主觀幸福感的預測。本研究是以桃園縣國小教師為研究樣本，以立意取樣的方式， 選取17所桃園縣內國小教師作為研究對象，受試樣本共發出250份問卷，剔除無效問卷後，共得237份問卷，佔94.8%。總計237位國小教師參與本研究，男生98人(佔41.4%)，女生139人(佔58.6%)，平均年齡37.86歲(SD=6.13)。研究工具為運動行為紀錄表、NEO人格調查表、主觀幸福感量表。所蒐集之資料以皮爾遜積差相關與階層迴歸分析來驗證。研究結果發現：一、國小教師的運動行為和人格特質中的嚴謹自律性有正相關情形與神經質負相關。二、國小教師的運動行為和主觀幸福感成正相關。三、國小教師的運動行為能正向預測人格特質中的嚴謹自律性；運動行為可以用來負向預測人格特質中的神經質。四、國小教師的運動行為可以用來正向預測主觀幸福感。五、在不同性別下，國小教師的外傾支配性可以正向預測主觀幸福感而神經質可以負向預測主觀幸福感。本研究根據結果進行討論，並提出研究結果的應用，以及對未來研究的方向提出建議。

The purposes of this study were (1) to examine the Relationships of Exercise, Personality Traits and Subjective Well-Being in Elementary School Teachers; (2) to examine the prediction of exercise behaviors on subjective well-being; and (3) to examine the prediction of personality traits on subjective well-being. This study sampled 17 elementary school teachers with 250 participants. After preliminary screening, 237 participants were retained with 94.8% returning rate (Males=98,41.4%; Females=139,58.6%)with mean age of 37.86(SD=6.13). Participants completed Gordin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire, NEO- Personality Inventory, Satisfaction With Life Scale and Positive and Negative Affect Scales. With Pearson Correlation and Stepwise Regression, this study found following results: (1) exercise behavior positively correlated with consciousness but negatively correlated with neuroticism; (2) exercise behavior predicted subjective well-being; (3) exercise behaviors positively predicted consciousness but negatively predicted neuroticism; (4) exercise behavior predicted subjective well-being; (5) dominance positively predicted subjective well-being while neuroticism negatively predicted subjective well-being in terms of different gender. This study discussed its implications and applications accordingly and proposed future research suggestions.

第一章 緒論

第一節 研究動機------------------------------------ 1
第二節 研究目的------------------------------------ 6
第三節 名詞解釋------------------------------------ 6

第二章 文獻探討

第一節 運動行為及其相關研究-------------------------- 9
第二節 人格特質及其相關研究-------------------------- 18
第三節 主觀幸福感及其相關研究----------------------- 29
第四節 研究假設----------------------------------- 37

第三章 研究方法

第一節 研究架構----------------------------------- 39
第二節 研究對象----------------------------------- 40
第三節 研究工具----------------------------------- 40

第四節 研究流程----------------------------------- 43

第五節 資料處理----------------------------------- 45

第四章 結果與討論

第一節 初步資料分析------------------------------- 46
第二節 運動行為、人格特質與主觀幸福感相關情形--- 49
第三節 運動行為對人格特質和主觀幸福感的預測情形----- 52
第四節 人格特質對主觀幸福感的預測------------------ 55

第五章 結論與建議

第一節 問題背景與主要結果---------------------------- 57
第二節 研究的貢獻與限制----------------------------- 60
第三節 未來研究建議--------------------------------- 61

參考文獻--------------------------------------------- 64

附錄
一 研究同意書------------------------------------- 86
二 基本資料問卷------------------------------------ 87
三 運動行為紀錄表---------------------------------- 88
四 NEO人格調查表---------------------------------- 89
五 主觀幸福感量表---------------------------------- 92

王宗吉(2000)。運動與生活品質：運動對社會人際關係的好處。訓育研究，39卷4期，41-45頁。
王鐘和(1983)。兒童發展。台北市：大洋書局。
行政院體委會(2002)。九十年國民運動態度及參與調查。台北市：作者。
朱慶龍(2003)。五大人格特質、工作價值觀和工作滿意三者相互關係之研究。未出版之碩士論文，台北市，國立政治大學心理學研究所。
呂敏昌(1993)。國中學生的生活壓力、因應方式和心理社會幸福感之關係。未出版之碩士論文，台北市，私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所。
李文題(2001)。國中教師的代間流動及影響其休閒參與之因素研究。未出版之碩士論文，台中縣，私立朝陽科技大學休閒事業管理系。
李美枝(1984)。社會心理學。台北市：大洋出版社。
李維靈、施建彬、邱翔蘭(2007)。退休老人休閒活動參與及其幸福感之相關研究。人文暨社會科學期刊，3期，27-35頁。
李雯娣(2000)。國小兒童性格特質之研究。未出版之碩士論文，屏東縣，國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所。
李易儒、洪維勵(2008)。退休銀髮族運動參與及幸福感的關係－利益知覺之中介效果。臺灣體育運動管理學報，7期，142-159頁。
李素菁(2001)。青少年家庭支持與幸福感之相關研究—以台中市國中生為例。未出版之碩士論文，台中縣，私立靜宜大學青少年兒童福利研究所。
李佩珊(2005)。國小學童內外控、幸福感與情緒智力及生活適應之相關研究。未出版之碩士論文，台南市，國立臺南大學教育經營與管理研究所。
吳宗文(2006)。路跑運動參與者持續涉入、休閒效益與幸福感之研究。未出版碩士論文，桃園縣，國立體育學院體育推廣學系。
吳月霞(2005)。國小高年級單親兒童親子互動、社會支持與其幸福感之研究。未出版之碩士論文，嘉義市，國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所。
吳萬福(1971)。運動選手的性格研究。體育論著選集，3輯，30-33頁。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲、王淑芳(2001)。身體活動自我報告量表之校度及信度之研究─以TriTrac-R3D三度空間加速器為效標。衛生教育學報，15期，99-114頁。
宋曉婷(2001)。台北市健康俱樂部會員轉換行為之研究。未出版之碩士論文。台中縣，朝陽科技大學休閒事業管理學系。
林淑芬、王于寧、賴永才(2008)。大學生身體活動、休閒滿意度對主觀幸福感之影響。運動休閒餐旅研究，3期，73-85頁。
林欽榮(1983)。管理心理學。台北市：五南出版社。
林益慶(2003)。國小教師選擇教職的理由之研究。台灣教育社會學研究，3卷1期，78-114頁。
林佑真、溫啟邦、衛沛文(2007)。臺灣地區成年人之休閒運動行為與健康行為、健康狀況、健康相關生活品質之關係探討。臺灣公共衛生雜誌，26卷3期，218-228頁。
林子雯(1996)。成人學生多重角色與幸福感之相關研究。未出版之碩士論文，高雄市，國立高雄師範大學成教所。
林芝怡(2005)。國中生人格特質、休閒活動與幸福感之相關研究。未出版之碩士論文，高雄市，國立高雄師範大學教育學系研究所。
周惠莉(2003)。五大人格特質、性別角色與轉換型領導關聯性之研究。未出版之碩士論文，桃園縣，中原大學企業管理研究所。
季力康(1997)。運動對心理的益處。體育論壇，34期，4-7頁。
洪聰敏(2002)。運動對老年人心知能的影響。國民體育季刊，31卷1期，41-46頁。
施建彬(1995)。幸福感來源及其相關因素之探討。未出版之碩士論文，高雄市，私立高雄醫學院行為科學研究所。
胡家欣(1999)。大學生的休閒認知、涉入與體驗兼論人格特質的影響。未出版之碩士論文，高雄市，私立高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所。
張春興(1987)。青年的認同與迷失。台北市：東華書局。
張春興(1995)。張氏心理學辭典。台北市：東華書局。
張子玉(1986)。師範大學女生身心狀況調查。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所集刊，8輯，117-166頁。
張志成、許聰鑫、李保建(2006)。以決策權衡與意圖檢視運動行為改變模式及生活滿意度之關係。大專體育學刊，8卷4期，51-62頁。
張彩秀、姜逸群(1995)。國人運動行為、體適能及主觀健康狀況之研究。學校衛生，26期，2-10頁。
夏雨人(1997)。人生哲學。台北市：三民書局。
許哲彰(1999)。國小教師從事規律運動意圖、行為之預測及影響因素之探討-驗證計劃行為理論。未出版之碩士論文，桃園縣，國立體育學院運動科學研究所。
許泰彰(2000)。國小教師運動行為及其相關因素之研究。未出版之碩士論文，桃園縣，國立體育學院體育研究所。
陳嬿竹(2002)。網路與真實人際關係、人格特質及幸福感之相關研究。未出版之碩士論文，屏東市，國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所。
陳鈺萍(2004)。國小教師的幸福感及其相關因素之研究。未出版之碩士論文，屏東縣，國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所。
陳建璋、季力康(2009)。大學生不同運動階段基本心理需求與主觀幸福感之相關研究。體育學報，42期,25-37頁。
陸洛(1996)。中國人幸福感相關因素之探討。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告。計劃編號：NSC-85-2413-H037-002。
郭欣易(2000)。人格特質與激勵偏好、工作態度、工作表現之相關性研究。未出版之碩士論文，台北市，私立世新大學觀光學系研究所。
黃堅厚(1999)。人格心理學。台北市：心理出版社。
黃義良(2001)。九年一貫課程下的教師工作壓力與調適策略。國教輔導，41卷2期，6-9頁。
黃永任(2007)。體育與骨骼健康。中華體育，21卷1期，1-6頁。
童慶康(1984)。常運動學生與不常運動學生人格特質研究。大專體育學術研討會專刊，73期，323-333頁。
曾艷秋(2002)。已婚婦女生活目標、目標社會支持之相關研究~以高雄市育有國小子女之已婚婦女為例。未出版之碩士論文，高雄市，國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所。
Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., &; Wrightsman, L. S. (1997).性格與社會心理測量總覽(楊宜音、張志學、彭泗清、楊中芳)。台北市：遠流出版社(原著於1993出版)。
楊牧青(2000)。工作特性、人格特質與工作滿意度之關係研究-以高雄港務局為例。未出版之碩士論文，台南市，國立成功大學交通管理研究所。
楊國樞(1982)。實用心理學。台北市：黎明文化。
楊國樞、葉光輝、黃曬莉(1989)。孝道的社會態度與行為：理論與測量。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，65期，171–227頁。
詹益民(1996)。個人屬性、人格特質與內滋激勵與外附激勵關聯性之研究－以交通部數據通訊所員工為例。未出版之碩士論文，新竹市，國立交通大學管理科學研究所。
廖主民(1993)。心理因素與運動傷害。體育與運動，87期，30-39頁。
蔡琇韶(2003)。國小教師實施九年一貫課程時工作壓力之探討。台灣教育，620 期，57-63頁。
蔡培村(1992)。教師休閒生活的價值與規劃。教育實習輔導通訊，3期，16-24頁。
蔡淑莉(2009)。健身運動者的運動熱情與運動幸福感及幸福感之關係研究。未出版之碩士論文，台北市，國立臺北教育大學體育研究所。
鄭玉珠(2007)。國小教師人格特質與休閒活動偏好相關性之研究。未出版之碩士論文，嘉義縣，私立南華大學旅遊事業管理研究所。
潘美玉(1996)。某公司中年白領階級男性規律運動習慣及其相關因素之研究。未出版之碩士論文，台北市，國立臺灣大學護理學研究所。
賴金鑫(2001)。太極拳的健康效果。論文發表於2001年國際太極拳科學研討會，香港，香港理工大學。
盧俊宏(1998)。從事體適能運動所帶來的106種利益。台灣省學校體育，47期，17-23頁。
鍾志強(1999)。運動行為相關因素探討。中華體育，12卷4期，18-23頁。
謝青儒(2001)。父母參與與子女性別角色概念、性格特質、幸福感及學業表現之相關研究。未出版之碩士論文，屏東縣，屏東師範學院國研所。
薛秀宜(2004)。希望感理論在學生輔導上之應用。教育研究月刊，120期，94-100頁。
薛頌留(1998)。新編中國辭典。台北市：大中國出版社。
顏映馨(1999)。大學生的生活風格、人際親密和幸福感關係之研究。未出版之碩士論文，高雄市，高雄師範大學教育研究所。
簡玉惠(2009)。國民小學教師人格特質和休閒活動參與相關之研究。未出版之碩士論文，台中市，私立亞洲大學休閒與遊憩管理學系研究所。
Alfred, C. W. (1964). Personality Development and Practicipation in College Athletics. Research Quarteriy, 35(l), 126-131.
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart &; Winston.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1990). The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Medical and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 265-274.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1995). ACSM’s guideline for exercise testing and prescription (5th ed.). Media, PA: Williams &; Wilkins.
Andrews, F. M., &; Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York: Plenum.
Baker, G. Gray, S. R., Wright, A. Fitzsinions. C. Nimmo, M. Lowry, R., et al. (2008). The effect of a pedometer-based community walking intertion Walking for Wellbeing in the West” on phyiTcal activity levels and health outcomes: a 12-week randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5, 1-15.
Berlit, P. (2000). Stroke potions for primary prevention. Journal of Nervenart, 71(4), 231-236.
Berger, R. A., &; Donald H. L. (1969). Comparison between Football Athletes and nonathletes on personality. Research Quarterly, 40(4), 663-665.
Berger, B. G., Mcinman, N., Singer, M., &; Murpuh, L. K. (1993). Exercise and the quality of life, InR. (Eds).Handbook of research on sport psychology. (pp.729-760) New York: Macmillan Publishing.
Blair, S. N. (1984). How to assess exercise habits and physical fitness. Behavioral health: a handbook of health enhancement and disease prevention. New York: John Wiley and Sons: 424-477.
Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W., Paffenbarger, R. S., Clark, D. G., Cooper, K. H., &; Gibbons, L. W. (1989). Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA, 262(17): 2395-2401.
Brown, W. J., Mishra, G., Lee, C., &; Bauman, A. (2000). Leisure time physical activity in Australian women: Relationship with well being and symptoms. Research Quarerly for Exercise and Sport, 72(3), 206-216.
Brunner, B. C. (1969). Personality and Motivation Factors Influencing Adult Participation in Vigorous physical Activity. Research Quarterly, 40(3), 464-474.
Burton, C. B. (1967). Personality and Motivation Factors Influencing Adult Practicipation in Vigrous Physical Activity. Reseach Quartely, 38(3), 464-469.
Callaghan, P. (2004). Exercise: A neglected intervention in mental health care. Journal of Psychiatric &; Mental Health Nursing, 11, 476-483.
Camacho, T. C., Roberts, R. E., Lazarus, N. B., Kaplan, G. A., &; Cohen, R. D. (1991). Physical activity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Epidemiology,34(2): 220-231.
Carter, R. (1977). Exercise and happiness. Sports Med, 17(3), 307-313.
Caruso, C. M., &; Gill, D. L. (1922). Strengthening physical self-perceptions through exercise. Journal of Sports Medicine &; Physical Fitness, 32(4), 416-427.
Caspersen, C. J., Christenson, G. M., &; Powell. K. E.(1985). Physical activity, exercise and physical fitness: definition and distictions for health related research. Public Health Report, 100, 131-146.
Casperson, C. J., &; Merrit R. K. (1995). Physical activity trends among 26 states, 1986-1990. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 27, 713-720.
Caspi, A. (1987). Personality in the life course. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1203-1213.
Chaplin, J. P. (1997). Dictionary of psychology. New York: Dell Pulishing. Clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476-506.
Cooper, L. (1969). Athietice activity and personality: Areniew of the literature. R. O. 40, 17-22.
Costa, P. T. Jr., &; McCrace, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor (NEO-FFI). Inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL. : PAR.
Costa, P. T. Jr., &; McCreae, R. R. (1991). Adding Liebe and Arbeit: The Full Five-Factor Model and Well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(2), 227-232.
Costa, P. T. Jr., &; McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO-PIR: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T. Jr., &; McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences. 13. pp. 653-665.
Costa, P. T. Jr., &; McCrae, R. R. (1992). An Introduction of the Five-Factor Model and Its Applications. Jourmal of Personality, 12, 175-215.
Courneya, K. S., Bobick, T. M., &; Schinke, R. J. (1999). Does the theory of planned behavior mediate the relation between personality and exercise behavior. Bssic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 317-324.
Courneya, K. S., &; Hellsten, L. M. (1998). Personality correlates of exercise behavior, motives, barriers and preferences: An application of the five-fator model. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 625-633.
David, J. A., Michael, H. H., &; Frank, D. R. (1997). Wellness Concepts and Applications. 4th Edition. McGraw Hill.
Day, D. V. (1989). Spring 1989 Personality And Job Performance: Evidence Of Incremental Va. Personnel Psychology, Durham.
DeNeve K. M., &; Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229
Desharnais, R., Bouillon, J., &; Godin, G. (1986). Self-efficacy and outcome expectations as determinants of exercise adherence. Psychological Reports,59(3), 1155-1159.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., &; Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Eunkook, M. S., &; Richard, E. (1999). Subjective Well-Being Three Decades of Progress. Psychology Bulletin, 125(2).
Dishman, R. D., &; Steinhardt, M. (1988). Reliability and concurrent validity for a 7-d re-call of physical activity in college students.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20, 14-25.
Diener, E., Diener, M., &; Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663
Dreyer, L. I., Van der Merwe, S., &; Strydom, G. L. (1995). Spiritual well-being, lifestyle and health. In G. Athinson, &; T. Reilly (Eds.), Sport, leisure and ergonomics (pp. 268-273). Cornwall: E &; FN Spon.
Duncan, G. E., Perri, M. G., Therique, D. W., Hutson, A. D., Eckel, R. H., &; Stacpoole, P. W. (2003). Exercise training without weight loss, increase insulin sensitivity and post hepar in plasma lipase activity in previously sedentary adults. Diabetes Care ,26 (3) , 557-562.
Eaton, C. B., Lapane, C., &; Garber, E.(1995). Physical activity ,physical fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 27, 340-346.
Eysenck, H. J. (1970). Biological Dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality： Theory and research,(pp. 244-276). New York：Guilford Press.
Eysenck, H. J. (1983). I do: your guide to a happy marriage. London: Century.
Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A metanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 429-456.
Fentem, P. H. (1992). Exercise in prevention of disease. British Medical Bulletin, 48(3), 630-650.
Flanagan, L. (1951). A Study of some personality traits of different physical Activity groups. Research Quarterly, 22, 312-323.
Fletcher, R., &; Dowell, L. (1971). Selected Personality characteristics of High Athletes and Non-athletes. Journal of Psychology, 77, 39-41.
Folkins,D., &; Sime, C. (1981). Physical fitness training and mental hea- lth. America psychologist, 36(4), 373-389.
Fox, K. R. (2000). Self-esteem, self-perceptions and exercise. International Journal of Sport Psychology,31, 228-240.
Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., Lester, D., &; Philipchalk, R.(1998). Happiness as stable extraversion: A cross-culturalexamination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Iventory among students in the UK, USA,Australia and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 167-171.
Francis, L. J. (1999). Happiness is a thing called stable extraverston: A further exami-nation of the relationship between the Oxford Happiness Inventory and Eysenck's
dimensional model of personality and goals. Personality and Individual Differences.
Gage, L. (1991). A examination of the utility of the health belief model for predicting adult participation in aerobic exercise. Dissertation Abstract International,52(1), 503.
Gatewood, R. D., &; Field, H. S. (1998). Human Resource Selection Forth Worth, (4th ed.). TX, The Dryden Press.
Gill, D. L., Williams, K., Williams L., Butki, B. D., &; Kim, B. J.(1997). Physical activity and psychological well-being in
older women. Women’s Health Issues, 7(1), 3-9.
Godin, G., &; Shephard. R. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Science, 10, 141-146.
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences： The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler(Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology(pp. 141-165). Beverly Hills, CA： Sage.
Guilford, J. P. (1959). Personality, N. Y., &; McGraw-Hill.
Gutierrez, K. J. (1992). Accelerated Nursing Education: Study Patterns, Behaviors and Learner Characteristics. Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(9), 46-67.
Haskell, W. L. (1988). Overview: Health benefits of exercise. Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health. New York : John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 22, 259-294.
Headey, B., &; Wearing, A. (1989). Personality life events and subjective well-being: Toward a dynamic equilibrium model. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 57, 731-739.
Headey, B., &; Wearing, A. (1990). Subjective well-being and coping with adversity. Social Indicators Research, 22, 731-739.
Heapes, R. A. (1978). Relating physical and psychological fitness: a psychological point of view. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 18, 399-408.
Hilgard, E. R. (1980). The trilogy of mind: Cognition, affection,and conation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16, 107-117.
Jacobs, D. R., Ainsworth, B. E., Hartman, T. J., &; Leon, A. S. (1993). A Simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 81-91.
James, H. W., &; Valerie, A. W. (1975). Comparison of the Personality Traits of Female Teacher EduatLon and Physical Educatlon Students. Research Quarterly, 46(3), 274-281.
Kassarjian, H. H. (1971). Personality and Consumer Behavior : A Review. Journal of Marketing Research,409.
Koltyn, K. F. (2001). The association between physical activity and quality of life in older women. Women’s Health Issues, 11(6),471-480.
Landers, D. M., &; Pertruzzello, S. J. (1994). Physical activity, fitness, and anxiety. In Physical activity,fitness, and health: International proceedings.
Laport, R. E., Montoye, H. J., &; Casperson, C. J. (1985). Assessment of physical activity in epidemiological research: problems and prospects. Public Health Report, 100(2), 131-146.
Lee, C., &; Russell, A. (2003). Effects of physical activity on emotional well-being among older Australian women cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(2), 155-160.
Lowell, C. (1968). Athletics, Activity, and Personality: A review of the Literature. Research Quarterly, 40(4), 212-216.
Lowell, C. (1969). Athletics, Activity and Personality: A Review of the Literature. Research Quarterly, 40(1), 17-22.
McAuley, E., Blissmer, B., Marquez, D. X., Jerome, G. J., Kramer, A. F., &; Katula, J. (2000). Social relations, physical activity, and well-being in older adults. Preventive Medicine, 31(5), 608-617.
Milverton, F. J. (1943). An Experlmental Investigation into the effects of physical Training on personality. British Journal of educational psychology, 13, 30-39.
Morgn, W. P. (l973). Psychological fators influencing perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sport, 5, 97-103.
Morgn, W. P. (l978). Sport Psychology in the Psychomotor Domain. RN Singer, Lea &; Febiger.
Nash, M. S. (1994). Exercise and immunology. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 26(2), 125-127
Netz, Y., &; Wu, M. (2005). Physical activity and psychological
well-being in advanced age: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychology and Aging, 20(2), 272-284.
Omizo, M. M. (1979). The Validity of a composite or Nineteen Personality Variables in Differentiating between American Worid Class Olimpic Contenders and Undergraduate Education Majors. Educational and PSychological Measurement, 39(4), 997-983.
Pavot, W., Diener, E., &; Fujita, F. (1990). Extraversion and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 1299-1306.
Pervin, L. A. (1993). Personality: Theories, assessment, and research(3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley. And Sons satisfaction and leisure attitudes. Uournal of Leisure Research, 12(2), 138-149.
Pervin, L. A. &; John, O.P. (2001). Personality: Theories, assessment, and research(7rd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
Petosa, P. S. (1993). Use of social cognitive theory to explain exercise behavior among adults. U. M. I. Dissertation services (order no.9401334).
Phares, E. J., &; Chaplin, W. F. (1997). Introduction to personality(3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Powell, K. E., &; Paffenbarger R. S. (1985). Workshop on epidemiological and public health aspects of physical activity and exercise. Public Health Report, 100(2), 118-125.
Powell, K. E., Thompson, P. D., Casperson, C. J., &; Kendrick, J. S. (1987). Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Annual Review of Public Health, 8, 253-287.
Prochaska, J. O., &; DiClemente, C. C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy: Toward amore integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19, 276-288.
Rejeski, W. J., &; Mihalko, S. L. (2001). Physical activity and quality of life on older adults. Journal of Gerontology,56, 23-35.
Rhodes, R. E., Courneya, K. S., &; Bobick, T. M., (2001). Personality and exercise participation across the breast cancer experience. Psycho-Oncology, 10, 380-388.
Robbins, S. P. (1995). Organizational Behavior, Sixth Edition New Prentice-Hall Inc.
Rusting, C. L., &; Larsen, R. J. (1997). Extraversion neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative affect: A test of two theoretical models. Personality and IndividuaL Difference, 22, 607-612
Sallis, J. F., &; Owen, N. (1999). Physical activity &; behavioral medicine. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Sayyadi, A. R., Nazer, M., Ansary, A, &; Khleghi, A. (2006). The effect of the exercise training on depression in elderly women. Annals of General Psychiatry, 5(1), 199.
Scanlon-Mogel, J. M., &; Roberto, K. A. (2004). Older adults’ beliefs about physical activity and exercise: Life course influences and transitions. Quality in Ageing, 5(3), 33-44.
Schaie, K. W. (1966). Year-by-year changes in personality from Six to Eighteen years. Multivarlate Behavioral Research, 1, 293-305.
Schimmack, U., Diener, E., Oishi, S. (2002). Life-satisfaction is a momentary judgment and a stable personality characteristic: The use of chronically accessible and stable sources. Journal of Personality, 70, 345-385
Shih, J. B. (1999). Cultural social and individual correlates of happiness in Taiwan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford Brookes.
Siscovick, D. S., Laporte, R. E., &; Newman, J. M. (1985). The diseasespecial benefits and risks of physical activity and exercise. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 180-188.
Smith, B. L., Handley, P., &; Eldredge, D. A. (1998). Sex difference in exercise motivation and body-image satisfaction among college student. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 723-732.
Sonstroem, D., &; Morgan, J. (1989). Exercise and self-esteem: Rational e and model. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise ,21(3), 329-337.
Strauss, W. E., Scaramuzzi, M. S., Panton-Lapsley, D., &; McIntyre, K. M. (1988). Emergency plans and procedures for an exercise facility. In S. N. Blair, P. Painter, R. R. Pate, L. Kent Smith, &; C. Barr Taylor (Eds.), Resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (pp. 278-284).Philadelphia: Lee &; Febiger.
Singer, R. N. (1968). Motor learning and Human performance. The Macmill am Company, 306.
Small, A. H., &; Young, R. J. (1973). The effect of chronic exercise on the personality of Middle-Aged Men Liy Univeriate and Multivarinate Approachs. Journal of Human Ergoiogy, 2, 45-54.
Sperling, A. P. (1942). The Relationship between Personality Adjustment and Achievement in PhyaLcal Education Activities. R. O., 13, 351.
Stucky-Ropp, R. C. &; Dilorenzo , T. M. (1993). Determinants of exercise in children. Pre.Med, 22, 880-889.
Taylor, C. B., Coffey, T., Berra, K., Iaffaldano, R., Casey, K., &; Haskell, W. L. (1984). Seven day activity and self-report compared to a direct measure of physical activity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 120, 818-824.
Taylor, C. B., Sallis, J., &; Needle, R. (1985). The relation of physical activity and exercise to mental health. Public Health Report, 100, 195-202.
Taylor, S. E. (1991). Health Psychology (2nd ed.). New York:McGRAW-Hill, Inc.
Thomas, T., &; Jack, R. (1972). Psychology of coaching. Boston : Allyn &; Bacor. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tillman, K. (1965). Relatlonship between physical Fitness and Selected personality Traits. Research Quarterly,36,(1), 483-489.
Tripathi, H. L., Olson, K. G., &; Dewey, W. L. (1993). β-Endorphin response to endurance exercise: relationships to exercise depedence. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 767-770.
United States Department of Health and Human Services (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (1996).Physical Activity and Health : A Report of the Surgeon General. At lanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National cente r for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion .
Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research, 24, 1-34.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). Is happiness a trait? Test of the theory that a better society does not make people any happier. Social Indicators Research, 32, 101-160.
Warburton, D. E. R., Nicol, C. W., &; Bredin, S. D.(2006). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174, 801-809.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &; Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Webb, J. L., &; O’Connor, K. A. (1976). Investigation of Person Ability Traits of College Female Athletes. Research Quarterly, 47(2), 203-210.
Weiner, N. C., &; Robinson, S. E. (1986). Cognitive abilities, personality and gender differences in math achievement of gifted adolescent. Gifted Child Quarterly, 30(2), 83-88.
Werner, A. C., &; Edward, G. (1966). Personality development &; participation in college Athletics. Research Quarterly, 37(1), 126-131.
Weyerer, S., &; Kupfer, B. (1994). Physical exercise and psychological health. Sports Medicine, 17(2), 108-116.
Whiting, H. T., &; Stembridge, D. E. (1965). Personality and the persistent Nonswimmer. Research Quarterly, 36, 348-356.
Willams, J. M., Hoopner, B. J., Moddy, D. L., &; Ogilvie, B. C. (1970). Personality Traits of Champion Level Femaie Fencers. Research Quarterly, 41(3), 446-463.
Wilson, R. L. (1991). Physical activity, absenteeism, stress, and attitude toward work. U. M. I. Dissertation services (order no.9126105).
Wu, C. H., &; Yao, G. (2006). Analysis of factorial invariance across gender in the Taiwan version of the satisfaction with life scale. Personality and Individual Difference, 40, 1259-1268.
Yau, M. K., &; Packer, T. (2002). Health and well-being through T’ai Chi: Perceptions of older adults in Hong Kong. Leisure Studies, 21(2), 163-178.
Yoshida, K. K., Allison, K. R., Osborn, R. W. (1988). Social factors influencing perceived barriers to physical exercise among women.Canadian Journal of Public Health, 79(2), 104-108.
Young, R. J. (1971). The effect of chronic exercise on the personality of Middle-Aged Man. Unpublished Resorch Project, purdue University.