臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

兩試驗在一循環水系統中進行，探討石斑飼料中，添加玉米澱粉及樹薯澱粉，熟化及未熟化樹薯澱粉取代魚粉蛋白。每一試驗有8種飼料含50、45、40及35%主要來自魚粉的粗蛋白。試驗I以樹薯澱粉及玉米澱粉以等消化能方式分別取代魚粉蛋白；試驗II以熟化及未熟化樹薯澱粉分別取代魚粉蛋白。試驗I為50、45、40及35%粗蛋白以等消化能的17、22、28及35%樹薯及玉米澱粉取代之飼料，進行56天石斑魚成長試驗。增重率顯示隨著魚粉被澱粉取代增加而降低，澱粉在飼料中增至28%，換肉係數(FCR)及攝食量顯著增加，但增重率下降。隨著澱粉取代量增加血糖及血脂隨之增加，但不顯著。相同的趨勢亦發現於腹腔脂、內臟體比、肝體比及肥滿度且有顯著差異。樹薯澱粉及玉米澱粉組間於增重率、攝食量及肝中的脂肪、水分及肝醣無顯著不同。排氨試驗顯示氨-氮排泄量隨兩種澱粉取代量增加而降低。這些結果顯示，玉米及樹薯可添加22~28%於魚粉蛋白分別為45~40%的飼料中而不影響成長，且兩種澱粉間無差異。
　　試驗II結果顯示餵食未熟化樹薯澱粉組較熟化澱粉組的成長更好。熟化澱粉量增加影響成長，增加換肉係數，但攝食量在各處理組中不受影響。氨-氮排泄量的趨勢與增重率相反，隨著熟化或非熟化澱粉取代魚粉量增加，氨-氮總量隨之減少，不同時段內亦有相同結果。血液指數隨著熟化與非熟化增加而增加，血糖及血脂較明顯，但膽固醇不受影響。非熟化澱粉可添加22(CP45%)至28%(CP40%)而與CP50%組無增重差異。腹腔脂、內臟體比、肝體比及肥滿度顯示受飼料中粗蛋白及熟化或非熟化澱粉含量的影響。雖然50、45及40%粗蛋白分別添加17、22及28%非熟化澱粉三組的成長相近，但以非熟化澱粉取代魚粉會降低設食量，因而降低成長。

Two experiments were conducted in a recirculation system, to determine the effects of corn starch and tapioca starch, gelatinized and non-gelatinized tapioca starch supplementation in grouper (Epinephelus coioides) diets. Eight diets for each experiment were prepared to replace fish meal, formulated to contain 50, 45, 40 and 35% of crude protein supplied mainly by fish meal. Tapioca starch and corn starch was used during the experiment I. Gelatinized tapioca starch and non-gelatinized tapioca starch was used on experiment II. The diets for experiment I were evaluated as follows 50, 45, 40 and 35 % crude protein which was replaced with 17, 22, 28 and 35 % of tapioca and corn starch, based on isodigestible energy, testing in total eight experimental diets during a trial of 56 days. Fish meal can be replaced by tapioca or corn starch expressing a decreasing weight gain when increasing the amount of starch included on diets. After 28% starch inclusion in diets feed conversion ratio significantly increased and feed intake consequently increased, decreased weight gain. Glucose and triglyceride were increased with the replacement of starch level increased but no significant difference was observed for those parameters. Same trend was observed for intraperitoneal fat, viscerosomatic, hepatosomatic indices and condition factor, but expressing significant differences between the treatments. The supplementation with tapioca and corn starch did not show significant difference for weight gain, feed intake, lipids, glycogen and moisture in liver. At the end of the study the result of ammonia excretion showed reduction when the replacement of tapioca or corn starch was increasing. The higher ammonia excretion was result on diets containing 50% crude protein and 17 % tapioca or corn starch. Those results indicated that crude protein from fish meal can be replaced with tapioca or corn starch in amounts of 22 to 28 % inclusion in diets with 45 to 40 % crude protein, respectively without any detriment effect on weight gain, and no difference was found between the two starch treatments. The results of experiment II showed that fish fed non-gelatinized diets had better weight and FCR compared to gelatinized diets. Increasing the amount of gelatinized tapioca starch significantly affected the fish weigh gain, and increased the feed conversion ratio; however feed intake was not affected among the treatments. The results for ammonia excretion had the opposite trend as weight gain; ammonia excretion in water was decreasing when the amount of gelatinized or non-gelatinized tapioca starch replacement level was higher, not only for total ammonia excretion but also for ammonia excretion during different hours. The plasma parameters increase when the amount of gelatinized and non-gelatinized tapioca starch was increasing. Significant different was found for glucose and triglyceride but not for cholesterol. As summary, fish meal can be replaced by non-gelatinized tapioca starch up to 22 to 28 % non-gelatinized tapioca starch with 45 to 40 % of crude protein from fish meal respectively, without any noticeable decreasing effect on weight gain. All of them, intraperitoneal fat, viscerosomatic, hepatosomatic indices and condition factor, showed significant differences within the treatments affected not only for the amount of crude protein but for the gelatinized and non-gelatinized starch source used during the trial. Although 50, 45 and 40 % crude protein combined with 17, 22 and 28 % of non-gelatinized tapioca starch respectively showed a close performance on weight gain, replacing fish meal by non-gelatinized tapioca starch seems to reduce feed intake which in consequent reduce weight gain.

Abstract (Chinese) …………………………………………………….. ..i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………iii
Acknowledgment……………………………………………………….vii
List of tables…………………………………………………………… . ix
List of figures………………………………………………………….. ..xi
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….. 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Carbohydrates requirements for fish…..………………………. 5
2.2 Carbohydrate digestion in fish…..…………………………….. 8
2.3 Carbohydrate metabolism in fish…...………………………….. 9
2.4 Grouper Aquaculture…..……………..…………………………11
2.4.1 Orange-spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides)……..……… 12
2.5 Grouper feeding behavior…..……………………………..…… 13
2.5.1 Benefits of using formulated feed Economic advantages……. 13
2.5.2 Environmental benefits…..……………………………………14
2.6 Nutritional Requirements for Grouper (Epinephelus coioides)…16
2.7 Experiments using starch on marine fish diets…………………..17

EXPERIMENT I Evaluation Of Non-Gelatinized Tapioca Starch And Non-Gelatinized Corn Starch On Diets For Juvenile Grouper (Epinephelus Coioides) 19
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………….. 20
3.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………….….. 22
3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………….… 23
3.2.1 Experimental Design……………………………………….… 23
3.2.2 Test Ingredients…………………………………………….… 23
3.2.3 Feed preparation ………………………………………………24
3.2.4 Post Prandial Ammonia Excretion Trial……………………... 25
3.2.5 Chemical Analysis…………………………………………… 25
3.2.6 Biochemical Analysis………………………………………... 26
3.2.7 Gelatinization procedure using enzyme……………………… 26
3.2.8 Statistical Analysis………….………………………………... 28
3.4 RESULTS……………………………………………………….29
3.4.1Growth results………………………………………………… 29
3.4.2Feed Conversion Ratio………………………………….…….. 29
3.4.3Total feed intake……………………………………………… 29
3.4.4Survival………………………………………………..……… 30
3.4.5 Biological Parameters………………………………….…….. 30
3.4.6 Blood Parameters……………………………………….……. 30
3.4.7 Liver Comparison……………………………………….…… 30
3.4.8 Ammonia Excretion…………………………………….……. 31
3.5 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………. 32
3.5.1 Conclusion….………………………………………………... 32

EXPERIMENT II Evaluation Of Gelatinized Non-Gelatinized Tapioca Starch On Diets For Juvenile Grouper (Epinephelus Coioides) ……… 37
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………… 38
4.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………... 40
4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………….… 41
4.2.1 Feed preparation….………..………………………………… 41
4.3 RESULTS……………………..……………………………….. 47
4.3.1 Growth results..………………………………………………. 42
4.3.2 Feed Conversion Ratio…………..…………………………… 42
4.3.3 Total feed intake..…………………….……………………… 43
4.3.4 Survival……………………………….……………………… 43
4.3.5 Biological Parameters………………….…………………….. 43
4.3.6 Blood Parameters…………………………………………….. 43
4.3.7 Liver Composition…………………………………………… 44
4.3.8 Ammonia Excretion…………………….……………………. 44
4.4. DISCUSSION…………………………….…………………… 46
4.4.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………… 49

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