臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

儘管將電磁波放大對微波（microwaves）通訊領域而言已算是一個相當成熟而具多樣化的技術，但對於如何放大已離開雷射共振腔的光波這一問題上，人們至今卻仍然沒有多少選擇。遠在以摻鉺光纖放大器（erbium-doped optic fiber amplifier, EDFA）放大光波的工藝成熟並大量生產之前，其他的光波放大機制也都曾被列入考慮、實現與測試。這些當中主要的有：受激拉曼散射（stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)）與受激布里萊因散射（stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)）。與摻鉺光纖相較，此兩者之一個最大的不同點是在其主要機制中光波能量的放大方式並不牽涉到原子（分子）能階，而只是較單純的牽涉到相關於電漿的古典物理過程。然而，時至今日，人們發現以SBS或SRS兩種效應來放大光波的效率遠遠不如利用摻鉺光纖所得到的功率增益高，以致與後者相比，它們需要一段很長的光纖與功率高得不切實際的光激發源。
然而，即使是摻鉺光纖放大器（EDFA）也有諸多限制與缺點。總而言之，EDFA的光波放大方式既受限於能階間的量子躍遷物理，因此即或能勉強提供較適合的980 nm及1490 nm區段，總體而論，EDFA並未能提供一個真正寬頻、平頭的工作頻譜。另外，EDFA顯然只能用於被光纖導引的光波的放大，不能用於傳遞於開放空間中的任一波長與振幅的光波。然而，人們的確一直希望能有一個基本上不受限於原子能階、而又能在光纖中或開放空間中有效的增強任一波長與振幅之光波能量的方法。本研究即是吾人對這樣一個新可能性的嘗試。
在人造電漿源中、在核融合實驗機器中，我們經常目睹電漿韋博不穩定（plasma Weibel instability）的產生。然而，在這類情形中，Weibel instability的作用在於產生一條損失系統能量的途徑，因此是不受歡迎的。而在自然界中Weibel instability也經常是gamma ray bursts的成因。我們在此則嘗試將Weibel instability導向另一個新的方向，即對任一波長與振幅之光波作放大，比較像前述SRS與SBS的作法。然而，與之不同的，我們提出的作法是在受電流調控的“類電漿（即：垂直於光波之相對電子流）” 中利用電漿韋博不穩定中電磁波振幅隨時間呈指數增長的方式來放大光波。本研究即初步透過實驗的方式研究其可行性。

Even though the field of EM wave amplification for microwaves has been rather mature and enjoying many available technologies, amplifying a lightwave already left the laser resonant cavity can be a tough problem with very little choice. Long before erbium-doped optic fiber amplifier (EDFA) has become a reality and mass produced, other lightwave amplification schemes have been considered, even realized, and tested. Among them, the most noticed are the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and the Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS). Comparing with the EDFA, a major difference in them both is that in their lightwave amplification mechanisms, no atomic (molecular) energy levels are involved, and only pure plasma physics processes are relevant. However, up to this day, it has been concluded that both the SBS and SRS amplification effects are so much weaker than the gain that stimulated emission provides in a doped-fiber amplifier that Raman and Brillouin amplifiers tend to involve very long distances and very high pump powers.
On the other hand, since the EDFA amplification approach is entirely limited by quantum transition physics among energy levels, even though it may at best provide 980 nm and 1490 nm spectrum intervals for communication purposes, overall, it fails to give a real wide-band, flat-top working spectrum. Furthermore, apparently EDFA can only amplify lightwaves guided by optic fibers, not those flying in the open space and of arbitrary wavelengths and amplitudes.
Nevertheless, mankind in fact has been longing for a lightwave-enhancing technology that is essentially unrestricted by available atomic energy levels, and at the same time can be applied on lights propagating in free space or within optic fibers. In man-made plasma sources, and in fusion experimental machines (such as the Tokamak), we often witness the working of a plasma instability called Weibel EM instability. However, in these cases, Weibel instability is an undesirable path for system energy loss. In natural environments, Weibel instability also plays a major role in causing gamma ray bursts observed by satellites. Here, we intend to direct the application of Weibel instability to a new direction, viz., amplifying essentially lightwaves of arbitrary wavelengths and amplitudes in either open or fiber-confined space, in a fashion more like the aforementioned SRS and SBS. The approach adopted is using controlled “plasma”, in the form of vertically (with respect to the incident light) oscillating electrons, to trigger the Weibel instability to further cause exponential growth of the incident lightwave amplitude.
This current research mainly aims to test the feasibility of such lightwave Weibel amplification theory as a preliminary step toward the ultimate goal of air-borne lightwave amplification.

中文摘要 .................................................i
英文摘要 ................................................ii
誌謝 ...............................................iii
表目錄 ................................................iv
圖目錄 .................................................v
第一章 緒論.............................................1
1.1 前言.............................................1
1.2 光放大器.........................................1
1.3 研究方向與目的...................................2
第二章 理論.............................................3
2.1 摻鉺光纖放大器簡介...............................3
2.1.1 摻鉺光纖放大器結構...............................3
2.1.2 摻鉺光纖放大器原理...............................4
2.2 波爾原子模型(Bohr’s atomic model)...............5
2.3 電漿韋博不穩定(The Plasma Weibel Instability)....6
2.3.1 推導電漿韋博不穩定性的增長率(Growth rate)........7
2.4 The Wire-Grid Polarizer.........................11第三章 光波放大元件設計與製程..........................12
3.1 光波放大元件構想................................12
3.2 光波入射物體表面之相位分佈......................12
3.3 光波放大元件結構設計............................15
3.4 光波放大元件製程方式............................16
3.4.1 光波放大元件SEM拍攝圖...........................17
第四章 光波放大之實驗與數據分析........................23
4.1 光波放大實驗及量測方式..........................23
4.1.1 鎖相放大器(Lock-in Amplifier)原理...............24
4.1.2 相位靈敏調製器(Phase-sensitive detection, PSD)及低
通濾波器(Low Pass Filter)用途...................27
4.2 鎖相放大器應用於光波放大實驗量測方式............28
4.3 光波放大實驗量測方式及數據分析..................30
4.3.1 隨著入射角度的改變觀察鎖相放大器輸出振幅值變化實驗 ................................................32 4.3.2 觀察電磁波振幅受激發光源影響所產生的增長或縮小的現
象..............................................35
4.3.3 鎖相放大器輸出振幅與實際振幅關係實驗............38
4.3.4 實際振幅強度轉換為光功率強度實驗................40
第五章 結論............................................42
5.1 實驗結果整合....................................42
5.2 實驗結果與未來工作..............................44
參考文獻 ................................................45
英文論文大綱..............................................47
簡歷 ................................................52

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