臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

車牌辨識系統之研究已有多年，可應用於停車場自動化管理及贓車查緝等。然而以往之研究多是利用PC來實現其系統，設備體積過大不適合在室外機動安裝。因此本論文之目的在建立一軟巧、低成本的可攜式的車牌子元辨識設備。
本論文包含了CMOS影像感測器自動曝光控制、DSP控制CMOS影像感測器電路設計及DSP車牌辨識程式三部份。利用TMS320 C6211數位訊號處理器入門工具（DSP Starter Kit, DSK）模板，配合CMOS影像感測器及文字型LCD之附加板（daughter board）來實現。利用CMOS影像感測器配合自動曝光控制將影像擷取下來，再將其傳送至DSP，以智慧型車牌定位字元分割演算法及智慧型類神經車牌辨識法，將車牌字元切割並辨識出來並在LCD上將辨識結果顯現出來。

The research in recognition system of license plate have been last for several years. It could be apply to automatic management of parking garage and stolen cars checking. In the past the system described above usually realize with PC. In this thesis, we proposed a light and handy, low cost inserted recognition system of license plate. We realize it with digital signal processor (TMS320 C6211), CMOS image sensor and word type LCD daughter board. Using image sensor CMOS and automatic control of exposure to capture the images, transmitting the data to DSP. Then cutting the character of license plate and identifying it in LCD with intelligent orientated algorithm and neural network recognition of license plate.

第一章 緒論………………………………………………..……...…..1
1.1研究動機……………………………………………...…………..1
1.2相關文獻回顧...………………………………………………..…2
1.2.1自動曝光相關研究……………………………………….……4
1.2.2自動曝光各方法的優缺點…….………………………..………7
1.2.3車牌定位及字串分割相關方法…………………………………8
1.2.4車牌字元辨識相關方法……………………………….….….…8
1.3論文架構………………………………………………….....…..10
第二章 數位影像擷取………………………………………..….…11
2.1鏡頭……………………………………………………...………11
2.2影像感測器…………………………………….……………..…12
2.2.1 CCD影像感測器…………………………………………..…12
2.2.2 CMOS影像感測器……………………………………...……15
2.3影像感測器特性……………………………………….………..18
2.3.1暗電流……………………………………...……….……….18
2.3.2信號雜訊比……………………………………………….….19
2.3.3色彩敏感度失衡……………………………………..……….19
2.4 CCD與CMOS影像感測器特性比….…………………………20
第三章 車牌字元定位分割與辨識相關原理…………………..22
3.1 影像自動曝光方法………………………………….…………22
3.1.1 曝光量計算………………………………………….………22
3.1.2 合理曝光量範圍…………………………………………..…23
3.1.3 動態灰階值…………………………………………….……26
3.2 車牌定位與字串分割原理………………………….…………31
3.2.1 遮罩運算……………………………………………………32
3.2.2 有效列群組的認定……………………………………..……36
3.2.3 初步掃描……………………………………………………36
3.2.4 細步掃描……………………………………………………38
3.2.5 微調整邊界…………………………………………….……38
3.2.6 車牌確認……………………………………………………39
3.2.7 車牌字串分割……………………………………….………40
3.2.8 分割點的尋找…………………………………………….…44
3.2.9 字元正規化………………………………………….….…...47
3.2.10 傾斜車牌矯正…………………………………..……....…48
3.3 車牌字元辨識原理及技術……………………………….……51
3.3.1類神經網路樣板比對法架構……………………………....…..52
3.3.2類神經網路樣板比對法學習法則……………………………...53
3.3.3車牌字元辨識流程………………………………….………...62
第四章 TMS320 C6211 DSK介紹………………………….……67
4.1 TMS320 C6211處理器架構………………………….…..…….68
4.1.1 CPU結構………………………………………….………....68
4.1.2記憶體配置………………………………………..…..……..71
4.1.3週邊裝置……………………………………….……..…..…72
4.2 TMS320C6211 DSK板硬體架構….…………………..….……79
4.3軟體發展環境及流程……………………………..……….……79
第五章 嵌入式車牌字元辨識系統之實現……………….….…85
5.1 硬體電路………………………………………………….……85
5.1.1影像感測器模組………………………………...……………86
5.1.2文字型液晶顯示器……………………………………………88
5.1.3 TMS320C6211DSK板之附加板電路設計…………………...…88
5.1.4電源電路…………………………………………….………95
5.2軟體………………………………………………..………….…97
5.2.1色彩轉換…………………………………………….………97
5.2.2定點化……………………………………….………………99
5.2.3用C語言撰寫C6211 DSP需注意事項………………………..101
5.2.4記憶體規劃…………………………………………..……..103
5.2.5程式流程………………………………….………….….…105
第六章 辨識結果與測試..……………..……………………...….113
6.1 實驗環境……………………..……………….…………...….113
6.1.1實驗設備…………………..…………………….……...….114
6.1.2 DSP與個人電腦間資料傳送方法………………………....….115
6.1.3車輛影像取像來源…………………………………….....….116
6.1.4車牌字元影像取像來源………….…………………….....….118
6.2 影像傳送速度…………………………………………....…...118
6.3自動曝光效能………………..………………………...………120
6.4 車牌字串分割……………..……..…………………...………123
6.5 車牌字元辨識……………..……..…………………...………125
6.6 執行速度……………………………………..….…..………..126
第七章 結論與未來展望……………………………….…….…..129
7.1 結論…………………………………………………..…..…...129
7.2 未來展望……………………………………..……………….129

[1]Yun Ho Jung, Jae Seok Kim, Bong Soo Hur and Moon Gi Kang, ”Design of real-time image enhancement preprocessor for CMOS image sensor”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 46, Page(s): 68 -75, 2000.
[2]Photobit Cor., PB-0300 1/3-Inch CMOS Active-Pixel Digital Image Sensor, Product Specification, March 2000
[3] S. Shimizu, T. Kondo, T. Kohashi, M. Tsurata and T. Komuro, ”A new Algorithm for Exposure Control Based on Fuzzy Logic for Video Cameras”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 38, Page(s): 617 —623,1992.
[4] T. Kuno, H. Sugiura, and N. Matoba, ”A new automatic exposure system for digital still cameras”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 44, Page(s): 192 —199, 1998.
[5] M. Murakami and N. Honda, ”An exposure control system of video cameras based on fuzzy logic using color information”, Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Volume: 3, Page(s): 2181 —2187, 1996
[6]Wen-Hsin Chan and Ching-Twu Youe, ”Video CCD based portable digital still camera”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 41, Page(s): 455 —459, 1995.
[7]N. Nakano, R. Nishimura, H. Sai, A. Nishizawa and H. Komatsu, ”Digital still camera system for megapixel CCD”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 44, Page(s): 581 —586, 1998
[8] T. Haruki and K. Kikuchi, ”Video camera system using fuzzy logic”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 38, Page(s): 624 —634, 1992.
[9]林泰良, 智慧型車牌定位與字串分割, 國立台灣大學, 電機工程研究所碩士論文, 2000.
[10]溫福助, 類神經網路樣板比對法於車牌字元辨識之研究, 國立台灣大學, 電機工程研究所碩士論文, 2000.
[11]Gerald C. Holst, CCD Arrays, Cameras, and Displays, JCD, 1998.
[12] R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley, 1992.
[13]Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Peripherals Reference Guide, April 1999.
[14]Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 EMIF To External Asynchronous SRAM Interface, 1999.
[15] Texas Instruments Inc., Code Composer Studio User''s Guide, May 1999.
[16] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C62X/C67X Programmer''s Guide, May 1999.
[17] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Optimizing C Compiler User''s Guide, February 1999.
[18] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Technical Brief, February 1999.
[19] B. E. Bayer, “Color Imaging Array”, U. S. Patent, 3971065, Mar 1975
[20]胡竹生、陳榮偉, 定點數位訊號處理器應用程式設計與實驗, 全華出版, 1998
[21]王逸如、陳信宏, 數位信號處理的新利器TMS320C6X, 全華出版, 2000
[1]Yun Ho Jung, Jae Seok Kim, Bong Soo Hur and Moon Gi Kang, ”Design of real-time image enhancement preprocessor for CMOS image sensor”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 46, Page(s): 68 -75, 2000.
[2]Photobit Cor., PB-0300 1/3-Inch CMOS Active-Pixel Digital Image Sensor, Product Specification, March 2000
[3] S. Shimizu, T. Kondo, T. Kohashi, M. Tsurata and T. Komuro, ”A new Algorithm for Exposure Control Based on Fuzzy Logic for Video Cameras”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 38, Page(s): 617 —623,1992.
[4] T. Kuno, H. Sugiura, and N. Matoba, ”A new automatic exposure system for digital still cameras”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 44, Page(s): 192 —199, 1998.
[5] M. Murakami and N. Honda, ”An exposure control system of video cameras based on fuzzy logic using color information”, Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Volume: 3, Page(s): 2181 —2187, 1996
[6]Wen-Hsin Chan and Ching-Twu Youe, ”Video CCD based portable digital still camera”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 41, Page(s): 455 —459, 1995.
[7]N. Nakano, R. Nishimura, H. Sai, A. Nishizawa and H. Komatsu, ”Digital still camera system for megapixel CCD”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 44, Page(s): 581 —586, 1998
[8] T. Haruki and K. Kikuchi, ”Video camera system using fuzzy logic”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 38, Page(s): 624 —634, 1992.
[9]林泰良, 智慧型車牌定位與字串分割, 國立台灣大學, 電機工程研究所碩士論文, 2000.
[10]溫福助, 類神經網路樣板比對法於車牌字元辨識之研究, 國立台灣大學, 電機工程研究所碩士論文, 2000.
[11]Gerald C. Holst, CCD Arrays, Cameras, and Displays, JCD, 1998.
[12] R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley, 1992.
[13]Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Peripherals Reference Guide, April 1999.
[14]Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 EMIF To External Asynchronous SRAM Interface, 1999.
[15] Texas Instruments Inc., Code Composer Studio User''s Guide, May 1999.
[16] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C62X/C67X Programmer''s Guide, May 1999.
[17] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Optimizing C Compiler User''s Guide, February 1999.
[18] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Technical Brief, February 1999.
[19] B. E. Bayer, “Color Imaging Array”, U. S. Patent, 3971065, Mar 1975
[20]胡竹生、陳榮偉, 定點數位訊號處理器應用程式設計與實驗, 全華出版, 1998
[21]王逸如、陳信宏, 數位信號處理的新利器TMS320C6X, 全華出版, 2000
[1]Yun Ho Jung, Jae Seok Kim, Bong Soo Hur and Moon Gi Kang, ”Design of real-time image enhancement preprocessor for CMOS image sensor”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 46, Page(s): 68 -75, 2000.
[2]Photobit Cor., PB-0300 1/3-Inch CMOS Active-Pixel Digital Image Sensor, Product Specification, March 2000
[3] S. Shimizu, T. Kondo, T. Kohashi, M. Tsurata and T. Komuro, ”A new Algorithm for Exposure Control Based on Fuzzy Logic for Video Cameras”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 38, Page(s): 617 —623,1992.
[4] T. Kuno, H. Sugiura, and N. Matoba, ”A new automatic exposure system for digital still cameras”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 44, Page(s): 192 —199, 1998.
[5] M. Murakami and N. Honda, ”An exposure control system of video cameras based on fuzzy logic using color information”, Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Volume: 3, Page(s): 2181 —2187, 1996
[6]Wen-Hsin Chan and Ching-Twu Youe, ”Video CCD based portable digital still camera”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 41, Page(s): 455 —459, 1995.
[7]N. Nakano, R. Nishimura, H. Sai, A. Nishizawa and H. Komatsu, ”Digital still camera system for megapixel CCD”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 44, Page(s): 581 —586, 1998
[8] T. Haruki and K. Kikuchi, ”Video camera system using fuzzy logic”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Volume: 38, Page(s): 624 —634, 1992.
[9]林泰良, 智慧型車牌定位與字串分割, 國立台灣大學, 電機工程研究所碩士論文, 2000.
[10]溫福助, 類神經網路樣板比對法於車牌字元辨識之研究, 國立台灣大學, 電機工程研究所碩士論文, 2000.
[11]Gerald C. Holst, CCD Arrays, Cameras, and Displays, JCD, 1998.
[12] R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley, 1992.
[13]Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Peripherals Reference Guide, April 1999.
[14]Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 EMIF To External Asynchronous SRAM Interface, 1999.
[15] Texas Instruments Inc., Code Composer Studio User''s Guide, May 1999.
[16] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C62X/C67X Programmer''s Guide, May 1999.
[17] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Optimizing C Compiler User''s Guide, February 1999.
[18] Texas Instruments Inc., TMS320C6000 Technical Brief, February 1999.
[19] B. E. Bayer, “Color Imaging Array”, U. S. Patent, 3971065, Mar 1975
[20]胡竹生、陳榮偉, 定點數位訊號處理器應用程式設計與實驗, 全華出版, 1998
[21]王逸如、陳信宏, 數位信號處理的新利器TMS320C6X, 全華出版, 2000