臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台鐵桃園段高架化計畫可減少因鐵路阻隔所造成的交通擁塞，該計畫另外規畫在鐵路高架化下新設道路並與既有的道路合併。雖然鐵路高架化設施的改善預期可以減少桃園縣整體的交通壅塞和廢氣排放量，但當有新的道路新增時，其他地區的交通有可能會轉移到附近，因此高架化建設後的新增道路可能導致鐵路鄰近地區的情況惡化，使得附近的廢棄排氣量變得更多，因此，鐵路高架化計畫伴隨著新的道路建設與道路運輸所產生的二氧化碳排氣量有需要進一步研究。
本研究以整合交通規劃模型和排氣量估算模型來估計鐵路高架化計畫實施的二氧化碳排放量影響，並進一步顯示道路路網的排放空間分佈，本研究可觀察桃園縣鐵路高架化計畫民國100年和民國120所影響的區域和面積，本研究也依短期和長期來分析這兩個地區，其中，以民國100年來評估短期的影響，而以民國120年來探討長期的影響，經短期和長期分析，結果證實鐵路高架化計畫的實施將造成桃園縣整體的排放下降但鐵路週邊的排放上升，另外，區域間的排放分配將視高架化下道路建設方案而有明顯差異。

The railway elevation project of Taoyuan section aims to alleviate traffic congestion that often happen in Taoyuan County area, especially between Taoyuan City and Jhongli City. In addition, this plan is also intended to merge all road signage by constructing new roads under the newly built elevated railway. Based on the environmental point of view, railway infrastructure improvement may be able to reduce the congestion and also emission for the whole Taoyuan County area. But the construction of new roads under it may result conversely for the area neighboring the project. Some traffic from other areas may shift to the area surrounding the project because of the existence of these new roads, so the emissions for the area neighboring the project are also going to get worse. Therefore, the impact of railway elevation project accompanied by construction of new road on CO2 emissions generated by road transport needs to be further studied.
This study integrates transportation planning model and emission estimation model in order to estimate CO2 emissions as an impact of railway elevation project implementation and further shows the spatial distribution of emission in grid-based emission. Travel demand used is unchanged both for all scenarios in Y100 and Y120. Taoyuan County area and area affected by railway elevation project are observed in this research. Short-term period and long-term period analysis are done for both areas. Short-term period analysis analyze the project’s impact on emissions for short-term after the project is implemented in Y100. Whereas, long-term period analysis analyze the impact of scenario specified in the benchmark year (Y100) to the target year (Y120).
The results shows that in term of emission, the implementation of railway elevation project that accompanied by construction of new roads generates the lowest CO2 emissions for whole Taoyuan County area both for short-term and long-term period analysis. In contrary, for project-affected area, the lowest emission is derived from the implementation of railway elevation project without construction of new roads both for short-term and long-term period analysis.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables x
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Research Objectives 4
1.3 Research scope and limitations 5
1.4 Structure of Report 6
Chapter 2 Literature Review 7
2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emission General Knowledge 7
2.1.1 Road Transport Emission 8
2.2 Emission Estimation Model Review 9
2.2.1 Conventional Model 9
2.2.2 IPCC Guideline 9
2.2.3 EPAs Model 10
2.2.4 Taiwan Emission Estimation Model 11
2.3 Railway Elevation Project 11
2.3.1 Projects Overview 11
2.3.2 Expected Benefits 13
2.4 Related Works 14
Chapter 3 Methodology 16
3.1 Transportation Demand Modeling 17
3.1.1 Traffic Zoning 18
3.1.2 Road Network 20
3.1.3 Network Editing 23
3.1.4 O-D Matrix 26
3.1.5 Traffic Assignment 27
3.2 Emission Estimation Model 28
3.2.1 Emission Factor Development 28
3.2.2 Emission Factor Adjustment 29
3.3 Integrated model 31
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 33
4.1 Scenario 33
4.2 Taoyuan County Emission 36
4.2.1 Short-Term Period 37
4.2.2 Long-Term Period 42
4.3 Project-Affected Area Emission 49
4.3.1 Project-Affected Area Determination 49
4.3.2 Short-Term Period 51
4.3.3 Long-Term Period 52
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendation 54
5.1 Conclusions 54
5.2 Recommendations 56
Bibliography 57
Appendix A 59

Ahn, K., & Rakha, H. (2008). The effects of route choice decisions on vehicle energy consumption and emissions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 13(3), 151-167. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2008.01.005

Bjorke, S. A., Seki, M., Arendal, G., & United Nations Environment, P. (2001). Vital climate graphics : the impacts of climate change. Nairobi, Kenya: Arendal, Norway: UNEP.

Borrego, C., Tchepel, O., Barros, N., & Miranda, A. I. (2000). Impact of road traffic emissions on air quality of the Lisbon region. Atmospheric Environment, 34(27), 4683-4690. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00301-0

Caliper. (2001). TransCAD Transportation GIS Software. U.S.: Caliper Corporation.

Caliper. (2012). TransCAD for Great Britain. Retrieved July 7, 2012, from http://www.caliper.com/uk/transcad.htm

EPA, U. S. (2012a). MOBILE6 Vehicle Emission Modeling Software. Retrieved July 7, 2012, from http://www.epa.gov/oms/m6.htm

EPA, U. S. (2012b). MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator). Retrieved July 7, 2012, from www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm

Greenhouse Gases Factsheets. (2011). Retrieved May 20, 2012, from http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS05-21.pdf

Hsu, Y.-C., Tsai, J.-H., Chen, H.-W., & Lin, W.-Y. (2001). Tunnel study of on-road vehicle emissions and the photochemical potential in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 42(3), 227-234. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00074-6

IEA. (2011). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion. France: IEA Publications.

IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Paris: IPCC Secretariat.

Liao, C.-H., Lu, C.-S., & Tseng, P.-H. (2011). Carbon dioxide emissions and inland container transport in Taiwan. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 722-728. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.08.013

OECD. (2002). Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport: Analytical Methods. France: OECD Publications.

OECD. (2011). Environmental Outlook to 2050 (Climate Change Chapter). France: OECD Publications.

Ortuzar, J. d. D., & Willumsen, L. G. (1994). Modelling Transport Second Edition. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Ministry of Transportation and Communications R.O.C. (2012). Motor vehicle registration number. Retrieved 26 May, 2012, from http://www.motc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=63&parentpath=0,6

Taiwan Railways Administration. (2012). Taoyuan segment elevated construction projects. Retrieved July 7, 2012, from http://www.railway.gov.tw/tw/EAY980521/TyMain02.html

THI Consultants, Inc. (2006). Comprehensive Transportation System Analysis and Construction and Application of Travel Demand Forecasting Models for Taoyuan Metropolitan Area (in Chinese). Taoyuan County Government of Taiwan.

U.K. Greenhouse Gas Inventory National System. (2011). Definitions and Glossary. Retrieved July 7, 2012, from http://ghgi.decc.gov.uk/glossary.html#g

Wen, P., Hu, A., Chung, A., & Lin, K. (2010). Time-Based Model for Estimating Fuel Consumption by Linking Field and Laboratory Measurements. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting 2010 Paper, 10-0877. Retrieved from http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=909687.

Zhou, Y., Wu, Y., Yang, L., Fu, L., He, K., Wang, S. et al. (2010). The impact of transportation control measures on emission reductions during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 44(3), 285-293. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.040