臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

大型太陽光電發電廠之裝置容量數十萬瓩以上，須併接於特高壓以上之輸電系統，通常電廠發生事故時對系統的衝擊頗為為嚴重，必須有良好的保護協調及絕緣協調以降低故障之衝擊，其中系統接地是關鍵的影響因素。大型PV電廠的系統接地，在特高壓系統係決定於變電所主變壓器中性點的接地，而高壓系統可採直接接地或低電阻接地方式。不過低壓系統必須配合變流器的設計，可能採直接接地、非接地或接地比壓器接地方式。系統在不同接地方式下其接地故障與突波特性均有很大的差異，故對接地故障的保護協調及突波的保護協調(絕緣協調)有很大的影響。本文對此相關問題加以探討，首先應用電磁暫態分析程式(EMTP-ATP)，針對不同系統接地方式，建置系統模型，以模擬系統之接地故障及突波特性。在接地故障特性方面，將分析特高壓、高壓及低壓系統之接地故障電流、相電壓及地電位昇，而在突波特性方面，著重在分析雷擊突波造成之突波相電壓及地電位昇。然後藉由這些分析結果，將檢討各種系統接地方式對高壓側及低壓側系統接地故障保護協調及絕緣協調的影響，並進一步進行優缺點比較及評估風險。最後對於相關缺點將提出改善對策，包括系接地方式之選擇及保護協調與絕緣協調之規劃建議，以加強接地故障保護及突波保護能力，進而提升大型太陽光電發電廠之供電安全性及可靠性。

Large photovoltaic (PV) plant with capacity over several hundreds mega watts need to be interconnected to the very high voltage (VHV) transmission system. In general, the fault impact of large PV plant on the power system is very serious. Good protection coordination and insulation coordination are required for reducing the fault impact on power system, where the system grounding is a key affection factor in the large PV power plant; the system grounding of VHV system is determined by the grounding of main transformer neutral point, while for high voltage system, the solid grounding or low resistance grounding can be used. However, the system grounding of low voltage system shall be compatible with inverter design, which may be the solid grounding, non-grounding and ground-potential-transformer (GPT) grounding. The system ground fault and surge characteristics will be different under different system grounding such that it has large affection on ground fault protection coordination and surge protection coordination (insulation coordination). In this thesis, the relative problems of system grounding are surveyed. At the first, system modeling for the simulations of ground fault and surge characteristics is constructed based on the alternative transient program of electromagnetic transient program (EMTP-ATP). For the ground fault characteristic, the fault currents, phase voltage and ground potential rise (GPR) on VHV system, high voltage system and low voltage system are analyzed, while the surge characteristic aim to surge phase voltage and surge GPR from lightning surges. Based on these analysis results, the affections of various system groundings on the ground fault protection coordination and insulation coordination at high and low voltage systems are reviewed. Furthermore, the advantages and defects of various system grounding are compared and the risks are evaluated. Finally, the strategies for improving the associated defects are proposed including the selection of system grounding type and the suggestion of protection coordination and insulation coordination planning. Thereby, the performances of ground protection and surge protection are reinforced such as upgrading the power supply safety and reliability of large PV power plants.

摘　要 i
ABSTRACT iii
誌　謝 v
目 錄 vi
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xx
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景及目的 1
1.2 相關研究概況 2
1.3 研究方法及步驟 3
1.4 研究內容概述 4
第二章 系統架構及問題描述 6
2.1 系統架構介紹 6
2.2 不同地網連接方式架構介紹 7
2.3 接地比壓器介紹 7
2.4 問題描述 8
2.5 保護協調與絕緣協調概述 9
2.5.1 保護協調 9
2.5.2 過電流保護電驛 9
2.5.3 過電壓保護電驛 11
2.5.4 絕緣協調 11
第三章 模型建立及參數設定 13
3.1 電磁暫態分析程式介紹 13
3.2 電源模型建立與參數設定 15
3.2.1 161 kV電源模型建立與參數設定 15
3.2.2 太陽光電電源模型建立與參數設定 16
3.3 變壓器模型建立與參數設定 17
3.3.1 主變壓器模型與參數設定 17
3.3.2 升壓變壓器模型與參數設定 18
3.4 避雷器模型建立與參數設定 20
3.5 接地比壓器建立與參數設定 22
3.6 系統模擬之完整模型 23
第四章 雷擊及接地故障案例分析 25
4.1 模擬案例說明 25
4.1.1 雷擊突波 25
4.1.2 接地故障 26
4.2 雷擊突波案例分析 27
4.2.1 系統無安裝GPT案例分析 27
4.2.2 雷擊突波案例比較 65
4.3 接地故障案例分析 69
4.3.1 系統無安裝GPT案例分析 69
4.3.2 系統於22.8kV及320V側安裝GPT案例分析 191
4.3.3 系統於22.8kV側安裝GPT案例分析 208
4.3.4 系統於320V側安裝GPT案例分析 225
4.3.5 接地故障案例比較 242
第五章 保護協調及絕緣協調評估 256
5.1 保護協調評估 256
5.1.1 高壓側保護協調 256
5.1.2 低壓側保護協調 259
5.2 絕緣協調評估 264
第六章 改善對策 278
6.1 最佳架構之建議 278
6.2 對既設架構之改善對策 278
6.3 改善對策之綜合評估 279
第七章 結論與未來展望 280
7.1 結論 280
7.2 未來展望 281
參考文獻 282

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