臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣氣候高溫多雨土壤中有機質分解迅速，因此利用農作廢棄物做成堆肥施入土壤以增加其有機質含量，為廢棄物再利用的良好途徑。然而研究指出施用禽畜糞堆肥可能會造成土壤及短期蔬菜類作物 (小白菜) 體內累積重金屬，進而造成人類食用上的風險。因此，本研究擇選三種不同銅、鋅濃度 (銅 0 ~ 200 mg /kg、鋅 0 ~ 700 mg/kg) 組合之市售禽畜糞堆肥，分別以兩種施用量 (20及40 噸/公頃/年) 施用於弱酸性 (pH 5.9) 砂質壤土中進行盆栽試驗，另設置對照組與化學肥料施用組，共八種處理，每種處理四重複，種植球莖甘藍 (Brassica caulorapa Pasq.)。研究結果顯示，堆肥施用可顯著提高土壤 pH、EC、有機碳、總氮及磷、鉀、鈣的有效性，因此，堆肥處理之球莖甘藍產量、總氮、磷、鉀及鈣大多高於對照組。
土壤0.1 M HCl、0.05 M EDTA、0.005 M DTPA及0.01 M CaCl2 可萃取之土壤有效性銅與植體內銅濃度均無相關，顯示雖然添加堆肥確實會使土壤累積重金屬，但對作物體內銅濃度影響不顯著，因此，無法利用上述四種土壤速測法來推估球莖甘藍葉部及莖部銅濃度。土壤 0.1 M HCl、0.05 M EDTA及0.005 M DTPA 可萃取之土壤有效性鋅濃度與球莖甘藍葉部及莖部鋅濃度在統計上均達極顯著相關 (p<0.01)，因此，在本試驗條件下，可利用 0.1 M HCl、0.05 M EDTA及0.005 M DTPA 等三種土壤速測法來推估球莖甘藍葉部及莖部鋅濃度。植體鋅濃度隨堆肥施用而增加，但仍屬於正常濃度範圍以內 (100 mg/kg)，因此，並不會對作物造成毒害，表示在本試驗土壤 (pH 5.9之砂質壤土) 及堆肥條件下 (堆肥EC < 15 dS/m且銅、鋅濃度分別在200 mg/kg、700 mg/kg以下；每年施用量在40 ton/ha以下僅施用一次條件下)，禽畜糞堆肥的施用對球莖甘藍在短期內並不會對作物生長、產量及土壤品質有負面影響。

The climate in Taiwan is characterized by high temperature and humidity, therefore, the soil organic matter is easily and rapidly decomposed. Using the manure compost to increase soil organic matter is one of the best ways to recycle the agricultural waste materials. However, the high concentration of heavy metals in the compost may produce some risk on the soil quality. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of three commercial manure composts (A, B and C) with different levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentration (Cu 0~200 mg kg-1, Zn 0~700 mg kg-1) and different application rates (0, 20 and 40 ton/ha/yr) on soil quality, kohlrabi growth, and the Cu and Zn concentration in the kohlrabi. The control and chemical fertilizer application were also included in the treatments. Four replicates were performed in every treatment. The kohlrabi (Brassica caulorapa Pasq.) was grown in this research. The results showed that compost application can enhance soil pH, electric conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon content, total N, available P, available K and available Ca. Therefore, most compost treatments had the higher yield, total N, P, K and Ca than that of the control.
The soil total Cu and Zn concentration were dependent on the concentration Cu and Zn in the compost and the compost application rate. In all treatments, the soil total Cu and Zn concentration were still far lower the regulation of Cu and Zn in the soils in Taiwan. In this study, there are significant relationships between soil total Zn concentration and Zn concentration in the leaf of kohlrabi or Zn in the stem of kohlrabi (p<0.01).
The 0.1 M HCl, 0.05 M EDTA, 0.005 M DTPA and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable soil available Cu concentration can not be regarded as soil testing methods to estimate the Cu concentration of the kohlrabi (p>0.05). The 0.1 M HCl, 0.05 M EDTA and 0.005 M DTPA extractable soil available Zn concentration can be regarded as soil testing methods to estimate the Zn concentration of the kohlrabi (p<0.01). The Zn concentration in the stem and leaf of kohlrabi are significantly increased by the application rates of the composts but still within the regulation Zn in the food, which indicated that the compost applied in this research had no risks to food security. To sum up the results of this study, when the manure compost were applied to weak acid sandy loam soils (pH 5.9) at 40 ton/ha, EC lower than 15 dS/m and the Cu and Zn concentration lower than 200 mg/kg and 700 mg/kg, respectively, will have no negative effects on the soil quality, crop production and food security.

摘要……………………………………………………………………I
Abstract………………………………………………………III
目錄…………………………………………………………………V
表目錄…………………………………………………………VII
圖目錄………………………………………………………………VIII

第一章、前言…………………………………………………………1

第二章、前人究………………………………………………………3
第一節、施用禽畜糞堆肥對土壤的影響……………………………3
第二節、重金屬之生物有效性………………………………………7
第三節、土壤中重金屬有效性之萃取法……………………………8

第三章、材料與方法……………………………………………………13
第一節、供試土壤基本性質分析……………………………………13
第二節、試驗用堆肥分析…………………………………………….17
第三節、盆栽試驗及禽畜糞堆肥之施用量……………………………18
第四節、作物育苗時機………………………………………………19
第五節、作物移植、栽培和採樣時機………………………………19
第六節、植體分析…………………………………………………….20
第七節、統計分析…………………………………………………….20

第四章、結果與討論………………………………………………21
第一節、試驗用土壤基本性質………………………………………21
第二節、試驗用堆肥基本性質………………………………………21
第三節、堆肥施用對球莖甘藍生長之影響…………………………24
第四節、堆肥施用對球莖甘藍營養元素分布之影響………………30
第五節、堆肥施用對土壤性質之影響………………………………30
第六節、堆肥施用對土壤中銅、鋅濃度之影響……………………36
一、土壤總銅、鋅含量………………………………………………36
二、土壤中有效性銅、鋅含量………………………………………36
第七節、土壤中總銅、鋅濃度與植體中銅、鋅濃度的關係………40
第八節、堆肥施用對土壤中有效性銅、鋅濃度及其與植體中銅、鋅濃度的關係....46
一、土壤中有效性銅濃度與植體中銅濃度的關係…………………46
二、土壤中有效性鋅濃度與植體中鋅濃度的關係…………….…56
第九節、堆肥施用對植體及土壤中鎳濃度之影響………………….66
一、堆肥施用對土壤中總鎳濃度之影響………………………….66
二、堆肥施用對土壤中有效性鎳濃度之影響…………………………66
第十節、堆肥施用對植體及土壤中鎘、鉻、鉛濃度之影響………73
第十一節、不同土壤萃取劑之萃取能力…………………………73

第五章、結論………………………………………………………….75

第六章、參考文獻………………...……………...………….……..……………..76

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