臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　MPEG-4 是一種以影像內容為基礎（content-based）的視訊編碼標準，它的主要應用對象是傳輸速率較慢的廣播或窄頻網路。在此標準中，視訊影像以任意形狀的物件（object）為單位，各物件分別經過材質編碼（texture coding）及形狀編碼（shape coding）處理，傳送時依頻寬限制動態調整傳送內容。由於MPEG-4中的各物件獨立，使用者亦可將來源不同的數個物件合成新的視訊影片。
　　本篇論文除了為MPEG-4中最重要的「視訊切割」（video segmentation）提出一套有效率的系統之外，也針對視訊物件的材質及形狀特性研究其浮水印，希望能有效保護視訊物件的智財權。
　　我們提出以「變動偵測」（change detection）為基礎的視訊切割系統，輔以一些簡單的型態濾波器（morphological filters）和邏輯運算，加上背景資料的即時統計和更新，能有效切割出靜態背景中的移動物件。在物件浮水印部份，我們採用視覺密碼學，將浮水印藏在原影像的幾個位元平面裡，為物件材質加密；而針對物件的外形，我們提出一種新的浮水印技術，藉著更動物件輪廓，把浮水印資訊藏進物件輪廓的統計特性中。實驗結果顯示這兩種浮水印技術皆能確實應用在視訊物件編碼中，且能有效抵擋攻擊。

　MPEG-4 is a content-based video coding standard. It focuses on offering video storage and transmission over the channel at very low bit-rate. In MPEG-4 standard, the video is composed of many objects. Before transmitted, each object is coded through texture coding and shape coding individually. Users can synthesize a new video sequence with different objects at the receiver end.
　In this thesis, we develop a segmentation system and watermarking techniques for video objects. The proposed segmentation system is based on change detection. With some simple morphological filters and the statistical background information, the moving objects can be segmented out of static background efficiently. The texture watermark of video objects is embedded in the bit-planes of the image using visual threshold scheme. As to the shape watermark, we propose a new technique that modifies the object contour slightly and embeds the watermark in the statistical properties of the contour. Experimental results show the practicability and robustness of the proposed methods.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
　1.1 Video Objects in MPEG-4
　1.2 Related Works
　　1.2.1 Video Segmentation
　　1.2.2 Digital Image Watermarking
　1.3 Organization of This Thesis
CHAPTER 2 VIDEO SEGMENTATION WITH STATIC BACKGROUND
　2.1 Introduction
　2.2 Change Detection Mask
　　2.2.1 Change Detection
　　2.2.2 Selective Erosion
　　2.2.3 Scan and Fill
　2.3 Remove Uncovered Background
　2.4 Background Recovery
　　2.4.1 Systematical Background Information
　　2.4.2 Remove Shadows
　2.5 Experimental Results
CHAPTER 3 DIGITAL IMAGE WATERMARKING
　3.1 Introduction
　3.2 Watermarking on Still Images
　　3.2.1 Watermarking in 2-D DFT Domain
　　3.2.2 Attacks on the Watermark
　3.3 Watermarking on Object Texture
　　3.3.1 Visual Cryptography
　　3.3.2 Watermark Detection & Experimental Results
　3.4 Watermarking on Object Shape
　　3.4.1 Watermark Embedding
　　3.4.2 Embedding Techniques
　　3.4.3 Watermark Detection
　　3.4.4 Experimental Results
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
APPENDIX PROCESS OF 20 THREE-PIXEL PATTERNS

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