臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文嘗試從後殖民的角度解讀佛斯特的作品《印度之旅》，探討文本中顯露的殖民策略與反殖抗爭的議題。除了簡介與結語，本文共分為三章。第一章探討由故事主角何吉茲醫生所代表的後殖民自我的建構（the construction of postcolonial self）。根據法農與甘地的見解，所謂後殖民自我的建構，指的就是對於文化殖民主義的拒絕並進而重拾自身的本土文化傳統。而此一心理與文化層面的建構過程，後殖民批評家們認為是反殖抗爭運動的基礎，因為他們相信經由此一後殖民自我民族尊嚴的建構，被殖民者才能真正的擺脫殖民主義的陰影。第二章則利用德勒茲之「知識領土歸還」論述來探討小說中重要場景馬拉巴山洞，闡述佛斯特如何利用山洞內的回音以及其古老神秘的特質對於女主角摩爾夫人與何德蕾小姐所造成的影響，來象徵被邊緣化知識亦或被殖民地本土知識的回歸以及對西方主流知識系統同一性哲學的反擊。第三章則是探討殖民法律對於被殖民者所提供之反殖抗爭的契機。法律原本是殖民者在殖民地用以伸張殖民權威的論述依據與實際手段，但在《印度之旅》中，卻相反的成了殖民統治的障礙和印度人民抗爭示威的藉口與舞台。藉由對審判過程的詳細描述以及安排何吉茲在審判中獲判無罪，佛斯特不僅點出了殖民法律本身內在邏輯的矛盾性，更讓審判的結果演變成為被殖民者反殖抗爭的一大勝利。

This thesis is divided into three chapters, focusing on the discussion of colonial strategies and anti-colonial resistance in A Passage to India from postcolonial perspective. In Chapter One, I first examine how E.M Forster represents the "postcolonial self" delineated by Fanon and Gandhi through the depiction of Dr. Aziz's transformation from a Moslem doctor at the Government Hospital to the Muslim nationalist. Besides, I also draw my attention on the discussion of remolding mechanism in colonial strategies constructed by the colonizer in order to hold their superior identity and to keep the colonized as a degenerate and inferior population in the novel. And that "postcolonial self," in other words, the rejection of cultural colonialism and acceptance of indigenous tradition, are considered the origin of anti-colonial activities since the colonized's liberation must be carried out through a construction of self and of autonomous dignity.
In Chapter Two, I discuss the mystery in Marabar Caves as the representation of "local knowledge" from postcolonial perspective. For postcolonial critics, they points out that while the European colonizer proposed the request of universality in philosophy and culture, they never considered the knowledge of other countries and their ignorance toward non-European world. The mystic characteristic of Marabar Caves can just represent the so-called "deterritorialised knowledge" in postcolonial theory, and such native culture and knowledge which express the unique difference from the dominant knowledge has become not only a major threat for the colonizer while they practice colonial strategy but also the theoretical foundation for the colonized to have anti-colonial battle.
In Chapter Three, I discuss the chance for anti-colonial movement provided by the law in this novel. Originally, the function of law is usually served as the discursive knowledge power for the colonizer to stretch their colonial privilege and realistic strategy. However, in A Passage to India, it not only becomes the obstacle of colonial domination but also the excuse and platform for Indians to have demonstration and resistance in terms of the mimicry, the "excess" concealed in the textual performance. While Aziz get the verdict of no guilt, Forster has let the result of the trial become a victory for anti-colonial resistance; moreover, it also intensifies the confidence of Indian for anti-colonial movement.
Then, I conclude that by reading the novel from postcolonial perspective, "epistemic violence" and the possibility of counter discourses will be gradually probed and that will produce "a new spirit…, which no one in the stern little band of whites could explain"(214), which is believed as an important spirit for the colonized Indian to achieve cultural decolonization and then fight for their national independence.

Table of Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………….……. 1
Chapter One: Construction of Postcolonial Self ………………...18
1. Colonial Discourse
2. Hegel's Paradigm of Master-Slave Relationship
3. The Constructed Image of the Colonized
4. The Colonized in the Eyes of the West in the Text
5. The Response of the Colonized
6. Gandhi and Fanon: the Slave's Recovery
7. The Construction of Postcolonial Self in the Text
Chapter Two: Reterritorialization of Local Knowledge ……. 50
1. Reclamation of Minor Knowledges
2. The Definition of Humanism and Its Critique
3. The Development of Oppositional Criticism
4. The Inadequacy of Western Rationality
5. The Refusing Spirit of the Marabar Caves
6. The Failure of Western Rationalism
7. The Resurrection of Local Knowledge
Chapter Three: Law and Anti-colonial Resistance ……………… 81
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………106
Works Cited ………………………………………………………….….111

References
A.Books entirely devoted to E. M. Forster
Advani, Rukun. "Introduction: Forster and the Liberal
Dilemma." E. M. Forster as Critic. London, Sydney and
Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm, 1984. 1-21.
Bakshi, Parminder. "The Politics of Desire: E. M. Forster's
Encounters with India." A Passage to India. Ed. Tony
Davis and Nigel Wood. Buckingham, U. K.:Open University
Press, 1994. 23-64.
Beacuman, Nicola. "A Passage to India." E. M. Forster: A
Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1994. 319-32.
Beer, Gillian. "Negation in A Passage to India." A Passage to
India: Essays in Interpretation. Ed. John Beer. London:
Macmillan, 1985. 44-58.
Beer, John. "Conclusion: A Passage to India and the
Versatility of the Novel." A Passage to India: Essays in
Interpretation. Ed. John Beer. London: Macmillan, 1985.
132-52.
Bloom, Harold. "Introduction." E. M. Forster's A Passage to
India. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1987. 1-10.
Das, G. K. "A Passage to India: A Socio-historical Study." A
Passage to India: Essay in Interpretation. Ed. Beer,
John. London: Macmillan, 1985.
Davies, Tony. "Introduction." A Passage to India. Ed. Tony
Davies and Nigel Wood. Buckingham, U. K.: Open University
Press, 1994. 1-22.
Forster, E. M. Aspects of the Novel. New York: Harcourt,
Bruce and world, Harvest, 1956.
---, A Passage to India. New York: Harcourt, Bruce and
Jovanovich, 1952.
Furbank, P. N. E. M Forster: A Life. Vol. 2. Lodon: Secker &
Warburg, 1997.
Gardner, Philip, ed. E. M. Forster's Commonplace Book.
London:Scolar, 1985.
Gille, Christopher. "A Passage to India." A Preface to
Forster. New York:Longman, 1983. 130-57.
Harlow, Barbara. "Law and Order in A Passage to India." A
Passage to India. Ed. Tony Davies and Nigel Wood.
Buckingham, U. K.: Open Unveristy, 1994. 65-89.
Herze, Judith Scherer. A Passage to India: Nation and
Narration. New York:Twayne Publishers, 1993.
---, "The British Raj and the Writing of A Passage to India."
A Passage to India:Nation and Narration. New York: Twayne
Publishers, 1993. 11-29.
---, "Listening to Language." A Passage to India: Essays in
Interpretation. Ed. John Beer. London: Macmillan, 1985.
59-70.
---, "Narration and Language." A Passage to India: Nation and
Narration. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. 73-89.
---, "World and Text." A Passage to India: Nation and
Narration. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. 45-60.
Lago, Mary. "The Indian Novel." E. M. Forster: A Literary
Life. London: Macmillan, 1995. 50-91.
Lewis, Robin, J. E. M. Forster's Passage to India. New York:
Columbia UP, 1979.
London, Bette. "Of Mimicry and English Men: E. M. Forster and
the Performance of Masculinity." A Passage to India. Ed.
Tony Davies and Nigel Wood. Buckingham, U. K.: Open
University Press, 1994. 90-120.
Malik, Charu. "To Express the Subject of Friendship: Masculine
Desire and Colonialism in A Passage to India." Queer
Forster. Ed. Robert K. Martin and George Piggford.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 221-35.
Martin, Robert K., and George Piggford. "Introduction: Queer
Forster?" Queer Forster. Ed. Robert K. Martin and George
Piggford. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
221-35.
May, Brian. "Afterword: Modern Narrative Domain and the Empire
of the Body." The Modernist as Pragmatist: E. M. Forster
and the Fate of Liberalism. Columbia and London:
University of Missouri Press, 1997. 149-53.
---, "A Passage to India and the De-positivizing of the
Sublime." The Modernist as Pragmatist: E. M. Forster and
the Fate of Liberalism. Columbia and London: University
of Missouri Press, 1997. 115-48.
---, "Preface." The Modernist as Pragmatist: E. M. Forster and
the Fate of Liberalism. Columbia and London: University
of Missouri Press, 1997. 9-12.
---, "The Psychopathology of Everyday Liberalism: Howard End
and A Passage to India." The Modernist as Pragmatist: E.
M. Forster and the Fate of Liberalism. Columbia and
London: University of Missouri Press, 1997. 72-114.
Page, Norman. "A Passage to India." E. M. Forster. London:
Macmillan, 1987. 95-116.
Parry, Benita. "The Politics of Representation in A Passage to
India." E. M. Forster: A Human Exploration. Eds. G. K.
Das & John Beer. London: Macmillian, 1979.
Price, Martin. "Forster: Inclusion and Exclusion." E. M.
Forster. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1987. 135-
52.
Rosecranne, Barbara. "A Passage to India." Forster's
Narrative Vision. Ithaca and London: Macmillan, 1982.
138-49.
Shahane, V. A., ed. Perspectives on E. M. Forster's A Passage
to India: A Collection Of Critical Essays. New York:
Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1968.
Stone, Wilfred. The Cave and Mountain: A Study of E. M.
Forster. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford UP, 1966.
Suleri, Sara. "The Geography of A Passage to India." E. M.
Forster. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea, 1987. 169-
75.
Summers, Claudes J. "The Friends Who Never Comes: A Passage to
India." E. M. Forster. New York: Frederick Ungar
Publishing Co., 1983. 181-236.
B. Books partly on or pertinent to E. M. Forster
Ashcroft, Bill, et.al. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and
Practice in Post-colonial Literature. New York:
Routledge, 1989.
Bauman Zygmunt. Modernity and Ambivalence. Oxford: Polity
Press/Blackwell, 1991.
Bhabba, Homi. The Location of Culture. London: Routelege,
1994.
Bran S. Turner. Orientalism, Postmodernism and Globalism.
London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. "Postcoloniality and the Artifice of
History: Who Speaks for India Past?" The New Historicism:
Reader. Ed. H. Aram Veeser. New York & London:
Routledge, 1994. 342-69.
Deleuze, Gilles. Kant's Critical Philosophy: the Doctrine of
the Faculties. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1984.
---, The Logic of Sense. New York: Columbia University Press,
1990.
Dellamora, Richard. "Textual Politics/Sexual Politics."
Modern Language Quarterly: A Journal of Literary History 54
(1993): 155-64.
Derrida, J. "White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of
Philosophy." New Literary History, Vol. 6, no.1, pp.7-74.
Fanon, F. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. By Constance
Farrington. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990.
Foucault, Michael. The History of Sexuality, Volume1: An
Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage
Books, 1990.
---, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human
Sciences. London: Routledge, 1970.
Gandhi, L. Postcolonial Theory. Allen & Uniwin. 1998.
Gandhi, M. K. Hind Swaraj, Reprint. Ahmedabad: Navjivan
Publishing House. 1938.
---, An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with
Truth, trans. Mahadev Desai. Ahmedabad: Navajivan
Publishing House, 1927, rpt. 1983, p. x.
Gendzier, I. Frantz Fanon: A Critical Study. New York:
Pantheon, 1973.
Graff, Gerald. "Co-optation." The New Historicism. Ed. H.
Aram Veeser. New York and London: Routledge, 1989. 168-
81.
Greenberger, Alan J. The British Image of India: A Study in
the Literature of Imperialism 1880-1960. London: Oxford
UP, 1969.
Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon. "Enlightenment." A
Handbook to Literature. New York: Macmillan, 1986. 169-70.
Huang, Jong-huei. "Deconstruction or Reconstruction: A
Discussion of Minor Races' Canon Debate." Chung Wai
Literary Monthly. 22.1 (1993): 72-93.
Hulme, Peter. Colonial Encounters. New York and London:
Methuen, 1986.
Kermode, Frank. "Endings, Continued," in Languages of the
Unsayable. Ed. S. Budick and W. Iser. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1989. 75.
Leesen, Joep. "Echoes and Image: Reflection upon Foreign
Space." Alterity, Identity, Image: Selves and Others in
Society and Scholarship. Ed. Raymond Corbey and Joep
Leersen. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1991. 123-38.
Longxi, Zang. "The Myth of the Other: China in the Eyes of the
West." Critical Inquiry 15.3, 1998. 108-31.
Lyotard, Jean-Francois. The Postmodern Explained to Children:
Correspondence 1982-1985. Ed. Julian & Morgam
Thomas. Sydney: Power Publication, 1992.
Memmi, Albert. "Mythical Portrait of the Colonized," "The Two
Answers of the Colonized," "Conclusion". The Colonizer
and the Colonized. New York: The Press. Inc. 1965. 79-89
and 119-153.
Mishra, Vijay, and Bob Hodge, "What is Post(-)colonialism?"
Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory. Ed. Patrick
Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.
276-9.
Moore, R. J. "India and the British Empire." British
Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. Ed. C. C.
Eldridge. London: Macmillan, 1984.
Nandy, Ashis. "Preface." The Intimate Enemy-Loss and Recovery
of Self Under Colonialism. Dehli: Oxford UP, 1983. 9-20.
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen and Bhikhu Parekh. "Shifting
Imaginaries: Decolonization, Internal decolonization,
Postcoloniality." The Decolonization of Imagination-
Culture, Knowledge and Power. Ed. Jan Nederveen
Pieterseand Bhikhu Parekh. Dehli: Oxford UP, 1997. 1-19.
Rosecrance, Barbara. "A Passage to India: the Dominant
Voice." E. M. Forster: Century Revolutions. Ed. Judith
Scherer Herz and Robert K. Martin. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1982. 234-43.
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
---, Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
Selden, Raman, and Peter Widdowson. "Poststructuralist
theories," and "Postmodernist and Postcolonialist
theories." A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary
Theory. 3rd ed. New York: Harvest Wheatheaf, 1993. 125-
202.
Sharpe, Jenny. "The Unspeakable Limits of Rape: Colonial
Violence and Counter-Insurgency." Colonial Discourse and
Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader. Ed. Patrick William and
Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia UP, 1994. 221-43.
Spivak, Gayatri. "Can the Subaltern Speak?" Colonial
Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader. Ed. Patrick
William and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.
66-111.
---, "Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography." In
Other World: Essays in Cultural Politics. New York and
London: Methuen, 1987. 197-221.
Taylor, Charles. Hegel. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1975.
Tiffin Helen, Bill Ashcroft, and Gareth Griffiths, ed. The
Post-colonial Studies Reader. London and New York:
Routledge, 1995
C. Periodicals and Newspapers
Armstrong, Paul B. "Reading India: E. M. Forster and the
Politics of Interpretation." Twentieth Century
Literature: A Scholarly and Critical Journal 38 (1992):
365-85.
Barratt, Robert. "Marabar: The Caves of Deconstruction."
Journal of Narrative Technique 23.2 (Spring 1993): 127-35.
Dellamora, Richard. "Textual Politics/ Sexual Politics."
Modern Language Quarterly: A Journal of Literary History
54 (1993): 155-64.
Doherty, Gerald. "White Circles/Black Holes: Worlds of
Difference in A Passage to India." Orbis Literarum:
International Reviewer of Literary Studies 46.2 (1991):
105-22.
Doloff, Steven. "Forster's Use of Names in A Passage to
India." English Language Notes 28.4 (June. 1991): 61-62.
Heath, Jeffery. "A Voluntary Surrender: Imperialism and
Imagination in A Passage to India." University of Toronto
Quarterly: A Canadian Journal of the Humanities 59.2
(Winter 1989-90): 287-309.
Lin, Lidan. "The Irony of Colonial Humanism: A Passage to
India and the Politicsof Posthumanism." Ariel: A Review
of International English Literature 28.4 (Oct. 1997):133-
53.
Merrett, Robert James. "E. M. Forster's Modernism: Tragic
Faith in A Passage to India." Mosaic: A Journal for the
Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 17.3 (Summer 1984):
71-86.
Moffat, Wendy. "A Passage to India and the Limits of
Certainty." Journey of Narrative Technique 20.3 (1990):
331-41.
Moran, Jo Ann Hoeppner. "E. M. Forster's A Passage to India:
What Really Happened in the Caves." MFS: Modern Fiction
Studies 34 (1998): 596-604.
Price, Martin. "People of the Book: Character in Forster's A
Passage to India." Critical Inquiry 1(1975): 605-22.
Showalter, Elaine. "A Passage to India as Marriage Fiction:
Forster's Sexual Politics." Women and Literature 5.2
(1997): 3-16.
Silver, Brenda. R. "Periphrasis, Power, and Rape in A Passage
to India." Novel: A Forum on Fiction 22.1 (Fall 1988): 86-
105.
Singh, Frances. "A Passage to India the National Movement and
Independence." Twentieth Century Literature 31 (1985):
265-78.
Watt, Donald. "E. M. Forster's Quarrel with the God-State."
Philological Quarterly 60.4 (Fall 1981): 523-37.
Young Robert. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture
and Race. London: Routledge, 1995.
---. White Mythologies: Writing History and the West. London:
Routledge, 1990.
中文書目
林文淇 1995。 〈殖民主義與法律：《印度之旅》對後殖民理論的省
思〉，《中外文學》第24卷 第3期（1995，8），頁 61-78。
張小虹 1996。 〈奧秘之穴：《印度之旅》中的種族，性慾與強暴論
述〉，《中外文學》第25卷 第6期（1996，11），頁 148-75。
劉亮雅 1998。 〈女人，性別與（抵）殖民主義：佛斯特的《印度之旅》
中的性別與種族政治〉，《中外文學》第27卷 第3期（1998，
8）， 頁 62 -81。
廖炳惠 1998。 〈與污塵為伍的奇異種族：身體，疆界與不純淨〉，《中
外文學》第27卷 第3期（1995，8），頁 82-96。