臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來隨著人口快速發展，以及氣候變遷造成的雨季不穩定，水資源的需求不斷增加，成為世界各國重要的問題，台灣屬於缺水的國家之一，為了解決水資源缺乏的問題，可利用薄膜技術從海水、生活污水和工業廢水產製再生水資源，補足缺水問題，其中一項薄膜技術為薄膜蒸餾，此程序可將餘熱作為熱源來產製再生水，除了減少廢水的體積，也能提出純度高的再生水，達到廢水處理和生產再生水的作用。

本研究以管式直接接觸薄膜蒸餾對三種不同的進料溶液進行試驗，首先是桃園北區水資源回收中心薄膜生物反應器之放流水 ( 北區放流水 ) 進行試驗，嘗試提高再生水純度，達到工業使用的標準，再來是觀音工廠區染整廠廢液 (高鹽染料廢液，濃度約為22 wt%)，目標是減少體積，提高鹽類濃度，達到鹽類的回收，最後以自備海淡鹵水進行試驗。

首先是北區放流水之試驗，當進料溫度由60升至70℃時，通量由9.69升至14.04 kg/m2hr，依據滲透端液中電導度及氯離子濃度的測定，可判定其對離子近乎完全阻擋，接著進行批次濃縮實驗，24小時連續操作結果顯示通量由9.50降至約 7.42 kg/m2hr，原因是薄膜表面有積垢物沉積，造成膜孔堵塞，因此以四種清洗劑行掃流清洗，分別為氫氧化鈉 ( 1 wt% )、檸檬酸 ( 1 wt% )、次氯酸鈉 ( 0.1 wt% ) 和純水，像是以氫氧化鈉清洗後，通量回復至9.35 kg/m2hr與初始之通量 ( 9.50 kg/m2hr) 相近，而其他三種清洗之結果也顯示通量回復皆有接近初始通量。接著以高鹽染料廢水進行試驗，結果顯示當溫度從50上升至60℃時，通量從4.96上升至 8.08 kg/m2hr，且氯離子阻擋率為99.99 %以上，意味著薄膜蒸餾可濃縮高鹽染料廢液，接著也進行批次濃縮試驗，結果顯示通量由8.12 衰退至5.25 kg/m2hr，原因也是膜面上有積垢物沉積，同樣以四種相同的清洗劑進行掃流清洗，結果顯示通量皆有回升的趨勢，像是經過12小時實驗後，通量由7.76衰退至5.22 kg/m2hr，經氫氧化鈉清洗後通量回升至6.20 kg/m2hr，顯示清洗有回復通量的效果，然而檸檬酸之清洗後通量的回復幅度 (由4.86回復至4.95 kg/m2hr ) 明顯小於其他三種清洗，其原因與膜面之積垢物有關。

In recent years, the demand for water resources increases due to rapid population growth and the unstable rain season caused by climate change. Water scarcity is becoming an important issue in all countries of the world. Taiwan is one of the countries with water shortages. In order to solve the problem of water shortage, membrane technology can be used to treat the seawater, domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater etc. to produce reclaimed water for making up the water shortage. One of the membrane technology for desalination is membrane distillation which can use waste heat as a heat source to reduce the energy consumption for water production, and can also produce high-purity reclaimed water for high-tech process applications.

In this study, experiments of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) with tubular PVDF modules were carried out using three type of feeds, one is membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent from Taoyuan North district reclaimed water center and the other two are industrially high-salinity dye waste liquid and synthetic SWRO brine.

Experimental results with membrane bioreactor effluent show the flux increases from 9.69 to 14.04 kg/m2hr when the feed temperature increases from 60 to 70 oC. The measurements of permeate conductivity and chloride ion concentration indicate that the ions in feed are almost completely rejected. A 24 hrs batch-concentration operation shows that the flux decreases from 9.50 to 7.42 kg/m2 hr due to the fouling and scaling deposits on the membrane surface. In the study, four types of solutions such as NaOH ( 1 wt% ), Citric Acid ( 1 wt%), NaOCl ( 0.1 wt% ) and Deionizer water were used for crossflow over the fouled membrane to test the cleaning performance. The results show that the flushing of the fouled membrane by these solutions all can restore the flux to near the initial flux of virgin membrane. Results from the high-salinity dye waste liquid show the flux increases from 4.96 to 8.08 kg/m2hr when its feed temperature increases from 50 to 60 oC and the chloride rejection measured is 99.99%. A flux decline from 8.12 to 5.25 kg/m2hr was observed after 12 hrs batch-concentration experiment with feed temperature maintained at 60 oC. Due to the strong absorption of dye on membrane surface, the flushing of fouled membrane by the four solutions mentioned above can only gives 65~80 % flux recovery compared to the virgin membrane. Among the four solutions, the citric acid solution exhibit a lower efficiency in flux recovery for cleaning this fouled membrane.

摘要 .................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ............................................................................................................. II
致謝 ............................................................................................................. III
目錄 ............................................................................................................... IV
圖目錄 ............................................................................................................. VII
表目錄 ............................................................................................................... X
第 1 章 緒論 ....................................................................................................... 1
第 2 章 文獻回顧 ............................................................................................... 3
2-1 再生水用途與水質標準 ......................................................................... 3
2-2 薄膜生物反應器 ..................................................................................... 7
2-3 薄膜蒸餾概述 ....................................................................................... 10
2-3-1 薄膜蒸餾操作之分類 ................................................................ 11
2-3-2 薄膜特性需求 ............................................................................ 15
2-3-3 溫度與濃度極化 ........................................................................ 18
2-3-4 薄膜蒸餾之優點 ........................................................................ 21
2-3-5 模組設計 .................................................................................... 22
2-4 薄膜蒸餾之應用 ................................................................................... 26
2-4-1 單一程序應用 ............................................................................ 26
2-4-2 薄膜蒸餾結合其他程序 ............................................................ 28
第 3 章 理論背景 ............................................................................................. 30
3-1 薄膜蒸餾傳輸機制 ................................................................................ 30
3-2 質量傳輸 ................................................................................................ 33
3-2-1 擴散機制 .................................................................................... 35
3-2-2 管式薄膜蒸餾之擴散機制 ........................................................ 39
3-3 熱量傳輸 ............................................................................................... 40
第 4 章 實驗裝置與步驟 ................................................................................. 45
4-1 實驗材料與條件 .................................................................................... 45
4-1-1 實驗膜材 .................................................................................... 45
4-1-2 進料組成 .................................................................................... 47
4-1-3 實驗藥品 .................................................................................... 51
4-1-4 實驗條件 .................................................................................... 51
4-2 實驗裝置 ............................................................................................... 53
4-3 實驗儀器 ............................................................................................ 55
4-4 實驗步驟 ............................................................................................... 56
4-5 注意事項 ............................................................................................ 57
第 5 章 結果與討論 ......................................................................................... 58
5-1 模組內進料端之雷諾數與通量關係 .................................................. 58
5-2 桃園北區水資源回收廠放流水試驗 .................................................. 61
5-2-1 進料溫度對通量影響及產水水質 ............................................ 61
5-2-2 批次濃縮 .................................................................................... 66
5-2-3 薄膜清洗 .................................................................................... 76
5-3 觀音工業區染料廢液 ............................................................................ 83
5-3-1 進料溫度對通量影響及產水水質 ............................................ 83
5-3-2 批次濃縮 .................................................................................... 86
5-3-3 薄膜清洗 .................................................................................... 91
5-4 仿海淡鹵水 ........................................................................................... 97
5-4-1 進料溫度對通量影響 ................................................................. 97
第 6 章 結論 ..................................................................................................... 99
符號說明 ...................................................................................................... 101
Greek Symbols ............................................................................................. 103
參考資料 ...................................................................................................... 104

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