臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究顯示大蒜和洋蔥之生理作用的影響歸功於其含有有機硫化物。有機硫化物，如1-Propylmercaptan(PM)、Dimethyl disulfide(DMDS)、Diallyl disulfide(DADS)、Propyl disulfide(PDS)和2,5-Dimethylthiophene(DMT)，可提供大蒜和洋蔥部分獨特的氣味和風味特色，以及生物活性。本實驗結果顯示PM、DMDS、DADS、PDS、DMT、蔥青蔥白對於Hep G2細胞不具毒性。PM、DMDS、DADS、PDS、DMT、蔥青蔥白對於t-BHP傷害皆有保護作用。PM、DMDS、DADS、PDS、DMT、蔥青蔥白有使細胞內的ROS的量下降，其中以蔥青、蔥白及PM的效果最為明顯，分別為150.41± 0.93%、151.80 ± 0.93%、158.82 ± 5.06 %。PM、DMDS、DADS、PDS、DMT、蔥青蔥白有使細胞內的GSH的量上升，其中以蔥青、蔥白、PM及DMDS的效果最為明顯，分別為90.3± 2.0% 、90.5 ± 1.6% 、91.7 ± 1.8 %及90.8 ± 3.3 %。Glutathione peroxidase效果最好的為DMDS，其次為DMT，效果較差的為蔥青、蔥白及DADS。Glutathione reductase的部分效果最好的為DMDS，其次為DADS，效果較差的為蔥青及PDS。Glutathione S-transferase的部分酵素活性有顯著下降的趨勢。xanthine oxidase的抑制作用效果最好的為蔥青及蔥白，分別為65.3%及58.7%。蔥青、蔥白、PM、DMDS 、DADS、PDS和DMT對於S. typhimuriumTA98和TA100沒有毒性。致突變的部分，蔥青、蔥白、PM、DMDS 、DADS、PDS和DMT不會使 S. typhimuriumTA98和TA100突變。抗突變活性，使用直接致突變4-NQNO(4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide) ，結果顯示TA98部分抗突變效果最好的為蔥白及DMT，抗突變率皆為66.5%。TA100部分抗突變效果最好的為蔥白，抗突變率為66.4%。使用直接致突變MMS(Methyl methane-sulfonate)，結果顯示TA98部分抗突變效果最好的為PM、DMDS及DMT，抗突變率分別為29.4 %、20.4 %及25.3 %。TA100部分抗突變效果最好的為DMDS、PDS及DMT，抗突變率分別為30.2 %、39.1 %及40.7 %。使用間接突變劑2-AA(2-aminoanthracene)，結果顯示TA98部分抗突變效果最好的為PM、蔥青、蔥白及DMDS，抗突變率分別為33.5 %、28.2 %、25.6 %及21.8 %。TA100部分抗突變效果最好的為DMT、PM、蔥青及蔥白，抗突變率分別為62.9 %、62.2 %、54.4 %及54.1 %。使用間接突變劑3,4-Benzopyrene(B[a]P)，結果顯示TA98部分抗突變效果最好的為DADS、蔥青、DMDS及蔥白，抗突變率分別為25.2 %、23.5 %、22.8 %及21.4 %。TA100部分抗突變效果最好的為PDS及DMT，抗突變率分別為46.9 %及48.6 %。p450活性分析效果最好的為蔥青、蔥白及PM，分別為48.0%、48.5%及45.6%。

Studies have shown that garlic and onions, the physiological effects attributed to its containing organic sulfur compounds. Organic sulfur compounds, such as 1-Propylmercaptan (PM), Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), Diallyl disulfide (DADS), Propyl disulfide (PDS) and 2,5-Dimethylthiophene (DMT), some garlic and onions can provide a unique odor and flavor Characteristics, and biological activity. The results show that PM, DMDS, DADS, PDS, DMT, green onion white Hep G2 cells for non-toxic. PM, DMDS, DADS, PDS, DMT, green onion white t-BHP for damage Jieyou protection. PM, DMDS, DADS, PDS, DMT, white with green onions to the amount of intracellular ROS decreased, including the onions green, light blue and the most obvious effect of PM were 150.41 ± 0.93%, 151.80 ± 0.93%, 158.82 ± 5.06%. PM, DMDS, DADS, PDS, DMT, white with green onions to the amount of intracellular GSH increased, in which green onions green, light blue, PM, and the most obvious effect of DMDS were 90.3 ± 2.0%, 90.5 ± 1.6%, 91.7 ± 1.8% and 90.8 ± 3.3%. Glutathione peroxidase best for DMDS, followed by DMT, less effective for the onions green, light blue and DADS. Glutathione reductase part of the best for DMDS, followed by DADS, less effective for the green onion and PDS. Glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity in some significant downward trend. xanthine oxidase inhibition for the best green onions and light blue, respectively 65.3% and 58.7%.
Onion blue, light blue, PM, DMDS, DADS, PDS, and DMT, and TA100 for S. typhimuriumTA98 not toxic. Mutation in part, onions green, light blue, PM, DMDS, DADS, PDS, and DMT will not make S. typhimuriumTA98 and TA100 mutations. Antimutagenic activity, using the direct mutagenic 4-NQNO (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide), showed some resistance mutations in TA98 the best for the light blue and DMT, are all anti-mutation rate of 66.5%. TA100 antimutagenicity the best part is light blue, anti-mutation rate was 66.4%. Use of direct mutation MMS (Methyl methane-sulfonate), showed some resistance mutations in TA98 the best for the PM, DMDS, and DMT, anti-mutation rates were 29.4%, 20.4% and 25.3%. TA100 antimutagenicity the best part is DMDS, PDS, and DMT, anti-mutation rates were 30.2%, 39.1% and 40.7%. Using the indirect mutagen 2-AA (2-aminoanthracene), showed some resistance mutations in TA98 the best for the PM, onions green, light blue and DMDS, anti-mutation rates were 33.5%, 28.2%, 25.6% and 21.8%. TA100 antimutagenicity the best part is DMT, PM, green onion and light blue, anti-mutation rates were 62.9%, 62.2%, 54.4% and 54.1%. The use of indirect mutagen 3,4-Benzopyrene (B [a] P), showed some resistance mutations in TA98 the best for DADS, green onions, DMDS, and light blue, anti-mutation rates were 25.2%, 23.5%, 22.8% And 21.4%. TA100 best part for the anti-mutant PDS and DMT, anti-mutation rates were 46.9% and 48.6%. p450 activity analysis for the best onion green, light blue and PM, were 48.0%, 48.5% and 45.6%.

中文摘要 ………………………………...............................………Ι
Abstract ………………………….…………………………………. III
目錄 ………………………………………….…………………….. VI
縮寫表 …………………………..……………………………….… XI
第一章 緒論 ……………………………….……………………… 1
1.1.自由基與活性氧介紹 ……………………..………………….… 1
1.2. t-BHP氧化劑 ……………………………………….….………. 4
1.3.抗氧化作用 …………………………………….……..………… 6
1.4.Nrf2活化 ……………………………………….….………….… 9
1.5.NQO1介紹 ……………………………………….…………….. 9
1.6.致突變劑介紹…………………………………….……………….10
1.7. Ames Test ………………………………………………………. 11
1.8.青蔥介紹 …………………………………………..………….… 18
1.9.研究動機 …………………………….…………………….….… 23
第二章 材料與方法……………………………..…………………. 24
2.1.實驗材料 ……………………………………………..……….… 24
2.2.實驗藥品 …………………………………………..………….… 24
2.3.實驗器材 ……………………………………………..……….… 25
2.4.細胞株 …………………………………………………….…….. 25
2.5.細胞培養 ……………………………..……………………….….. 26
2.6. 細胞毒性試驗……………………..…………………………..…..27
2.7. t-BHP對細胞氧化傷害保護試驗………………………......…… 27
2.8. 細胞ROS試驗 …………………………………….........……... 28
2.9. 細胞GSH試驗 …………………..…………….…….……….… 28
2.10. 細胞均質液製備 ………………………………..…………...… 29
2.11.細胞內蛋白質測定 ………………..……………………..…..…. 29
2.12.細胞Glutathione peroxidase(GPx)活性測定 ……………..……..30
2.13.細胞Glutathione reductase(GRd)活性測定 ……...……..……… 30
2.14.細胞Glutathione S-transferase (GST)活性測定 …..…………… 31
2.15. 蛋白質液之製備 ………………………………..……...……… 31
2.16.電泳分析 ……………………………………………...………… 32
2.17.西方轉漬法 ………………………………………..…………… 32
2.18.抑制黃嘌呤氧化酶 (xanthine oxidase )活性……………..…….33
2.19.菌株的培養 ………………………………………..…………… 33
2.20.細菌毒性試驗 ……………………………………..…………… 35
2.21.細菌致突變試驗……………………………………..………..… 35
2.22.抗致突變試驗[突變劑4NQNO及MMS].................................... 36
2.23.抗致突變試驗[突變2AA及B[?娭P]............................................. 37
2.24.P450活性測定............................................................................... 37
2.25.統計分析........................................................................................ 38
第三章 結果 ...................................................................................... 39
3.1.蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對於細胞毒性試驗及t-BHP傷害細胞的保護作用………………………………………….....…… 39
3.2.蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對於t-BHP傷害細胞活性氧(ROS)的影響…………………………………………………..….… 39
3.3.蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對於t-BHP傷害細胞GSH的影響…………………………….………………………….…………40
3.4.蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對於t-BHP傷害細胞Glutathione peroxidase的影響...............................................................41
3.5.蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對於t-BHP傷害細胞Glutathione reductase的影響.................................................................41
3.6.蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對於t-BHP傷害細胞Glutathione S-transferase的影響...........................................................41
3.7. 蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對細胞xanthine oxidase的抑制作用.............................................................................................42
3.8. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds 對細胞 NQO1表現之影響..............................................................................................................42
3.9. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對細胞Nrf2表現量之影響..............................................................................................................43
3.10.蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的毒性試驗…………………………………..…………………...…………… 43
3.11.蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的 致突變試驗……………………………………………............…….…… 43
3.12. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的抗突變試驗[突變劑為4NQNO(4 -nitroquinoline N-oxide)]…................ 44
3.13.蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的抗突變試驗[突變劑為MMS(Methyl methane-sulfonate)] …......................44
3.14.蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的抗突變試驗[突變劑為2AA(2-aminoanthracene)] ……… ...........................45
3.15.蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的抗突變試驗[突變劑為B[α]P(3,4-Benzopyrene)]….…........................… 46
3.16. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對p450活性分析..........46
第四章 討論…………………………………….…………………… 47
第五章 結論……………………………….………………………… 52
參考文獻……………………………………………………….……… 53
附圖及附表……………………………………………………….…… 66
表1. 蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對於細胞的毒性試驗及對於t-BHP傷害細胞的保護作用……………………………….……66
表2. 蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對細胞活性氧(ROS)的影響…………………….………………………………….……..……… 67
表3. 蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對細胞GSH的作用……………………….…………………………………………… 68
表4.蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對細胞Glutathione peroxidase的活性……….……………………………………..……69
表5.蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對細胞Glutathione reductase的活性……….……………………………………….……70
表6. 蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對細胞Glutathione S-transferase的活性……….…………………………………..…….71
表 7. 蔥青、蔥白與Organo sulfur compounds對細胞xanthine oxidase的抑制試驗……….……………………………………………………72
表8. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的毒性試驗…………………………………………………….…………… 73
表9. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的致突變試驗……………………………………………………….……… 74
表10. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的抗突變試驗[突變劑為4NQO(4 -nitroquinoline N-oxide)] …….............. 75
表11. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的抗突變試驗[突變劑為MMS(Methyl methane-sulfonate)] …...............… 76
表12. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的抗突變試驗[突變劑為2AA(2-aminoanthracene)] ……............................77
表13. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對TA98及TA100的抗突變試驗[突變劑為B[a]P(3,4-Benzopyrene)] ….............................… 78
表14. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds對p450活性試驗......79
圖1. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds (100、400 ?慊/ml與100、400?嵱) NQO1表現量..............................................................................80
圖2. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds (100 ?慊/ml與100?嵱) NQO1表現量...........................................................................................81
圖3. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds (400 ?慊/ml與400?嵱) NQO1表現量..........................................................................................82
圖4. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds (400 ?慊/ml與400?嵱) 在不同時間點 (3、6、9小時) Nrf2表現量............................................83
圖5. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds (400 ?慊/ml與400?嵱) 在3小時Nrf2表現量................................................................................84
圖6. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds (400 ?慊/ml與400?嵱) 在6小時Nrf2表現量................................................................................85
圖7. 蔥青、蔥白及Organo-sulfur compounds (400 ?慊/ml與400?嵱) 在9小時Nrf2表現量................................................................................86

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