臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

JPEG-2000是目前靜態影像壓縮的最新標準。在本篇論文中，我們先討論JPEG-2000系統中的基本架構，此系統由近幾年來的影像壓縮技術演進而成。而過去幾十年來，另外一種稱為「第二代影像壓縮技術」的架構曾被提出，主要是認為在辨識或理解影像時，邊緣部分包含的訊息較為豐富。基於這樣的想法，我們將JPEG-2000系統與第二代影像壓縮技術加以結合，提出了兩種不同的架構，使其具備先顯示邊緣影像部分，再接著非邊緣影像部分的效果。這樣子的壓縮方式，讓我們得以利用影像的輪廓圖直接了解到其所表示的意涵；同時對一些視邊緣部分為重要資訊的影像系統，例如圖形辨識、移動偵測等應用，這種架構也能使時間上與空間上的使用皆更具效率。

JPEG-2000 system is the newest standard for still image compression. In this Thesis, we discuss the basic architecture of JPEG-2000 system, which could be viewed as an evolution of image compression techniques during recent years. While over the past decades, a different class of image coding schemes, generally referred to as second-generation image coding technique, has been proposed, telling us that edges have features more rich in information used for recognition or perceiving an image. Derived from this concept, we propose two methods to combine the JPEG-2000 system with the second-generation image coding techniques, to display edges image first, then other parts of the image not belonging to the edges. These coding schemes allow us to perceive an image from the contour first and could be applied to several conventional application-specific image systems where edges contain critical information, such as pattern recognition, motion estimation, etc.

ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Context1
1.2 Motivation2
1.3 Organization of the Thesis3
CHAPTER 2. JPEG-2000 SYSTEM4
2.1 JPEG-2000 System Overview5
2.2 JPEG-2000 Compression Algorithm5
2.2.1 Tiles and Component Transform6
2.2.2 Wavelet Transform 8
2.2.3 Quantization12
2.2.4 Embedded Block Coding with Optimized Truncation13
2.2.4.1 Embedded Block Coding15
2.2.4.2 Layered Bit-Stream Formation19
2.3 Significant Features of JPEG-2000 23
2.4 Region-of-Interest 23
CHAPTER 3. EDGE IMAGE WITHIN JPEG-200027
3.1 Edge Detection Techniques28
3.1.1 Brief Review28
3.1.2 Canny’s Edge Detector31
3.2 Second-Generation Image Coding Technique34
3.3 Hybrid Architectures34
3.2.1 Proposed Method I35
3.2.2 Proposed Method II36
CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENT RESULTS38
4.1 Experiment of Proposed Method I38
4.2 Experiment of Proposed Method II42
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION45
5.1 Summary45
5.2 Future Work45
REFERENCES46

[1]ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N505, “Call for contributions for JPEG 2000 (JTC 1.29.14, 15444): Image Coding System,” March 1997.
[2]http://www.jpeg.org/JPEG2000.htm
[3]D. Marr, Vision, Freeman Pub., 1982.
[4]C. Christopoulos1, A. Skodras, and T. Ebrahimi, “The JPEG2000 Still Image Coding System: An Overview,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 1103-1127, November 2000.
[5]D. Taubman, “High Performance Scalable Image Compression with EBCOT”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 1158-1170, July 2000.
[6]J. M Shapiro, “Embedded Imaging Coding Using Zerotrees of Wavelet Coefficients,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 41, No. 12, pp. 3445-3462, Dec. 1993.
[7]A. Said and W. A. Pearlam, “A New Fast And Efficient Image Codec Based On Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 243- 250, June 1996.
[8]D. Taubman and A. Zalkor, “Multirate 3-D Subband Coding of Video,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 572-578, Sept. 1994.
[9]M. W. Marcellin, M. Gormish, A. Bilgin, and M. Boliek, “An Overview of JPEG 2000,” Proceedings IEEE Data Compression Conference, pp. 523-541, March 2000.
[10]S. G. Mallat, “A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 674-693, July 1989.
[11]A. R. Calderbank, I. Daubechies, W. Sweldens and B. L. Yeo, “Lossless Image Compression Using Integer to Integer Wavelet Transforms,” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 596-599, 1997.
[12]M. Antonini, M. Barlaud, P. Mathieu and I. Daubechies, “Image Coding Using the Wavelet Transform,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 205-220, April 1992.
[13]W. Sweldens, “The Lifting Scheme: A Construction of Second Generation Wavelets,” SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 511-546, March 1998.
[14]D. Taubman, E. Ordentlich, I. Ueno, “Embedded Block Coding in JPEG2000,” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 2, pp. 33-36, Jan. 2000.
[15]ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N1359, “Information Technology — Coded Representation of Picture and Audio Information — Lossy/Lossless Coding of Bi-level Images”, 14492 Final Committee Draft, July 1999.
[16]J. Li, S. Lei, “An Embedded Still Image Coder with Rate-Distortion Optimization,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 913-924, July 1999.
[17]“JasPer: A Software-Based JPEG-2000 Codec Implementation” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 2, pp. 53-56, Jan. 2000.
[18]E. Atsumi and N. Farvardin, “Lossy/Lossless Region-Of-Interest Image Coding Based on Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees,” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 87-91, Oct. 1998.
[19]C. Christopoulos, J. Askelof and M. Larsson, “Efficient Methods for Encoding Region Of Interest in the Upcoming JPEG2000 Still Image Coding Standard,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 7, No. 9, pp. 247-249, Sept. 2000.
[20]M. Kunt, A. Ikonomopoulos, and M. Kocher, “Second-Generation Image-Coding Techniques,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 549-574, April 1985.
[21]W. K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
[22]R. Jain, R. Kasturi, and B. G. Schunck, Machine Vision, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
[23]M. Sonka, V. Hlavac, and R. Boyle, Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine Vision, 2nd Ed., Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1999.
[24]D. C. Marr and E. Hildreth, “Theory of Edge Detection,” Proceedings Royal Society of London, Vol. B 207, pp. 187-217, 1981.
[25]T. Sakamoto and T. Kato, “Edge Detection Method Insensitive to the Light and Shade Variance in Image,” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on System, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 3, pp. 1581-1585, 2000.
[26]J. Canny, “A Computational Approach to Edge Detection,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, No. 6, pp. 679-698, Nov. 1986.
[27]T. Ebrahimi, and M. Kunt, “Visual Data Compression for Multimedia Applications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 6, pp.1109-1125, June 1998.
[28]A. Ikonomopoulos and M. Kunt, “High Compression Image Coding via Directional Filtering,” Signal Processing, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 179-203, April 1985.
[29]S. Carlsson, “Sketch-based coding of grey level images,” Signal Processing, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 57-83, July 1988.
[30]X. Ran, and N, Farvardin, “A Perceptually Motivated Three-Component Image Model - Part I: Description of the Model,” IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 401-415, April 1995.
[31]T. Silora, “The MPEG-4 Video Standard Verification Model,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 19-31, Feb. 1997.
[32]J. Ostermann, E. S. Jang, J. Shin, and T. Chen, “Coding of Arbitrarily Shaped Video Objects in MPEG-4,” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 496-499, 1997.
[33]N. Yamaguchi, T. Ida, T. Watanabe, “A Binary Shape Coding Method Using Modified MMR,” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 504-507, 1997.
[34]N. Brady, F. Bossen, N. Murphy, “Context-Based Arithmetic Encoding of 2D Shape Sequences,” Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vol. 1, pp. 29-32, 1997.
[35]K. J. O’Connell, “Object-Adaptive Vertex-Based Shape Coding Method,” IEEE Transaction on Circuits and System for Video Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 251-255, 1997.
[36]S. Lee, D. Cho, Y. Cho, S. Son, E. Jang, J. Shin and Y. Seo, “Binary Shape Coding Using Baseline-Based Method,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 44-58, Feb. 1999.
[37]M. C. Wu, “Detection and Concealment of Transmission Errors in JPEG-2000 Images,” Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C, 2000.