臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

壹、中文摘要
本研究旨在探討不同程度稀釋飼糧對白羅曼鵝生長性能與消化器官發育之影響，分三個子試驗進行，於各試驗結束時測定消化器官重量與長度。
試驗一旨在探討飼糧稀釋程度對0至4週齡白羅曼鵝生長性能與消化器官之影響。60隻1日齡雛鵝依性別分配至五個處理組，分別餵與完全精料飼糧(2900 kcal ME/kg, 20﹪CP)及添加10、20、30或40﹪尼羅草粉之稀釋飼糧(ME依序為2700、2550、2380、2200 kcal/kg，熱能蛋白比固定為145) 。結果顯示，0-4週齡白羅曼鵝之增重或飼料效率均與飼糧稀釋程度呈負相關(P < 0.001)，飼糧稀釋程度至20﹪對鵝隻之增重與飼料效率仍無顯著影響。四週齡白羅曼鵝之砂囊相對重量、小腸與盲腸相對長度均與飼糧稀釋程度呈正相關(P < 0.001)，腹脂或肝臟相對重量則呈負相關(P < 0.001)。
試驗二旨在探討飼糧稀釋程度對5至8週齡白羅曼鵝生長性能與消化器官之影響。選取80隻五週齡之白羅曼鵝(體重1990 ± 193 g)，依性別分配至四組，分別餵與完全精料飼糧(3011 kcal ME/kg, 15.0﹪CP)及添加10、20或30﹪尼羅草粉稀之稀釋飼糧 (ME依序為2826、2640、2455 kcal/kg，熱能蛋白比固定為200)。結果顯示，餵飼稀釋飼糧各組之白羅曼鵝增重均與對照組者無顯著差異，飼料消耗量則與飼糧稀釋程度呈正相關(P < 0.001)。八週齡白羅曼鵝之砂囊相對重量與飼糧稀釋程度呈正相關(P < 0.001)，腹脂相對重量則呈負相關(P < 0.01)。
試驗三旨在探討不同熱能蛋白比之稀釋飼糧，對0至4週齡白羅曼鵝生長性能與消化器官之影響。96隻1日齡雛鵝依性別分配至四組，分別餵飼基礎飼糧(2900 kcal ME/kg, 20﹪CP)或稀釋飼糧。稀釋飼糧各組均添加20﹪尼羅草粉分別調配成熱能蛋白比為135、145與155 之試驗飼糧(R135、R145與R155)。結果顯示，餵飼R135飼糧之公鵝或母鵝，彼等之飼料消耗量與增重均顯著高於對照組者。各稀釋飼糧處理組鵝隻之胰臟、砂囊相對重量或小腸相對長度均與對照組者無顯著差異，餵飼R145飼糧鵝隻之肝臟或腹脂相對重量顯著低於對照組者，然餵飼R135或R155飼糧之鵝隻者則與對照組者無顯著差異。

捌、英文摘要
Effect of Diluted Diets on Growth Performance and Digestive Organs
in White Roman Goslings.
Min-Hui Hsu
Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different diet dilution levels on growth performance and digestive organ development in White Roman goslings. Three trails were conducted. The weight or length of digestive organs were measured at the end of each trail.
The object of trail one was to determine the diet dilution level effect on growth performance and digestive organs in White Roman goslings during 0 to 4 wk-old. Sixty day old White Roman goslings were divided into five treatments by sex. Goslings were fed a total concentrate diet (2900 kcal ME/kg, 20﹪CP) or diet diluted with 10, 20, 30, 40﹪ nilegrass meal (ME were 2700, 2550, 2380, 2200 kcal/kg, with the ME to CP ratio constant at 145). The results indicated that the weight gain or feed efficiency of the goslings exhibited a negative linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). The weight gain or feed efficiency were not affected when the diet dilution level was up to 20﹪(P < 0.05). The relative weight of gizzard, small intestine and caecum had a positive linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). However, the abdominal fat and liver exhibited a negative linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001).
The object of trial two was to determine the diet dilution level effect on growth performance and digestive organs in White Roman goslings during 5 to 8 wk-old. Eighty 5 wk-old White Roman gosling were selected (body weight 1990 ± 193 g), and divided into four treatments. Goslings were fed a total concentrate diet (3011 kcal ME/kg, 15﹪CP), or diets diluted with 10, 20, 30﹪ nilegrass meal (2826, 2640, 2455 kcal ME/kg. The ME to CP ratio was constant at 200). The results indicated that the weight gain in goslings fed diluted diets was not different from the control group (P > 0.05). The feed consumption had a negative linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). The relative weight of gizzard had a positive linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). However, the relative weight of abdominal fat or liver had a negative relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.01).
The object of trail three was to determine the energy to protein ratio effect of diluted diets on growth performance and digestive organs in White Roman goslings during 0 to 4 wk-old. Ninety-six day old White Roman goslings were divided into four treatments by sex. Goslings were fed a total concentrate diet (2900 kcal ME/kg, 20﹪CP), or diluted diets. Each diluted diet was supplied with 20﹪ nilegrass meal. The ME to CP ratios were 135, 145, or 155 (R135, R145, or R155). The results indicated that male or female goslings fed the R135 diet had higher feed consumption and weight gain than those fed the control diet. The relative weights of pancreas and abdominal fat, or relative length of small intestine in goslings fed the diluted diet were not significantly different from those in the control. The relative weight of liver or abdominal fat weight in goslings fed the R145 diet were lower than those in the control group. However, goslings fed the R135 or R155 diet were not significantly different from the control group.

目錄
壹、中文摘要-----------------------------------------------------------------------1
貳、前言----------------------------------------------------------------------------2
參、文獻檢討----------------------------------------------------------------------3
一、鵝之介紹-----------------------------------------------------------------3
I、鵝之分佈---------------------------------------------------------------3
II、飼養管理--------------------------------------------------------------3
III、鵝之生長曲線--------------------------------------------------------3
IV、鵝屠體、羽毛及皮膚之特徵---------------------------------------5
V、鵝肉生產成本--------------------------------------------------------5
二、鵝隻消化道型態--------------------------------------------------------7
I、鵝隻消化道構造-------------------------------------------------------7
II、鵝隻消化道食糜移動之型態-------------------------------------10
三、孵出後家禽消化系統之發育---------------------------------------11
I、孵出後家禽消化系統之發育--------------------------------------11
II、影響孵出後家禽消化道發育之因素----------------------------12
四、飼糧纖維對鵝隻生長性能與盲腸醱酵型態之影響------------14
I、飼糧纖維之定義與份化--------------------------------------------14
II、鵝之纖維需要量----------------------------------------------------16
III、鵝利用飼糧纖維之方式------------------------------------------16
IV、飼糧纖維對鵝隻生長性能之影響------------------------------18
V、飼糧纖維來源及含量對鵝隻盲腸醱酵型態之影響----------18
VI、飼糧纖維來源對鵝腸道型態之影響---------------------------19
VII、尼羅草之特性-----------------------------------------------------19
五、早期限飼方法與代償性生長---------------------------------------20
I、代償性生長-----------------------------------------------------------20
II、早期限飼之方法----------------------------------------------------20
III、限飼對能量代謝之影響------------------------------------------22
IV、早期限飼對脂肪細胞發育與脂肪蓄積之影響---------------23
V、早期限飼對消化器官發育之影響-------------------------------23
肆、材料與方法------------------------------------------------------------------25
一、試驗飼糧設計及製備------------------------------------------------25
二、試驗動物與飼養管理------------------------------------------------25
三、試驗設計---------------------------------------------------------------29
四、生長性能---------------------------------------------------------------29
五、消化器官性狀---------------------------------------------------------29
六、血液性狀---------------------------------------------------------------29
七、化學分析---------------------------------------------------------------30
八、統計分析---------------------------------------------------------------31
伍、結果與討論------------------------------------------------------------------33
一、稀釋飼糧對0至4週齡白羅曼鵝生長性能、消化器官、血液性狀與盲腸醱酵型態之影響(試驗一)---------------------------33
二、稀釋飼糧對5至8週齡白羅曼鵝生長性狀、消化器官與血液性狀(試驗二)---------------------------------------------------------46
三、稀釋飼糧之熱能蛋白比對0至4週齡白羅曼鵝生長性能與血液性狀之影響(試驗三)---------------------------------------------55
陸、結論---------------------------------------------------------------------------66
柒、參考文獻---------------------------------------------------------------------67
捌、英文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------80
表次
表1. 試驗飼糧組成分(試驗一)----------------------------------------------26
表2. 試驗飼糧組成分(試驗二)----------------------------------------------27
表3. 試驗飼糧組成分(試驗三)----------------------------------------------28
表4. 稀釋飼糧對0-4週齡白羅曼鵝隻日飼料消耗量之影響(試驗一)--------------------------------------------------------------------------34
表5. 稀釋飼糧對0-4週齡白羅曼鵝隻日增重之影響(試驗一)---------35
表6. 稀釋飼糧對0-4週齡白羅曼鵝飼料效率之影響(試驗一)--------36
表7. 稀釋飼糧對0-4週齡白羅曼鵝蹠骨生長之影響(試驗一) --------38
表8. 稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝肝臟、胰臟、腺胃、砂囊與腹脂相對重量之影響(試驗一)-------------------------------------------------40
表9. 稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝小腸、盲腸與結直腸相對長度之影響(試驗一)----------------------------------------------------------------41
表10. 稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝血漿總膽固醇、三酸甘油酯、鈣與磷濃度之影響(試驗一)-----------------------------------------------43
表11. 稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝盲腸揮發性脂肪酸濃度與組成之影響(試驗一)-----------------------------------------------------------45
表12. 稀釋飼糧對5-8週齡白羅曼鵝隻日飼料消耗量之影響(試驗二)-------------------------------------------------------------------------47
表13. 稀釋飼糧對5-8週齡白羅曼鵝隻日增重之影響(試驗二)-------48
表14. 稀釋飼糧對5-8週齡白羅曼鵝飼料效率之影響(試驗二)-------49
表15. 稀釋飼糧對八週齡白羅曼鵝肝臟、胰臟、腺胃、砂囊與腹脂相對重量之影響(試驗二)-----------------------------------------------51
表16. 稀釋飼糧對八週齡白羅曼鵝小腸、盲腸與結直腸相對長度之影響(試驗二) -------------------------------------------------------------52
表17. 稀釋飼糧對八週齡白羅曼鵝血漿中葡萄糖、總膽固醇、三酸甘油酯、鈣、磷、鉀、鈉及氯濃度之影響(試驗二)--------------------53
表18. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對0-4週齡白羅曼鵝隻日飼料消耗量之影響(試驗三)------------------------------------------------------------------------56
表19. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對0-4週齡白羅曼鵝隻日增重之影響(試驗三)--57
表20. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對0-4週齡白羅曼鵝飼料效率之影響(試驗三) -59
表21. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對0-4週齡白羅曼鵝蹠骨長度之影響(試驗三)--60
表22. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝肝臟、胰臟、腺胃、砂囊與腹脂相對重量之影響(試驗三)------------------------------------------62
表23. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝小腸、盲腸與結直腸相對長度之影響(試驗三)----------------------------------------------------------63
表24. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝血漿總膽固醇、三酸甘油酯、鈣與磷濃度之影響(試驗三)-------------------------------------------65
圖次
圖1. 家禽之生長曲線-----------------------------------------------------------4
圖2. 家鵝消化道-----------------------------------------------------------------8
圖3. 飼糧纖維之份化與組成------------------------------------------------15
圖4. 家禽消化飼糧纖維之四種方式---------------------------------------17
圖5. 白肉雞之生長模式圖---------------------------------------------------21
附表次
附表1. 稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝肝臟、胰臟、腺胃、砂囊與腹脂絕對重量之影響(試驗一)------------------------------------------82
附表2. 稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝小腸、盲腸與結直腸絕對長度之影響(試驗一)---------------------------------------------------------83
附表3. 稀釋飼糧對八週齡白羅曼鵝肝臟、胰臟、腺胃、砂囊與腹脂絕對重量之影響(試驗二)------------------------------------------84
附表4. 稀釋飼糧對八週齡白羅曼鵝小腸、盲腸與結直腸絕對長度之影響(試驗二)---------------------------------------------------------85
附表5. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝肝臟、胰臟、腺胃、砂囊、與腹脂絕對重量之影響(試驗三)---------------------------------86
附表6. 20﹪稀釋飼糧對四週齡白羅曼鵝小腸、盲腸與結直腸絕對長度之影響(試驗三)---------------------------------------------------87
附圖次
附圖1. 0-4週齡白羅曼鵝生長曲線(試驗一)-------------------------------88
附圖2. 5-8週齡白羅曼鵝生長曲線(試驗二)-------------------------------89
附圖3. 0-4週齡白羅曼鵝生長曲線(試驗三)-------------------------------90

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