臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

當神經胜肽FF (neuropeptide FF; NPFF)注射於中樞神經系統內時，會產生對抗或加強鴉片類藥物所產生的止痛作用。NPFF這種神經胜肽已被證實會與自己的受體結合，而且受體有兩種亞型即NPFF1和NPFF2受體，NPFF與鴉片受體的親和性很低。在以前的研究中，我們發現由腦室(i.c.v.)注射NPFF會抑制嗎啡所引發對特定場地制約所形成的偏好（CPP）之行為，這表示NPFF在調節嗎啡引發的酬賞反應中可能扮演某種角色。在本研究中，我們進一步研究NPFF降低嗎啡引發酬賞反應的作用位置。
經腦區定位雙側埋管於ventral tegmental area (VTA)或nucleus accumbens (NAc)腦區，注射NPFF都可抑制嗎啡在大鼠所引發酬賞反應。這說明NPFF可能會經由作用在VTA或者NAc的NPFF受體去抑制中腦邊緣多巴胺系統的活化。在神經化學分析的結果支持上述的猜測: NPFF確實可以抑制嗎啡所造成中腦邊緣多巴胺系統的活化，這種活化被認為是造成酬賞行為的原因。
此外，我們研究NPFF受體在大鼠的某些中樞神經系統之分佈情形。我們的研究結果顯示: NPFF兩種亞型受體皆大量表現在VTA和脊髓中，但是在NAc的含量則較少。而且NPFF2受體可能有兩種不同形式同時表現在許多腦區，包括VTA和NAc。但是，在脊髓並沒有觀察到有兩種不同形式存在。
在VTA腦區的螢光免疫組織染色結果顯示，NPFF1和NPFF2受體可以呈現在TH-或GAD67-陽性的神經元上，但有一些則在TH-或GAD67-陰性的神經元上。這表示NPFF可能直接對多巴胺神經元進行直接調控，也可能間接透過GABA神經元來調節多巴胺的釋放。總之，我們的研究應該有助於澄清NPFF系統調控嗎啡所引發酬賞行為的可能機制。

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) exhibited anti-/pro-opioid effects when centrally injected. It was proved to bind to its own receptors, namely NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptors, but did not bind to opioid receptors. In our previous study, we found that intra- cerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected NPFF suppressed morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, which indicated that NPFF may play a role in the modulation of morphine-induced reward. In the present study, we further investigated the action site of NPFF to attenuate morphine-induced reward.
Bilateral intra-VTA (ventral tegmental area) and intra-NAc (nucleus accumbens) injections of NPFF both blocked the CPP caused by morphine in rats. This suggests that NPFF may act at both VTA and NAc to inhibit the sensitization of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Neurochemical analyses support that NPFF may act through the inhibition of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic activity increased by morphine, which is believed to cause rewarding.
In addition, we also determined the distribution of NPFF receptors in the CNS (central nervous system) of rat. Our results showed that both NPFF receptors were abundantly expressed in VTA and spinal cord but less in NAc. The NPFF2 receptor was demonstrated to have two forms of variants in many brain regions, including the VTA and the NAc. However, these variants were not observed in the spinal cord.
In fluorescent immunohistochemical staining, our results revealed that NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptors could be expressed at the TH (tyrosine hydroxylase)- or GAD67 (glutamic acid decarboxylase-67)-positive neurons in VTA, whereas some of them were present in the TH- or GAD67-negative neurons. This implies a possible function of NPFF to modulate dopaminergic neurons directly and a possible indirect action of NPFF on GABAergic neurons to modulate dopamine release. Taken together, our study should be helpful for clarifying the possible mechanisms of NPFF system to modulate morphine-induced reward.

正文目錄
頁次
第一章 緒論 1
第一節、嗎啡簡介 1
第二節、中樞多巴胺系統與酬賞作用 3
壹、 中樞多巴胺神經系統 3
貳、嗎啡酬賞作用之產生 6
參、嗎啡耐藥性 7
肆、嗎啡生理依賴性 7
伍、嗎啡心理依賴性 7
陸、嗎啡成癮性之產生 8
柒、酬賞效應及動物行為測試 9
捌、多巴胺及其合成與代謝 9
玖、多巴胺生理作用 12
拾、檢測多巴胺神經元的活性指標 13
第三節、中樞血清胺系統與酬賞作用 14
壹、血清胺神經系統 14
貳、血清胺受體及其分佈 14
參、血清胺與成癮和酬賞作用之關聯 16
肆、血清胺及其合成與代謝 17
伍、血清胺生理作用 19
陸、檢測血清胺神經元的活性指標 20
第四節、中樞神經胜肽系統 21
壹、NPFF的發現 21
貳、NPFF receptors 22
參、NPFF之生理功能 23
肆、NPFF與中腦邊緣多巴胺系統 25
第五節、實驗目的 25

第二章 材料與方法 27
第一節、實驗材料與儀器 27
壹、實驗動物 27
貳、Neuropeptide FF合成 27
參、其他儀器 28
第二節、實驗原理與方法 29
壹、中樞神經系統內NPFF1 和NPFF2 receptors蛋白質之表現及分佈(Western blotting) 29
ㄧ、設備與材料 29
二、實驗方法 33
貳、嗎啡酬賞模式及腦局部NPFF處理可能產生的影響(conditioned place preference test) 36
ㄧ、設備與藥品 36
二、實驗方法 37
三、動物處理 38
四、實驗動物之分組與實驗設計 40
參、中腦邊緣系統神經元末梢神經傳導物質分析 41
ㄧ、設備與材料 42
二、實驗方法 42
三、計算monoamine turnover rate 45
肆、中腦邊緣系統之免疫組織螢光染色 46
ㄧ、設備與材料 46
二、實驗方法 50
伍、數據分析和統計方法 53

第三章 實驗結果 54
第一節、中樞神經系統內NPFF1/2 受體蛋白質之表現及分佈(Western blotting) 54
第二節、嗎啡酬賞模式及腦局部NPFF處理可能產生的影響(conditioned place preference test) 55
第三節、中腦邊緣系統神經元末梢神經傳導物質分析(HPLC-ECD電化學分析) 57
第四節、中腦邊緣系統免疫組織螢光染色(immunohisto- chemical fluorescence staining) 58

第四章 討論 60
第一節、中樞神經系統內NPFF1/2 受體蛋白質之表現及分佈(Western blotting) 60
第二節、嗎啡酬賞模式及腦局部NPFF處理可能產生的影響(conditioned place preference test) 62
第三節、中腦邊緣系統神經元末梢神經傳導物質分析(HPLC-ECD電化學分析) 63
第四節、中腦邊緣系統免疫組織螢光染色(immunohisto- hemical fluorescence staining) 64

第五章 結論與未來展望 67
第一節、結論 67
第二節、未來展望 68
附圖 70
附錄 83
參考文獻 84

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