臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之目的，在於以數學模式估算台灣土雞 0 至 16 週齡之蛋白質及胺基酸需要量，作為訂定其蛋白質及胺基酸需要量之依據。一日齡四元雜交台灣土雞 (台畜肉 13 號)，公、母雞各 125 隻，逢機各分為 5 欄，每欄 25 隻，以商用土雞飼料飼養於開放式雞舍中，為期 16 週。於每週每欄選取體重接近平均體重之雞隻 1 隻，秤重後犧牲，測定體蛋白質及羽毛蛋白質含量。
以 Gompertz 模式，建立雞隻之生長曲線，並以 Gompertz 之變型，經微分導出之公式，求得每日體蛋白質蓄積量 (dBP/dt) 及每日羽毛蛋白質蓄積量 (dFP/dt)；另以直線迴歸法求得每日生長體蛋白質需要量 (BPG) 及每日生長羽毛蛋白質需要量 (FPG)，分別再加上每日維持體蛋白質需要量 (MPB) 及每日維持羽毛蛋白質需要量 (MPF)；亦即 AAR=[p dBP/dt＋q dFP/dt]/0.8＋[p MPB＋q MPF] (Gompertz 模式) 及 AAR=[p BPG＋q FPG]/0.8＋[p MPB＋q MPF] (直線迴歸法)，其中 AAR 為每日可消化胺基酸需要量 (g/d)，p 為體蛋白質中個別胺基酸含量 (g/kg)，q 為羽毛蛋白質中個別胺基酸含量 (g/kg)，0.8 為胺基酸之蓄積效率。
結果顯示，不同估算模式求得之台灣土雞每日可消化蛋白質及胺基酸需要量，皆隨日齡增加，而呈曲線增加；公雞在 56－63 日齡，母雞在 63－70 日齡時，因增重最快，每日可消化蛋白質及胺基酸需求最高；其後因增重趨緩，需要量呈曲線下降。而公雞之每日可消化蛋白質及胺基酸需要量，明顯地高於母雞者。每日可消化蛋白質需要量與體重呈曲線關係，Gompertz 模式求得之公雞者為 y = 1.17 + 9.83x — 4.46x2 (R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01)；母雞者為 y = 1.09 + 8.49x — 5.02x2 (R2 = 0.96, P < 0.01)；直線迴歸法求得之公雞者為 y = 0.59 + 10.86x — 4.85x2 (R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01)；母雞者為 y = 0.39 + 9.29x — 4.99x2 (R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01)，其中 y 為每日可消化蛋白質需要量 (g/d)，x 為雞隻體重 (kg)。每日可消化胺基酸需要量，亦呈相似之曲線關係。以數學模式估算之需要量，可做為台灣土雞在不同日齡、性別及生長速率下之蛋白質及胺基酸需求之參考。

The objective of this study was to estimate the protein and amino acid (AA) requirement of Taiwan native chickens during 0 to 16 wks by mathematical models. 125 one-day-old four-way crossbred Taiwan native male and female chickens (Taishi Meat No. 13) were divided into five pens with 25 chickens each, respectively. One chicken from each pen closest to the mean body weight were selected weekly, killed and their body and feather protein contents were measured. All the chickens were fed a commercial diet in an open-type house.
Gompertz growth function was used to estimate the growth curve of the chickens; it was further modified and differentiated to calculate the daily body protein deposition rate (dBP/dt) and the daily feather protein deposition rate (dFP/dt) of chickens; linear regression equation was used to calculate the daily body protein requirement for growth (BPG) and the daily feather protein requirement for growth (FPG) of chickens. The daily body protein requirement for maintenance (MPB) and the daily feather protein requirement for maintenance (MPF) was added beyond them, namely AAR=[p dBP/dt＋q dFP/dt]/0.8＋[p MPB＋q MPF] (Gompertz growth model) and AAR=[p BPG＋q FPG]/0.8＋[p MPB＋q MPF] (linear regression) to give the daily digestible protein and AA requirement, where AAR is the daily digestible AA requirement (g/d), p is the individual AA contents of body protein (g/kg), q is the individual AA contents of feather protein (g/kg) and 0.8 is the utilized efficiency of AA.
The results indicated that the daily digestible protein and AA requirements increased curvilinearly with increasing age. They reached a plateau at day 56~63 and 63~70 in male and female, respectively, when the weight gain of them reached the plateau. After that, they decreased curvilinearly when weight gain passed the plateau. The daily digestible protein and AAR of male was significant higher than that of female. The curvilinear relationship between daily digestible protein requirement and body weight were: y = 1.17 + 9.83x — 4.46x2 (male; R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01), y = 1.09 + 8.49x — 5.02x2 (female; R2 = 0.96, P < 0.01) estimated by Gompertz growth model; y = 0.59 + 10.86x — 4.85x2 (male; R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01), y = 0.39 + 9.29x — 4.99x2 (female; R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01) estimated by linear regression. Where y is daily protein requirement (g/d), x = body weight (kg). AA requirement followed similar curvilinear curve as of protein requirement. Our estimated requirements could be used as a reference to determine the protein and AA requirements of Taiwan native chickens in different age, sex and growth rate.

目次.....................................................Ⅰ
表次.....................................................Ⅵ
圖次.....................................................Ⅹ
致謝...................................................ⅩⅢ
摘要......................................................1
緒言......................................................3
文獻檢討..................................................4
一、 胺基酸之基本構造及種類.............................4
(一) 胺基酸的構造...................................4
(二) 胺基酸的種類...................................5
二、 胺基酸 (及蛋白質) 之利用及生理功能.................5
(一) 胺基酸與蛋白質間之關係.........................5
1. 纖維性蛋白質.................................8
2. 球狀蛋白質...................................8
3. 複合蛋白質...................................9
(二) 胺基酸合成組織 (肌肉) 蛋白質...................9
1. 膠原蛋白.....................................9
2. 彈性蛋白....................................10
3. 肌原纖維蛋白質..............................10
4. 肌漿蛋白質..................................11
(三) 胺基酸合成其他多種蛋白質......................11
1. 角蛋白......................................11
2. 內泌素......................................11
3. 免疫蛋白....................................11
4. 血紅素......................................12
5. 血漿蛋白....................................12
6. 酶..........................................12
(四) 胺基酸之吸收..................................12
(五) 胺基酸之代謝..................................13
三、 胺基酸之需求......................................18
(一) 必需及非必需胺基酸............................18
(二) 理想蛋白質 (或胺基酸).........................19
(三) 胺基酸需求之異常..............................24
1. 胺基酸缺乏..................................24
2. 胺基酸不平衡................................27
3. 胺基酸拮抗性................................30
4. 胺基酸之毒性................................34
四、 台灣土雞之營養 [蛋白質及(或)胺基酸] 需求與白色肉雞
之差異............................................35
五、 雞隻生長模式......................................37
(一) Logistic 生長模式.............................38
(二) Richards 生長模式.............................39
(三) Gompertz 生長模式.............................39
六、 測定胺基酸需要量之方法............................42
(一) 因子法........................................42
(二) 經驗法........................................47
材料及方法...............................................50
一、 試驗設計及飼養管理................................50
二、 屠體樣品前處理....................................51
三、 成分分析..........................................52
四、 數據計算..........................................52
(一) 生長數學模式..................................52
1. Richards....................................53
2. Gompertz....................................53
3. Gompertz-Laird..............................53
4. Logistic....................................54
(二) 每日生長所需蛋白質及胺基酸....................54
1. Gompertz 模式之變型.........................54
2. 體蛋白質重及羽毛蛋白質重與體重迴歸..........55
(三) 每日維持所需蛋白質及胺基酸....................57
(四) 每日可消化蛋白質及胺基酸需要量................57
(五) 飼糧可消化蛋白質及胺基酸需要量................58
五、每日可消化蛋白質及胺基酸需要量與體重迴歸...........58
結果與討論...............................................59
一、生長性能...........................................59
二、生長曲線...........................................62
三、體組成生長曲線.....................................67
四、羽毛組成生長曲線...................................73
五、體蛋白質蓄積率.....................................79
六、羽毛蛋白質蓄積率...................................81
七、每日維持體蛋白質需要量.............................83
八、每日維持羽毛蛋白質需要量...........................85
九、每日可消化蛋白質及胺基酸需要量及每公斤飼糧中可消化
蛋白質及胺基酸需要量...............................87
(一) Gompertz 模式.................................87
1. 公土雞......................................87
2. 母土雞......................................95
(二) 直線迴歸法...................................107
1. 公土雞.....................................115
2. 母土雞.....................................124
(三) Gompertz 模式與直線迴歸法之比較..............128
十、 經驗法與數學模式法之比較.........................133
結論....................................................136
參考文獻................................................137
英文摘要................................................149
小傳....................................................151

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