臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究，在間苯二酚和甲醛縮合以製備碳乾凝膠(xerogel)的過程中，使用冰醋酸作為催化劑，以大幅的縮短凝膠膠化時間。隨後，碳乾凝膠再以KOH為活化劑(activated agent)，研究在間苯二酚/催化劑比例為2- 500範圍內，丙酮為溶劑，KOH在700-1000 ℃的熱解溫度和活化溫度對碳乾凝膠特性的影響。
藉由拉曼(Raman)、XRD和TEM分析研究顯示，在高溫（1000 ℃）下，KOH之活化，再生了活性碳乾凝膠結構體的網狀結構。此外，以TGA、SEM、BET、BJH和t圖分析等技術，研究碳乾凝膠的熱穩定性和結構性能。發現間苯二酚/催化劑比為2，熱分解溫度為800 ℃，活化溫度為900 ℃，為分別製備微孔和中孔孔隙率均勻的碳乾凝膠和活性碳乾凝膠的最佳條件。所製得的碳材料，表面積（1750 m2•g -1）和大孔體積（1.91 cm3•g-1），適用於雙電層電容器(electrical double-layer)的電極材料。在這些最佳條件下製備的活性碳乾凝膠電極表現出良好的電化學性能，在6 M之 KOH電解液中，以5 mV-1的掃描速率，利用循環伏安法(cyclic voltammetry)，可測得270 F•g-1的最高電容。

Glacial acetic acid was used as a catalyst in the preparation process of carbon xerogels from the condensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde for shortening significantly the gelation time. Subsequently, the carbon xerogels were activated by the chemical agent KOH. The effect of the resorcinol/catalyst ratio over a large range of 2 to 500, the solvent exchange manner with acetone, the pyrolysis temperature and the activation temperature by KOH in range of 700 to 1000 oC on the characteristic properties of the carbon xerogels were investigated. At a high temperature (1000 oC) the chemical activation regenerated a more crystalline network structure of activated carbon xerogels, which was observed by Raman, XRD and TEM images. Additionally, TGA, SEM images, BET, BJH and t-plot were used to study the thermal stability and the structural properties of carbon xerogels. The a resorcinol/catalyst ratio of 2, a pyrolysis temperature at 800oC and an activation temperature at 900 oC were found to be the optimal condition for the preparation of carbon xerogels and activated carbon xerogels with a well-balanced porosity between micro and mesopores, high surface area (1750 m2g-1) and large pore volume (1.91 cm3g-1), which are appropriate for using as electrode materials in an electrical double-layer capacitor. The activated carbon xerogel electrodes that were prepared under these optimal conditions exhibited a good electrochemical performance with the highest specific capacitance of 270 Fg-1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte at a scan rate of 5 mVs-1 from cyclic voltammetry.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
LIST OF TABLES XIII
LIST OF FIGURES XV
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 THE LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 OVERVIEW IN SUPERCAPACITOR 5
2.1.1 Principles of supercapacitor 8
2.1.2 Classification of supercapacitors 9
2.2 OVERVIEW IN CARBON AEROGEL MATERIALS 17
2.2.1 Introduction of carbon aerogel materials 17
2.2.2 Electrochemical performance of carbon aerogel and activated carbon aerogel materials 33
CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL 41
3.1 CHEMICAL MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 41
3.1.1 Chemical materials 41
3.1.2 Equipment 42
3.2 METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION 42
3.2.1 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Specific Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer, BET 42
3.2.2 Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope, FE-SEM 49
3.2.3 Analytical Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM 50
3.2.4 Raman scattering spectroscopy (Raman) 51
3.2.5 X-ray Diffractometer, XRD 52
3.2.6 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 53
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 54
3.3.1 Preparation of carbon xerogel materials 54
3.3.2 Preparation of activated carbon xerogel materials 57
3.4 ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS 58
3.4.1 Electrode fabrication 58
3.4.2 Cyclic voltammetry 60
3.4.3 Galvanostatic charge-discharge test 61
CHAPTER 4 INVESTIGATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES AND THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON XEROGEL MATERIALS 63
4.1 THE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF CARBON XEROGEL MATERIALS 63
4.2 THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON XEROGEL ELECTRODES 74
CHAPTER 5 INVESTIGATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES AND THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATED CARBON XEROGEL MATERIALS 84
5.1 THE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON XEROGELS 84
5.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATED CARBON XEROGEL ELECTRODES 94
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 102
REFERENCES 104

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