臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣中海拔山區由於長年的伐木與造林活動，現存之地景大都為由人造林、草生地以及不同演替序列的天然林組成的鑲嵌式地景，然而台灣山區鳥類群聚研究對於鑲嵌地景內的鳥類群聚著墨甚少，大多僅侷限在單一植群區塊內。因此本研究於觀霧地區選取八個具有不同地景特色的樣區，於2003年進行為期一年的鳥類相調查，以探討台灣中海拔山區不同地景間鳥類群聚的差異；此外亦利用遙測技術與地理資訊系統建立植被覆蓋圖，藉以尋求鳥類群聚和地景組成與地景結構的關係。
研究期間共記錄到37種鳥類。典型對應分析的結果顯示，海拔跨幅450公尺時海拔為影響鳥類群聚最主要的環境因子；海拔跨幅250公尺時則以地景組成對鳥類群聚的影響最為重要，地景結構與海拔次之。鳥類群聚組成僅在地景的（1）海拔高度與其他地景差距大於200公尺、和（2）草生地或人造針葉林佔地景組成40%以上時，始具有較大差異。前兩種情形均會造成鳥種豐富度降低，而後者則因擁有數種高海拔鳥種而在鳥種組成上與其他地景相異。以生態同功群探討不同地景所能提供的食物資源差異，發現草生地地景能承載較多的灌層蟲食者、人造針葉林地景擁有較多的地面覓食者與灌層蟲食者、天然林地景擁有的樹幹蟲食者則幾乎不出現在其他地景內；然而數量最多的樹層覓食者在各地景間差異不明顯。綜觀上述，顯示海拔為首要影響台灣山區鳥類群聚變異的環境因子；而在海拔跨幅較窄時，地景組成中草生地與人造針葉林的覆蓋百分比超過特定臨界值時鳥類群聚才會有較明顯的改變。

Due to the long term forestry activities, the mid-elevation zone of mountain area in Taiwan is now dominated by mosaic landscapes composed of grasslands, plantations and natural forest of different serial conditions. However, researches in Taiwan scarcely take notion to bird communities inhabiting these mosaic environments. Thus, in order to seek for the relationship between mosaic forest landscape and bird community, an one year round bird survey in 8 different landscapes at Guanwu (Hsinchu, Taiwan) was conducted in 2003, and a vegetation map of these landscapes was created using remote sensing technology and geographic information system.
37 bird species were recorded in the whole year. According to canonical correspondence analysis (CCA)，when study site extends an elevation range larger than 450 meters, elevation is the most important factor affecting the composition of bird community; but when elevation range is less than 250 meters, landscape composition turns to be the primary affecting factor, landscape configuration and elevation is less important. The bird community of different landscapes changes immensely only when (1)elevation of landscape shifts more than 200 meters and when (2) the landscape is composed by >40% grassland or conifer plantations. Bird species richness decreases in high elevation and grassland landscapes, and landscape dominated by conifer plantation supports a bird community with several high elevation bird species that scarcely occurs in other landscapes. Comparing guild composition reveals a food resource view of the difference between each landscape: grassland landscape supports proportionally more shrub insectivores than other landscapes; conifer plantation landscape supports more ground feeders and also shrub insectivores; natural forest landscapes support bole insectivores that almost never inhabit conifer plantation nor grassland. In the other hand, tree feeders, which constitutes the major composition of bird communities doesn’t have a clear difference between each landscape. In conclusion, this research restates the importance of elevation to bird communities; and when elevation extent is small, bird communities will change notably when the proportion of grassland or conifer plantation in the landscape exceeds a certain threshold.

摘要 I
Abstract II
前言 1
研究方法 3
研究樣區 3
鳥類密度估算調查 3
植被覆蓋圖 4
環境因子建立 5
資料分析 9
鳥類群聚變異的梯度分析 9
鳥類群聚結構分析 9
鳥類群聚相似性分析 10
結果 11
各樣區地景特色 11
鳥類群聚概觀 11
鳥類群聚的變異梯度 12
不同地景之鳥類群聚結構差異 13
鳥種豐富度 13
鳥類總密度 14
生態同功群 14
鳥類族群密度 15
不同地景間鳥類群聚之相似性 16
鳥類群聚結構之季節性差異 17
討論 19
海拔與鳥類群聚的關係 19
地景組成和結構與鳥類群聚的關係 19
地景間的鳥類群聚差異 20
不同季節的鳥類群聚 24
尺度和限制 24
參考文獻 27
圖 33
表 43
附錄 59

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