臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

英國自十八世紀末，佔領檳島起，在馬來亞展開將近兩個世紀的英殖民時期，此時期亦可稱之為「英屬馬來亞」時期。英殖民改變了馬來亞的社會結構，使馬來亞不再是單純以馬來人為主的「馬來社會」，因工業與貿易需求吸引不少印度人和華人，形成新的多元種族社會。新社會，新秩序，有很多需求因應而生，除了經濟發展，教育是最受關注的事項之一。
過去，學者在研究馬來亞教育時往往只關注華文教育，似乎認定華人就一定受中文教育，孰不知其實英屬馬來亞時期也有很多華人是受英文教育的。殖民地的氛圍下，英文是官方語言，相較其他語言，英文顯得更為重要，英文學校也較其他源流學校發展得更好。
相比以單一語言和族群為主的其他源流學校，廣為招收各族群學生的英文學校更顯其多元性。英殖民初期，重心皆放在貿易上，並無心介入當地內政，對教育也不在意，儘管如此，卻給了傳教士一個契機發展以英文為媒介語的教會學校。早期的英文學校多由傳教士所辦，他們分屬不同的傳教會，在不同時期的英屬馬來亞建立不同性質的教會學校，或統稱「英文學校」。
幾個來到馬來亞辦學的主要傳道會是聖公會、倫敦傳道會、天主教拉撒弟兄會和美以美會（後稱衛理公會），除了拉撒弟兄會，其他三個都是屬於基督新教的傳道會。按時程排序，聖公會最早於海峽殖民創辦大英義學，接著是倫敦傳道會辦的英華書院（1843年遷往香港），天主教拉撒弟兄會辦的聖方濟義學，以及後來成為馬來亞地區最主要的英文學校，衛理公會所辦的各類型學校，如英華學校、衛理學校、衛理男子及女子學校等。
英文學校帶來的不僅是英文語言教育，還有新式教育，一些新的課程和知識奠定了馬來亞的教育體系，也同時栽培很多優秀的人才，成為馬來亞社會上影響甚鉅的人物。本篇論文將就英屬馬來亞的英文學校發展做一個概括性的討論，並列舉幾位受英文教育的名人，以窺探英文學校對馬來亞社會的貢獻。

The British colonisation of Malaya, which started from the occupation of Penang Island in the late eighteenth century, lasted for almost two decades. This period is known as the “British Malaya” era. British Malaya transformed the social organisation of Malayan society into one, which was not primarily “Malay”. The development of trade and industry attracted many Indian and Chinese to Malaya and these new communities formed a new multi-racial society. This new societal created many new demands. Besides the development of the economy, education was a key point of focus/issue.
Most previous research on education during the British Malaya era has focused on Chinese education. The fact of Chinese being Chinese educated has seemingly be assumed as given. As though the fact Chinese received Chinese education is already determined. To the contrary, there were also many Chinese who were English educated. In the context of colonial Malaya, English was the official language and regarded as more important than other languages. This preference of English extended to education and English schools were better developed and resourced.
In comparison with the origin and development of single race and language schools, English schools welcomed students of all racial backgrounds and had a distinctly multicultural environment. During the early colonial period, trade was the primary focus and colonial officers did not intervene in national affairs, education included. However, this period opened the door for missionaries to establish missionary schools using English as the lingua franca and missionaries built most early English schools. Missionaries came from different societies and established different types of mission schools, however they are collectively known as “English schools”.
Some of the main missionary societies which established schools in Malaya included the Anglican Church (AC), the London Missionary Society (LMS), the La Salle Brothers (LSB), and the Methodist Church (MC). Besides the La Salle Brothers who were a Catholic missionary society, the other three were Protestant. According to the sequence of events, AC first established Free Schools in the Straits Settlement, LMS then founded the Anglo-Chinese College and LSB started St Xavier’s Institution. The Methodist Church established many schools such as the Anglo-Chinese School (ACS) which became the most common English school in Malaya.
English schools not only brought English language education but also modern education practices and methods to Malaya. These would form the foundation of Malaysian education. Many influential Malaysian were English educated. This thesis will study the development of English education in British Malaya by examining the profiles of several English educated Malaysians to demonstrate the contribution of English education to Malayan society.

第一章：緒論 1
第一節：研究目的 2
第二節：研究方法 4
第三節：文獻回顧 7
第二章：馬來亞新式教育的傳入 10
第一節：傳教士來馬來亞及其辦學之教團 10
第二節：教會學校與教團的關係及其辦學目的 13
第三章：早期馬來亞英文學校的發展 16
第一節：馬六甲英華書院 (Anglo-Chinese College) 16
一、 馬六甲英華書院創辦經過 16
二、 馬六甲英華書院遷移香港及面臨的困難 23
第二節：殖民地政府支持的大英義學 27
一、 檳城大英義學 (Penang Free School) 27
二、 馬六甲大英義學 (Malacca Free School) 30
三、 新加坡大英義學 (Singapore Free School) 34
第三節：聖方濟義學的變遷 37
第四章：十九世紀末衛理公會傳教與辦學 41
第一節： 衛理公會的傳入與辦學契機 41
第二節：衛理公會創辦之英文學校 47
一、 衛理學校的語文政策 47
二、 衛理學校的學科內容與課程編排 49
三、衛理學校的行政管理與教育理念 54
第三節：殖民政府、教會與學校的聯繫及其經費主導權 59
附表（一） 68
第五章：英文學校的傑出校友 72
第一節：林文慶（Lim Boon Keng, 1869-1957） 74
第二節：辜鴻銘 （Kaw Hong Beng, 1857-1928） 76
第三節：東姑阿都拉曼 (Tunku Abdul Rahman, 1903-1990) 78
第六章：結論 82
引用書目 84

一、史料（按筆畫順序排列）
（一）英文
A.J. Amery, “Anglo-Chinese School, Ipoh, Malaysia Mission Conference , Penang: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1897.
B. F. West, “Reports of the Work, Malaysia Mission Conference, Penang: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1899.
B. F. West, H. L. E. Luering, B.H. Balderston, “Report of the Committee on Education, Malaysia Mission Conference .Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church. 1893.
B.F. West, H. L. E. Luering, W. T. Kensett, W. E. Horley, “Reports of Committees: Education, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1898.
C. C. Kelso, “Singapore Anglo-Chinese School, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1896.
C. C. Kelso, “The Anglo-Chinese School, Singapore, Malaysia Mission Conferences, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1895.
C. P. Lucas, A Historical Geography of the British Colonies: Vol. I The Mediterranean and Eastern Colonies, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906.
D. Silverthorn, “Reports of Work: Sitiawan, Malaysia Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1920.
Federation of Malaya, Report of the Committee on Malay Education (Barnes Report). Kuala Lumpur: The Government Press, 1951.
Federation of Malaya, Report of the Education Committee, 1956 (Razak Report) , Kuala Lumpur: The Government Press, 1956.
G. C. Kelso, G.F. Pykett, B.F. West, W.E. Horley, “Reports of Committee: Education, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1896.
G.C. Kelso, “Singapore Anglo-Chinese School, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church,1896.
G.C. Kelso, “The Anglo-Chinese School, Singapore, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church,1895.
G.F. Pykett, “Report of Anglo-Chinese School, Penang, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1895.
J. A. Bethune Cook, Sir Stamford Raffles: Founder of Singapore 1819, London: Arthur H. Stockwell, 1918.
J. S. Nagle, “Educational Matters, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1920.
J. S. Nagle, “Educational Matters, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1920.
Mabel Marsh, “Methodists Girls’ School, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Woman’s Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1920.
Rev. B. F. West, Malaysia Mission Conference , Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1893.
Rev. B. F. West, “Reports of the Work: Penang, Schools, Malaysia Mission Conference, Penang: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1899.
Rev. F. H. Morgan, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1897.
Rev. J. A. Bethune Cook, Sunny Singapore: An Account of the place and its people, with a Sketch of the Results of Missionary Work, London: Elliot Stock, 1907.
Unknown Author, “Malaysia Mission Statistics For the Year Ending 1st April, 1893, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1893.
W. E. Horley, “Educational Work, Malaysia Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1917.
W. E. Horley, “Educational Work, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1917.
W. G. Shellabear, “Singapore District, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1900.
W. G. Shellabear, B. F. West, F. H. Morgan, J. E. Banks, “Reports of Committees: Education, Malaysia Mission Conference, Penang: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1899.
W.G. Shellabear, F. H. Morgan, W. E. Horley, J. E. Banks, “Education, Malaysia Mission Conference, Singapore: Methodist Episcopal Church, 1900.

（二）中文
作者不詳，〈地理：呀尾大洲附麻剌甲〉，《東西洋考每月統紀傳》（1833.11），收入愛漢者等編，黃時鑑整理，《東西洋考每月統記傳》，北京：中華書局出版，1997。
作者不詳，《英華書院》，香港：英華書院，1929。
艾約瑟（Joseph Edkins），〈馬禮遜傳〉，《遐邇貫珍》（香港），1855年8月1日，第8號，收入松浦章、內田慶市、沈國威編，《遐邇貫珍—附解題·索引》，上海：上海辭書出版社，2005，頁494-495。

二、近人專書
（一）英文
Bok Chye Chua, Our Story: Malacca High School 1826-2006. Kuala Lumpur: MHS Anniversary, 2006.
Diarmaid Macculloch, All Things Made New: The Reformation and Its Legacy, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Haigh, Christopher, English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors, New York, Oxford University Press, 1993.
Ho Seng Ong, Education For Unity in Malaya. Penang: Malayan Teachers’ Union, 1952.
Ho Seng Ong, Methodists Schools in Malaysia. Petaling Jaya: The Board of Education of the Malaya Annual Conference, 1964.
John Russell Denyes, The Malaysia Mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church. London: Forgotten Books, 2015.
K. C. Tregonning, The British in Malaya: The First Forty Years 1786-1826, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1965.
Patricia P.K. Chiu, A History of the Grant Schools Council. Hong Kong: Grant School Council, 2013.
Patrick Collinson, The Reformation in English Towns, 1500-1640, London: Macmilian Press Ltd, 1998.
Ruth Ho, Rainbow Round my Shoulder. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press Sdn. Bhd, 1975.
Theodore R. Doraisamy, Oldham-Called of God. Singapore: The Methodist Book Room, 1979.
Unknown Author, Directory of Christian Mission Schools in Malaysia, Petaling Jaya: Federation of Councils of Christian Mission Schools Malaysia (FCCMSM), 2013.
Ying Wa College, Ying Wa College. Hong Kong: Ying Wa College, 2017.

（二）中文
王秀南，《星馬教育史泛論》，香港：東南亞研究所，1970。
王秀南，《東南亞教育史大綱》，新加坡：東南亞研究中心，1989。
宋旺相，《新加坡華人百年史》，新加坡：新加坡中華總商會，1993。
林水豪、駱靜山合編，《馬來西亞華人史》，吉隆坡：益新印務有限公司，1984。
林遠輝、張應龍著，《新加坡馬來西亞華僑史》，廣東：廣東高等出版社，1991。
許介麟，《英國史綱》，臺北：三民書局，1998。
國立編譯館主編，賈士蘅譯，《英國史（上冊）》，臺北：五南圖書出版公司，1986。
黃興濤，《辜鴻銘文集（上）》，海口：海南出版社，1996。
鄭永常，《海禁的轉折：明初東亞沿海國際形勢與鄭和下西洋》，臺北：稻香出版社，2011。
鄭良樹，《馬來西亞華文教育發展史》，吉隆坡：馬來西亞華校教師會總會，1998。
蘇精，《鑄以代刻—傳教士與中文印刷變局》，臺北：國立臺灣大學出版中心，2014。

三、論文
（一）期刊論文
1. 英文
Lim Peng Han, “The Beginning and Development of English Boys’ and girls’ Schools and School Libraries in the Straits Settlements, 1786-1941, Malaysian Journal of Library ＆ Information Science, Vol. 14, No.1, 2009, p. 57-81.


（二）專書論文
1. 英文
The Methodist Council of Education, “List of Methodist Schools and Colleges in Malaysia Government Assisted Primary Schools, Mission School Ethos and Character, Penang: The Methodist Council of Education, 2011, pp. 13-24.
Unknown Author, “Mission School Culture, Ethos, and Tradition, God’s Faithfulness Our Heritage, Year 1956-2016. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Christian Schools’ Council, 2016, pp.1-36.

2. 中文
何國忠，〈多元文化下的抉擇：馬來西亞華人社會的文化人〉，收入何國忠主編，《承襲與抉擇：馬來西亞華人歷史與人物文化篇》，台北：中央研究院東南亞區域研究計畫，2001，頁xvii-xxxviii.
李元瑾，〈林文慶：中華文化復興者與現代教育家〉，收入何國忠主編，《承襲與抉擇：馬來西亞華人歷史與人物文化篇》，台北：中央研究院東南亞區域研究計畫，2001，頁1-37。
美教士赫士編輯，〈未奉耶穌教諸國之耶穌教·中華篇〉，《教會歷史》，上海：上海廣學會，1924，頁190。
鄭永常，〈道南大可望：辜鴻銘民族文化認同的追尋〉，收入張曉威主編，《傳統與前瞻：馬來西亞華人研究的新視界》，吉隆坡：拉曼大學中華研究中心，2015，頁159-191。
藤善真澄，〈序一〉，收入松浦章、內田慶市、沈國威編，《遐邇貫珍—附解題·索引》，上海：上海辭書出版社，2005，頁1。

四、報紙與線上資料
（一）報紙
Alan Teh Lam Seng, “Oldest School, everlasting heritage of Penang Free School, New Straits Times, February 11, 2018, accessed May 29, 2019, https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2018/02/334304/oldest-school-everlasting-heritage-penang-free-school.
Donald Davies, “Jackson’s Ruin was an eyesore, The Straits Times, April 15, 1956.
H. R. Cheeseman, “A Century of Education in Singapore, The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, October 8, 1935, p. 16.
Unknown Author, “A Century of Education in Singapore, The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile (Singapore) October 18, 1935, p. 16.
Unknown Author, “Behind the Street Names, Ipoh Eco (Archives) (Ipoh), January 8, 2010, accessed June 01, 2019, http://www.ipohecho.com.my/v2/2010/01/08/behind-the-street-names/.
Unknown Author, “Death of Rev. W.E. Horley, M.B.E. A Striking Personality. His Life’s Work in Malaya. The Straits Times (Singapore), April 2, 1931, p. 11.
Unknown Author, “Death of The Rev. G. F. Pykett, Malayan Saturday Post (Singapore), September 24, 1932, p. 2.



（二）線上資料
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Methodist Council of Education, http://mcoe.edu.my/（accessed June 01, 2019）
Penang Free School, http://www.pfs.edu.my/admin%20pdf%202011/school%20history.pdf （accessed June 28, 2017）
Penang Free School, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_Free_School (accessed June 28, 2017)
Raffles Institution, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Institution (accessed May 22, 2019)
Sejarah Melayu Library, http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/index2.html (accessed June 01, 2019)
The Editor of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “ Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-haj: Prime Minister of Malaysia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tunku-Abdul-Rahman-Putra-Alhaj (accessed May 26, 2019)
Unknown Author, “A Brief School History, Penang Free School Official Website, http://www.pfs.edu.my/admin%20pdf%202011/school%20history.pdf (accessed 2019.06.01)
Unknown Author, “ Biography Tunku Abdul Rahman, Perdana Leadership Foundation: Yayasan Kepimpinan Perdana, http://www.perdana.org.my/index.php/pms-of-malaysia/tunku-abdul-rahman/biography-tunku-abdul-rahman (accessed May 26, 2019)
Unknown Author, “History of Penang Free School, Historical Society Penang Free School, http://pfshistoricalsociety.weebly.com/history-of-pfs.html (accessed May 29, 2019)
Unknown Author, “Singapore Free School is Opened, History SG: An Online Resource Guide, http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/34e52586-72fa-4d0c-9551-a9fd86cb89ab (accessed May 27, 2019)
Unknown Author, “St. Xavier’s Institution History, St. Xavier’s Institution Official Website, http://sxi.edu.my/about-sxi/ (accessed May 28, 2019 )
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