跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(216.73.216.81) 您好!臺灣時間:2025/10/05 08:18
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

: 
twitterline
研究生:張雯姈
研究生(外文):Wen-Ling Chang
論文名稱:年輕型腦中風個案臨床疾病嚴重度和失能程度的相關因子之探討
論文名稱(外文):Factors associated with the levels of severity and disability in a group of Young Stroke Patients
指導教授:張宏哲張宏哲引用關係
指導教授(外文):Hong-Jer Chang
口試委員:鄭世榮李世代
口試日期:2013-06-26
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺北護理健康大學
系所名稱:長期照護研究所
學門:醫藥衛生學門
學類:護理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2013
畢業學年度:101
語文別:中文
論文頁數:191
中文關鍵詞:年輕型腦中風腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度失能程度腦中風相關因子腦中風臨床處置
外文關鍵詞:young strokesseverity of strokesdisabilityfactors for strokesmanagement of strokes
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:3
  • 點閱點閱:931
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:75
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:5
背景及動機: 台灣邁入21世紀後生活水準逐漸提升,在體能支出減少及飲食習慣西化趨勢,慢性疾病日益攀升。因腦血管疾病造成長期身心障礙高居所有疾病之冠,需後續醫療及長期照護將造成國家、社會、個案及家屬心理與經濟上負擔。年輕型腦中風因疾病嚴重度與失能程度需使用醫療照護比一般腦中風個案時間長,對家庭及社會造成影響值得重視。目的: 藉由分析年輕型腦中風人口學、危險因子、臨床照護評估及臨床處置與腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度和失能程度之間情形和關係,並探討年輕型腦中風在控制其他變項下,相關因子及臨床處置與年輕型腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度或失能程度是否顯著相關,且透過研究結果提出臨床與照顧的原則。
方法: 研究設計為橫斷性病歷回溯,研究對象為台灣北部某醫學中心2008年1月1日至2011年12月31日出院疾病診斷ICD-9碼430-43820歲(含)以上至45歲(含)以下個案,排除外籍人士、無「NIHSS」評估或巴氏量表評估及因外傷造成腦血管疾病個案,符合收案共399位,有評估NIHSS共174位,有評估巴氏量表共373位。資料以SPSS20.0 for Window套裝軟體進行次數分配、百分比、平均數、標準差等描述性分析,t檢定、ANOVA、皮爾森積差相關及卡方檢定進行差異性分析,最小平方迴歸及二元邏輯斯迴歸進行預測分析,統計考驗顯著水準α值為0.05。 結果: 在控制變項下與腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度具顯著水準依解釋力排序住院日數(β=0.378)最強、昏迷指數(β=-0.318)次之,其餘依序為經靜脈血栓溶解劑(β=0.287)、糖尿病(β=-0.220)、糖尿病家族史(β=0.148)。與失能程度具顯著水準依解釋力排序留置導管(B=2.105)最強,凝血系統相關因子(B=1.830)次之,其餘依序性別(B=1.644)、復健治療(B=1.610)、住院日數(B=0.061)。 結論:年輕型腦中風相關研究少見,大多為流行病學探討,年輕型腦中風殘障對個人、家庭及社會影響較長久。研究結果與臨床疾病嚴重度有顯著相關有糖尿病家族史、糖尿病、住院日數、昏迷指數及經靜脈血栓溶解劑;與失能程度有顯著相關有性別、凝血系統相關因子、住院日數、復健治療及留置導管。本研究結果提供臨床相關從業人員臨床照護年輕型腦中風實務方面及有志研究者參考,期望
提升年輕型腦中風醫療照護及衛生保健品質。
Background and Motivation: Improved living standards, reduced exercises, and westernized diet trends have led to an increase in chronic diseases in Taiwan beginning at dawn of the 21st century. Cerebrovascular diseases are on a rise, causing long-term disabilities. The disease ranked among the deadliest. It has financial ramifications as well. Its treatment and care following its occurrence have greatly impacted on medical and long-term care systems. Families are under the burden for having to provide care to their members with the disease. It compromises the quality of life in the patients and their caregivers. When occurring at young age, it has devastating effects. It is therefore important to focus on disease severity and dependency and their correlates in order to shed lights on the provision of care for people with the disease at young age. Aims: By analyzing the relationship between demography, risk factors, clinical care, assessment and management for young strokes with severity and disability, this study may help shed lights on how to manage young strokes and provide guidance and to provide care for the patients having the disease. Methods: This study is cross-sectional in design. Medical charts on patients with young stroke were reviewed to extract data for analyses. Chart review covered patients hospitalized during January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2011. Those patients with diagnosis of ICD-9 number 430-438, age between 20 to 45 years old treated in a medical center in northern Taiwan were included for study. The exclusion criteria included patients who were foreigners, had no assessment of "NIHSS" or Barthel Index, or had been diagnosed with cerebrovascular disease caused by trauma. The chart review ended up with 399 in total, including 174 cases with NIHSS scores and 373 with Barthel Index measures. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS20.0 for Window software package. The descriptive statistic methods were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the subjects. T-test, ANOVA, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient and chi-square tests were employed to examine the bivariate relationship between the independent and the dependent variables, disease severity and disability. Least-squares regression was used to explore factors correlated to the continuous measures of disability, while the dichotomized NIHSS scores were examined using binary logistic regression. The statistical test of significance level α was set at 0.05. Results: The results of regression analyses indicated that the severity of strokes achieved a significance level. When comparing the explanatory power measured by the standardized coefficients, the length of stay in hospitals (β = 0.378) turned out to be the strongest with Glasgow Coma Scale score (β = -0.318) coming on the second. Other significant variables were ranked by predictive power, including intravenous thrombolytic agents (β = 0.287), diabetes (β = -0.220), family history of diabetes (β = 0.148). Regression analysis for disability of strokes also achieved a significance level. Indwelling catheter (B = 2.105) turned out to be the strongest predictor, and coagulation system associated factors (B =1.830) came on second. The rest of the significant variables were ranked by predictive power, including gender (B = 1.644), rehabilitation (B = 1.610), and length of stay in hospitals (B = 0.061). Conclusions:This is one of the rare studies since previous researches have focused primarily on stroke epidemiology. The findings in this study pointed to the significance in providing care for young stroke patients by considering those significant factors. Further studies were needed to explore the long-term effects of young stroke using longitudinal data with a representative national sample.
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………
i
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………………
iii
目次……………………………………………………………………………………
vi
圖表索引………………………………………………………………………………
viii
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景與動機…………………………………………………………
1
第二節 研究的重要性……………………………………………………………
6
第三節 研究目的…………………………………………………………………
8
第四節 名詞定義…………………………………………………………………
9
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 腦中風疾病概況與年輕型腦中風………………………………………
11
第二節 腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度及失能程度……………………………………
14
第三節 腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度量表(NIHSS)及巴氏量表………………………
21
第四節 腦中風相關因子與臨床疾病嚴重度及失能程度之相關………………
28
第五節 腦中風個案臨床處置與臨床疾病嚴重度及失能程度之相關…………
51
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究架構與研究問題及假設……………………………………………
61
第二節 研究設計和程序…………………………………………………………
64
第三節 研究工具及變項操作型定義……………………………………………
69
第四節 資料分析方法……………………………………………………………
73
第四章 研究結果
第一節 年輕型腦中風個案相關因子及臨床處置與腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度
(NIHSS)及失能程度(巴氏量表)描述性分………………………………
82
第二節 年輕型腦中風個案相關因子及臨床處置與腦中風臨床疾病嚴重
度(NIHSS)和失能程度(巴氏量表)差異性分析…………………………
100
第三節 年輕型腦中風個案相關因子及臨床處置與腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度
(NIHSS)和失能程度(巴氏量表)迴歸分析………………………………
105
第四節 年輕型腦中風個案相關因子及臨床處置與腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度
(NIHSS)和失能程度(巴氏量表)驗證假設結果…………………………
114
第五章 討論
第一節 年輕型腦中風個案研究樣本屬性討論…………………………………
118
第二節 年輕型腦中風個案腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度(NIHSS)和失能程度
(巴氏量表)描述性分析討論……………………………………………
123
第三節 年輕型腦中風個案相關因子及臨床處置與腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度
(NIHSS)和失能程度(巴氏量表)差異性分析討論………………………
125
第四節 年輕型腦中風個案相關因子及臨床處置與腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度
(NIHSS)和失能程度(巴氏量表)迴歸分析討論…………………………
129
第五節 差異性分析與迴歸分析結果無顯著相關討論…………………………
136
第六節 研究限制…………………………………………………………………
140
第六章 結論與建議
第一節 研究結論…………………………………………………………………
143
第二節 研究建議…………………………………………………………………
146
第七章 參考文獻
外文部分…………………………………………………………………………
149
中文部分…………………………………………………………………………
170
附錄
附錄一 急性腦中風病患處置及緊急照會流程 …………………………………
181
附錄二 年輕型腦中風研究文獻於研究對象年齡列表 …………………………
182
附錄三 年輕型腦中風個案相關因子與臨床疾病嚴重度和失能程度資料收集
表 …………………………………………………………………………
184
附錄四 NIHSS(腦中風臨床疾病嚴重度量表)……………………………………
188
附錄五 巴氏量表(Barthel Index)…………………………………………………
190
英文部分
Adams, H. P., Jr., Bendixen, B. H., Kappelle, L. J., Biller, J., Love, B. B., Gordon, D. L., et al. (1993). Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke, 24(1), 35-41.
Adams, H. P., Jr., Davis, P. H., Leira, E. C., Chang, K. C., Bendixen, B. H., Clarke, W. R., et al. (1999). Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: A report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Neurology, 53(1), 126-131.
Ahmed, R., Zuberi, B. F., & Afsar, S. (2004). Stroke scale score and early prediction of outcome after stroke. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 14(5), 267-269.
Aiach, M., Borgel, D., Gaussem, P., Emmerich, J., Alhenc-Gelas, M., & Gandrille, S. (1997). Protein C and protein S deficiencies. Seminars in Hematology, 34(3), 205-216.
Air, E. L., & Kissela, B. M. (2007). Diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and ischemic stroke: epidemiology and possible mechanisms. Diabetes Care, 30(12), 3131-3140.
Akhoundi, F. H., Ghorbani, A., Soltani, A., & Meysamie, A. (2011). Favorable functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Neurology, 77(4), 349-354.
Alevizaki, M., Synetou, M., Xynos, K., Pappa, T., & Vemmos, K. N. (2007). Low triiodothyronine: a strong predictor of outcome in acute stroke patients. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 37(8), 651-657.
Alevizaki, Maria, Synetou, Margaret, Xynos, Konstantinos, Alevizaki, Calliope C., & Vemmos, Kostas N. (2006). Hypothyroidism as a protective factor in acute stroke patients. Clinical Endocrinology, 65(3), 369-372.
Alshekhlee, A., Ranawat, N., Syed, T. U., Conway, D., Ahmad, S. A., & Zaidat, O. O. (2010). National Institutes of Health stroke scale assists in predicting the need for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 19(5), 347-352.
Alvarez-Sabin, J., Molina, C. A., Montaner, J., Arenillas, J. F., Huertas, R., Ribo, M., et al. (2003). Effects of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome in reperfused tissue plasminogen activator--treated patients. Stroke, 34(5), 1235-1241.
Ambrosius, W., Kazmierski, R., Gupta, V., Warot, A. W., Adamczewska-Kocialkowska, D., Blazejewska, A., et al. (2011). Low free triiodothyronine levels are related to poor prognosis in acute ischemic stroke. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 119(3), 139-143.
American Stroke Association. (2011a). About stroke Retrieved 7月6日, 2011, from http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/About-Stroke_UCM_308529_SubHomePage.jsp
American Stroke Association. (2011b). Impact of Stroke Retrieved 7月6日, 2011年, from http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/Impact-of-Stroke_UCM_310728_Article.jsp
Ames, P. R., Pyke, S., Iannaccone, L., & Brancaccio, V. (1995). Antiphospholipid antibodies, haemostatic variables and thrombosis--a survey of 144 patients. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 73(5), 768-773.
Ancheta, J., Husband, M., Law, D., & Reding, M. (2000). Initial functional independence measure score and interval post stroke help assess outcome, length of hospitalization, and quality of care. Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 14(2), 127-134.
Anderson, E., Anderson, T. P., & Kottke, F. J. (1977). Stroke rehabilitation: maintenance of achieved gains. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 58(8), 345-352.
Anderson, R. E., Tan, W. K., Martin, H. S., & Meyer, F. B. (1999). Effects of glucose and PaO2 modulation on cortical intracellular acidosis, NADH redox state, and infarction in the ischemic penumbra. Stroke, 30(1), 160-170.
Appelros, P. (2007). Prediction of length of stay for stroke patients. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 116(1), 15-19.
Appelros, P., Nydevik, I., Seiger, A., & Terent, A. (2002). Predictors of severe stroke: influence of preexisting dementia and cardiac disorders. Stroke, 33(10), 2357-2362.
Appelros, P., Nydevik, I., & Viitanen, M. (2003). Poor outcome after first-ever stroke: predictors for death, dependency, and recurrent stroke within the first year. Stroke, 34(1), 122-126.
Asherson, R. A. (2006). The catastrophic antiphospholipid (Asherson's) syndrome. Autoimmun Rev, 6(2), 64-67.
Association, National Stroke. (2011). Am I at risk for a stroke? Retrieved 7月13日, 2011, from http://www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?pagename=risk
Baek, J. H., Chung, P. W., Kim, Y. B., Moon, H. S., Suh, B. C., Jin, D. K., et al. (2010). Favorable influence of subclinical hypothyroidism on the functional outcomes in stroke patients. Endocrine Journal, 57(1), 23-29.
Balci, K., Utku, U., Asil, T., & Celik, Y. (2011). Ischemic stroke in young adults: risk factors, subtypes, and prognosis. Neurologist, 17(1), 16-20.
Barber, P. A., Zhang, J., Demchuk, A. M., Hill, M. D., & Buchan, A. M. (2001). Why are stroke patients excluded from TPA therapy? An analysis of patient eligibility. Neurology, 56(8), 1015-1020.
Barrett-Connor, E. L., Cohn, B. A., Wingard, D. L., & Edelstein, S. L. (1991). Why is diabetes mellitus a stronger risk factor for fatal ischemic heart disease in women than in men? The Rancho Bernardo Study. JAMA, 265(5), 627-631.
Barrett-Connor, E., & Wingard, D. L. (1983). Sex differential in ischemic heart disease mortality in diabetics: a prospective population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 118(4), 489-496.
Bevan, Heather M. D., Sharma, Khema M. D., & Bradley, Walter D. M. Frcp. (1990). Stroke in Young Adults. Stroke, 21(3), 382-386.
Bhalla, A., Grieve, R., Tilling, K., Rudd, A. G., & Wolfe, C. D. (2004). Older stroke patients in Europe: stroke care and determinants of outcome. Age and Ageing, 33(6), 618-624.
Bhatia, G. S., Sosin, M. D., Patel, J. V., Grindulis, K. A., Khattak, F. H., Davis, R. C., et al. (2010). Plasma indices of angiogenesis in rheumatoid disease: relationship to cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac function. International Journal of Cardiology, 145(3), e105-108.
Bhatia, R. S., Tu, J. V., Lee, D. S., Austin, P. C., Fang, J., Haouzi, A., et al. (2006). Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(3), 260-269.
Blumenthal, D. E. (2002). Tired, aching, ANA-positive: does your patient have lupus or fibromyalgia? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 69(2), 143-146, 151-142.
Boushey, C. J., Beresford, S. A., Omenn, G. S., & Motulsky, A. G. (1995). A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA, 274(13), 1049-1057.
Brattstrom, L., Lindgren, A., Israelsson, B., Malinow, M. R., Norrving, B., Upson, B., et al. (1992). Hyperhomocysteinaemia in stroke: prevalence, cause, and relationships to type of stroke and stroke risk factors. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 22(3), 214-221.
Brott, T., Adams, H. P., Jr., Olinger, C. P., Marler, J. R., Barsan, W. G., Biller, J., et al. (1989). Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke, 20(7), 864-870.
Bruno, A., Biller, J., Adams, H. P., Jr., Clarke, W. R., Woolson, R. F., Williams, L. S., et al. (1999). Acute blood glucose level and outcome from ischemic stroke. Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators. Neurology, 52(2), 280-284.
Bruno, A., Levine, S. R., Frankel, M. R., Brott, T. G., Lin, Y., Tilley, B. C., et al. (2002). Admission glucose level and clinical outcomes in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial. Neurology, 59(5), 669-674.
Bushnell, C. D., & Goldstein, L. B. (2000). Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke, 31(12), 3067-3078.
Camerlingo, M., Casto, L., Censori, B., Drago, G., Frigeni, A., Ferraro, B., et al. (1995). Anticardiolipin antibodies in acute non-hemorrhagic stroke seen within six hours after onset. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 92(1), 69-71.
Carma Ayala, PhD; , B., Janet, Croft, PhD;, Kurt J. Greenlund, PhD;, Nora L. Keenan, PhD;, Ralph S. Donehoo, MPH; , et al. (2002). Sex Differences in US Mortality Rates for Stroke and Stroke Subtypes by Race/Ethnicity and Age, 1995–1998 Stroke Res Treat, 33.
Caro, J. J., Huybrechts, K. F., & Duchesne, I. (2000). Management patterns and costs of acute ischemic stroke : an international study. For the Stroke Economic Analysis Group. Stroke, 31(3), 582-590.
CDC. (2010, January 14). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Retrieved June 5, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/risk_factors.htm
Center, The Internet Stroke. (2012). Stroke Assessment Scales. The internet stroke center Retrieved 0124, 2012, from http://www.strokecenter.org/professionals/stroke-diagnosis/stroke-assessment-scales/
Cerniauskaite, M., Quintas, R., Koutsogeorgou, E., Meucci, P., Sattin, D., Leonardi, M., et al. (2011). Quality-of-Life and Disability in Patients with Stroke. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Cervera, R., Asherson, R. A., & Font, J. (2006). Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America, 32(3), 575-590.
Cervera, R., Khamashta, M. A., Font, J., Sebastiani, G. D., Gil, A., Lavilla, P., et al. (1999). Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 5-year period. A multicenter prospective study of 1,000 patients. European Working Party on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medicine, 78(3), 167-175.
Chang, K. C., & Tseng, M. C. (2003). Costs of acute care of first-ever ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Stroke, 34(11), e219-221.
Chang, K. C., Tseng, M. C., Weng, H. H., Lin, Y. H., Liou, C. W., & Tan, T. Y. (2002). Prediction of length of stay of first-ever ischemic stroke. Stroke, 33(11), 2670-2674.
Chatzikonstantinou, A., Wolf, M. E., & Hennerici, M. G. (2012). Ischemic stroke in young adults: classification and risk factors. Journal of Neurology, 259(4), 653-659.
Chemerinski, E., Robinson, R. G., & Kosier, J. T. (2001). Improved recovery in activities of daily living associated with remission of poststroke depression. Stroke, 32(1), 113-117.
Chen, T. Y., Su, W. C., & Tsao, C. J. (2003). Incidence of thrombophilia detected in southern Taiwanese patients with venous thrombosis. Annals of Hematology, 82(2), 114-117.
Chen, W. H., Kao, Y. F., Lan, M. Y., Chang, Y. Y., Chen, S. S., & Liu, J. S. (2005). The increase of blood anticardiolipin antibody depends on the underlying etiology in cerebral ischemia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 11(2), 203-210.
Chen, W. H., Kao, Y. F., Lan, M. Y., Chang, Y. Y., Chen, S. S., & Liu, J. S. (2006). The increase of blood anticardiolipin antibody depends on the underlying etiology in cerebral ischemia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 12(1), 69-76.
Chen, W. H., Lan, M. Y., Chang, Y. Y., Chen, S. S., & Liu, J. S. (2003). The prevalence of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III deficiency in non-APS/SLE Chinese adults with noncardiac cerebral ischemia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 9(2), 155-162.
Chiu, L., Hong, C. T., Shyu, W. C., & Chang, T. P. (1999). Estimation of costs due to hospitalization for first-ever stroke patients in northern Taiwan. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 62(5), 261-267.
Chiu, L., Pai, L., Shyu, W. C., Jayne Chen, T. R., & Chang, T. P. (1998). Analysis of costs borne by families of patients hospitalized for stroke. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 61(5), 267-275.
Chiu, Y. W., Huang, C. T., Chuang, H. Y., Chang, Y. T., Wu, M. T., & Liu, H. W. (2009). Sex differences in metabolic morbidities: influenced by diet or exercise habits? Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 25(12), 647-655.
Chou, P., Soong, L. N., & Lin, H. Y. (1993). Community-based epidemiological study on hyperuricemia in Pu-Li, Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 92(7), 597-602.
Choy, L. N., Rosen, B. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1992). Adipsin and an endogenous pathway of complement from adipose cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267(18), 12736-12741.
Christensen, H., Boysen, G., Johannesen, H. H., Christensen, E., & Bendtzen, K. (2002). Deteriorating ischaemic stroke. cytokines, soluble cytokine receptors, ferritin, systemic blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose, diabetes, stroke severity, and CT infarction-volume as predictors of deteriorating ischaemic stroke. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 201(1-2), 1-7.
Conen, D., Wietlisbach, V., Bovet, P., Shamlaye, C., Riesen, W., Paccaud, F., et al. (2004). Prevalence of hyperuricemia and relation of serum uric acid with cardiovascular risk factors in a developing country. BMC Public Health, 4, 9.
Daniels, S. R., Morrison, J. A., Sprecher, D. L., Khoury, P., & Kimball, T. R. (1999). Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Circulation, 99(4), 541-545.
Davalos, A., Cendra, E., Teruel, J., Martinez, M., & Genis, D. (1990). Deteriorating ischemic stroke: risk factors and prognosis. Neurology, 40(12), 1865-1869.
Davalos, A., Toni, D., Iweins, F., Lesaffre, E., Bastianello, S., & Castillo, J. (1999). Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke: potential predictors and associated factors in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS) I. Stroke, 30(12), 2631-2636.
de Carvalho, Joao Jose Freitas M. D., Alves, Monique Bueno R. N., Viana, Georgiana Alvares Andrade R. N., Machado, Cicera Borges, dos Santos, Bento Fortunato Cardoso M. D. PhD, Kanamura, Alberto Hideki M. D., et al. (2011). Stroke Epidemiology, Patterns of Management, and Outcomes in Fortaleza, Brazil: A Hospital-Based Multicenter Prospective Study. Stroke, 42(12), 3341-3346.
de Courten-Myers, Gabrielle M., Kleinholz, Marla, Holm, Pat, DeVoe, Gary, Schmitt, Gary, Wagner, Kenneth R., et al. (1992). Hemorrhagic infarct conversion in experimental stroke. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 21(2), 120-126.
Dharmasaroja, P. A., Muengtaweepongsa, S., Lechawanich, C., & Pattaraarchachai, J. (2010). Causes of Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults in Thailand: A Pilot Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis.
Dietrich, W. D., Alonso, O., & Busto, R. (1993). Moderate hyperglycemia worsens acute blood-brain barrier injury after forebrain ischemia in rats. Stroke, 24(1), 111-116.
Donahue, R. P., Abbott, R. D., Reed, D. M., & Yano, K. (1986). Alcohol and hemorrhagic stroke. The Honolulu Heart Program. JAMA, 255(17), 2311-2314.
Dorman, P. J., Waddell, F., Slattery, J., Dennis, M., & Sandercock, P. (1997). Are proxy assessments of health status after stroke with the EuroQol questionnaire feasible, accurate, and unbiased? [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Stroke, 28(10), 1883-1887.
Duncan, Pamela W. PhD Fapta, Lai, Sue Min PhD M. S. M. B. A., Tyler, Denise M. A., Perera, Subashan PhD, Reker, Dean M. PhD R. N., & Studenski, Stephanie M. D. M. P. H. (2002). Evaluation of Proxy Responses to the Stroke Impact Scale. Stroke, 33(11), 2593-2599.
Ebrahimpour, P., Fakhrzadeh, H., Heshmat, R., Bandarian, F., & Larijani, B. (2008). Serum uric acid levels and risk of metabolic syndrome in healthy adults. Endocr Pract, 14(3), 298-304.
Ellis, C. (2010). Stroke in young adults. Disabil Health J, 3(3), 222-224.
Elwood, D., Rashbaum, I., Bonder, J., Pantel, A., Berliner, J., Yoon, S., et al. (2009). Length of stay in rehabilitation is associated with admission neurologic deficit and discharge destination. PM R, 1(2), 147-151.
Fang, J., & Alderman, M. H. (2000). Serum uric acid and cardiovascular mortality the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA, 283(18), 2404-2410.
Fang, J., Alderman, M. H., Keenan, N. L., & Croft, J. B. (2007). Declining US stroke hospitalization since 1997: National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1988-2004. Neuroepidemiology, 29(3-4), 243-249.
Fessel, W. J. (1980). High uric acid as an indicator of cardiovascular disease. Independence from obesity. American Journal of Medicine, 68(3), 401-404.
Fischer, U., Arnold, M., Nedeltchev, K., Brekenfeld, C., Ballinari, P., Remonda, L., et al. (2005). NIHSS score and arteriographic findings in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke, 36(10), 2121-2125.
Funk, M., Endler, G., Lalouschek, W., Hsieh, K., Schillinger, M., Lang, W., et al. (2006). Factor VII gene haplotypes and risk of ischemic stroke. Clinical Chemistry, 52(6), 1190-1192.
Gadidi, V., Katz-Leurer, M., Carmeli, E., & Bornstein, N. M. (2011). Long-term outcome poststroke: predictors of activity limitation and participation restriction. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(11), 1802-1808.
Galli, M., Luciani, D., Bertolini, G., & Barbui, T. (2003). Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood, 101(5), 1827-1832.
Galski, T., Bruno, R. L., Zorowitz, R., & Walker, J. (1993). Predicting length of stay, functional outcome, and aftercare in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. The dominant role of higher-order cognition. Stroke, 24(12), 1794-1800.
Gerzeli, S., Tarricone, R., Zolo, P., Colangelo, I., Busca, M. R., & Gandolfo, C. (2005). The economic burden of stroke in Italy. The EcLIPSE Study: Economic Longitudinal Incidence-based Project for Stroke Evaluation. Neurol Sci, 26(2), 72-80.
Gillum, R. F. (1999). Distribution of waist-to-hip ratio, other indices of body fat distribution and obesity and associations with HDL cholesterol in children and young adults aged 4-19 years: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 23(6), 556-563.
Gioldasis, G., Talelli, P., Chroni, E., Daouli, J., Papapetropoulos, T., & Ellul, J. (2008). In-hospital direct cost of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in Greece. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 118(4), 268-274.
Giovannoni, G., & Fritz, V. U. (1993). Transient ischemic attacks in younger and older patients. A comparative study of 798 patients in South Africa. Stroke, 24(7), 947-953.
Glueck, C. J., Lang, J. E., Tracy, T., Sieve-Smith, L., & Wang, P. (1999). Evidence that anticardiolipin antibodies are independent risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 83(10), 1490-1494, A1498.
Goldstein, L. B., Bertels, C., & Davis, J. N. (1989). Interrater reliability of the NIH stroke scale. Archives of Neurology, 46(6), 660-662.
Goldstein, L. B., Bushnell, C. D., Adams, R. J., Appel, L. J., Braun, L. T., Chaturvedi, S., et al. (2011). Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 42(2), 517-584.
Goldstein, L. B., & Samsa, G. P. (1997). Reliability of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Extension to non-neurologists in the context of a clinical trial. Stroke, 28(2), 307-310.
Gorelick, P. B., Sacco, R. L., Smith, D. B., Alberts, M., Mustone-Alexander, L., Rader, D., et al. (1999). Prevention of a first stroke: a review of guidelines and a multidisciplinary consensus statement from the National Stroke Association. JAMA, 281(12), 1112-1120.
Granger, C. V., Dewis, L. S., Peters, N. C., Sherwood, C. C., & Barrett, J. E. (1979). Stroke rehabilitation: analysis of repeated Barthel index measures. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 60(1), 14-17.
Granger, C. V., Hamilton, B. B., & Gresham, G. E. (1988). The stroke rehabilitation outcome study--Part I: General description. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69(7), 506-509.
Haacke, C., Althaus, A., Spottke, A., Siebert, U., Back, T., & Dodel, R. (2006). Long-term outcome after stroke: evaluating health-related quality of life using utility measurements. Stroke, 37(1), 193-198.
Hackam, D. G., & Anand, S. S. (2003). Emerging risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease: a critical review of the evidence. JAMA, 290(7), 932-940.
Haheim, L. L., Holme, I., Hjermann, I., & Leren, P. (1996). Smoking habits and risk of fatal stroke: 18 years follow up of the Oslo Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 50(6), 621-624.
Hak, A. E., Pols, H. A., Visser, T. J., Drexhage, H. A., Hofman, A., & Witteman, J. C. (2000). Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132(4), 270-278.
Hankey, G. J., & Eikelboom, J. W. (1999). Homocysteine and vascular disease. Lancet, 354(9176), 407-413.
Hansen, H. R., Wolfs, J. L., Bruggemann, L., Sommeijer, D. W., Bevers, E., Hauer, A. D., et al. (2007). Hyperglycemia accelerates arterial thrombus formation and attenuates the antithrombotic response to endotoxin in mice. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, 18(7), 627-636.
Harjai, K. J. (1999). Potential new cardiovascular risk factors: left ventricular hypertrophy, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, oxidative stress, and fibrinogen. Annals of Internal Medicine, 131(5), 376-386.
Harvey, R. L., Roth, E. J., Heinemann, A. W., Lovell, L. L., McGuire, J. R., & Diaz, S. (1998). Stroke rehabilitation: clinical predictors of resource utilization. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79(11), 1349-1355.
Heron, M., Hoyert, D. L., Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., & Tejada-Vera, B. (2009). Deaths: final data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports, 57(14), 1-134.
Herrmann, W., Herrmann, M., & Obeid, R. (2007). Hyperhomocysteinaemia: a critical review of old and new aspects. Curr Drug Metab, 8(1), 17-31.
Higgins, M., Kannel, W., Garrison, R., Pinsky, J., & Stokes, J., 3rd. (1988). Hazards of obesity--the Framingham experience. Acta Medica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 723, 23-36.
Horn, S. D., DeJong, G., Smout, R. J., Gassaway, J., James, R., & Conroy, B. (2005). Stroke rehabilitation patients, practice, and outcomes: is earlier and more aggressive therapy better? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(12 Suppl 2), S101-S114.
Howard, G., Wagenknecht, L. E., Burke, G. L., Diez-Roux, A., Evans, G. W., McGovern, P., et al. (1998). Cigarette smoking and progression of atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. JAMA, 279(2), 119-124.
Hoxworth, J. M., Xu, K., Zhou, Y., Lust, W. D., & LaManna, J. C. (1999). Cerebral metabolic profile, selective neuron loss, and survival of acute and chronic hyperglycemic rats following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Brain Research, 821(2), 467-479.
Hsueh, I. P., Lee, M. M., & Hsieh, C. L. (2001). Psychometric characteristics of the Barthel activities of daily living index in stroke patients. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 100(8), 526-532.
Hu, Han-Hwa M. D., Sheng, Wen-Yung M. P. H., Chu, Fu-Li M. D., Lan, Chung-Fu DrPH, & Chiang, Benjamin N. M. D. (1992). Incidence of Stroke in Taiwan. Stroke, 23(9), 1237-1241.
Iso, H., Baba, S., Mannami, T., Sasaki, S., Okada, K., Konishi, M., et al. (2004). Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among middle-aged men: the JPHC Study Cohort I. Stroke, 35(5), 1124-1129.
Iso, H., Moriyama, Y., Sato, S., Kitamura, A., Tanigawa, T., Yamagishi, K., et al. (2004). Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese. Circulation, 109(22), 2766-2772.
Jacobs, B. S., Boden-Albala, B., Lin, I. F., & Sacco, R. L. (2002). Stroke in the young in the northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke, 33(12), 2789-2793.
Janssen, A. W., de Leeuw, F. E., & Janssen, M. C. (2011). Risk factors for ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in patients under age 50. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, 31(1), 85-91.
Jiang, B., Wang, W. Z., Wu, S. P., Du, X. L., & Bao, Q. J. (2004). Effects of urban community intervention on 3-year survival and recurrence after first-ever stroke. Stroke, 35(6), 1242-1247.
Johansen, H. L., Wielgosz, A. T., Nguyen, K., & Fry, R. N. (2006). Incidence, comorbidity, case fatality and readmission of hospitalized stroke patients in Canada. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 22(1), 65-71.
Johnson, R. J., Kang, D. H., Feig, D., Kivlighn, S., Kanellis, J., Watanabe, S., et al. (2003). Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension, 41(6), 1183-1190.
Jones, P. H. (2000). Diet and pharmacologic therapy of obesity to modify atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 2(4), 314-320.
Jorgensen, H. S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, H. O., & Olsen, T. S. (1997a). Acute stroke care and rehabilitation: an analysis of the direct cost and its clinical and social determinants. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke, 28(6), 1138-1141.
Jorgensen, H. S., Nakayama, H., Raaschou, H. O., & Olsen, T. S. (1997b). Acute stroke: prognosis and a prediction of the effect of medical treatment on outcome and health care utilization. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurology, 49(5), 1335-1342.
Kagansky, N., Levy, S., & Knobler, H. (2001). The role of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. Archives of Neurology, 58(8), 1209-1212.
Kanaya, A. M., Grady, D., & Barrett-Connor, E. (2002). Explaining the sex difference in coronary heart disease mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162(15), 1737-1745.
Kannel, W. B., & Wolf, P. A. (2008). Framingham Study insights on the hazards of elevated blood pressure. JAMA, 300(21), 2545-2547.
Karrar, A., Sequeira, W., & Block, J. A. (2001). Coronary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A review of the literature. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 30(6), 436-443.
Kittner, S. J., White, L. R., Losonczy, K. G., Wolf, P. A., & Hebel, J. R. (1990). Black-white differences in stroke incidence in a national sample. The contribution of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. JAMA, 264(10), 1267-1270.
Kramer, A. M., Steiner, J. F., Schlenker, R. E., Eilertsen, T. B., Hrincevich, C. A., Tropea, D. A., et al. (1997). Outcomes and costs after hip fracture and stroke. A comparison of rehabilitation settings. JAMA, 277(5), 396-404.
Kumar, H. H., Kalra, B., & Goyal, N. (2011). A Study on Stroke and its Outcome in Young adults (15-45 Years) from coastal South India. Indian J Community Med, 36(1), 62-65.
Kuo, H. K., Yen, C. J., & Bean, J. F. (2005). Levels of homocysteine are inversely associated with cardiovascular fitness in women, but not in men: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Journal of Internal Medicine, 258(4), 328-335.
Kutom, A. H., & Gibbs, H. R. (1991). Myocardial infarction due to intracoronary thrombi without significant coronary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest, 100(2), 571-572.
Laloux, P. (2003). Cost of acute stroke. A review. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 103(2), 71-77.
Lau, K. K., Yu, I. T., Li, W., Lau, S. T., Mo, K. K., Ip, S., et al. (2005). Hypertension after acute stroke and clinical outcome. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 20(3), 201-204.
Lee, A. J., Lowe, G. D., Woodward, M., & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1993). Fibrinogen in relation to personal history of prevalent hypertension, diabetes, stroke, intermittent claudication, coronary heart disease, and family history: the Scottish Heart Health Study. British Heart Journal, 69(4), 338-342.
Lee, T. H., Hsu, W. C., Chen, C. J., & Chen, S. T. (2002). Etiologic study of young ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Stroke, 33(8), 1950-1955.
Lehmann, J. F., DeLateur, B. J., Fowler, R. S., Jr., Warren, C. G., Arnhold, R., Schertzer, G., et al. (1975). Stroke: Does rehabilitation affect outcome? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 56(9), 375-382.
Lehto, S., Ronnemaa, T., Pyorala, K., & Laakso, M. (1996). Predictors of stroke in middle-aged patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Stroke, 27(1), 63-68.
Lien, L. M., Chen, W. H., Chiu, H. C., Pan, W. H., Chen, J. R., & Bai, C. H. (2006). High titer of anticardiolipin antibody is associated with first-ever ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 22(4), 225-230.
Lin, K. C., Lin, H. Y., & Chou, P. (2000). Community based epidemiological study on hyperuricemia and gout in Kin-Hu, Kinmen. Journal of Rheumatology, 27(4), 1045-1050.
Lindsberg, P. J., Ohman, J., Lehto, T., Karjalainen-Lindsberg, M. L., Paetau, A., Wuorimaa, T., et al. (1996). Complement activation in the central nervous system following blood-brain barrier damage in man. Annals of Neurology, 40(4), 587-596.
Lip, G. Y., Brechin, C. M., & Lane, D. A. (2012). The Global Burden of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation in Regions outside North America and Europe (2012/03/31 ed.).
Liu, P. W., Chang, T. Y., & Chen, J. D. (2010). Serum uric acid and metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese adults. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 59(6), 802-807.
Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R., Carnethon, M., De Simone, G., Ferguson, T. B., Flegal, K., et al. (2009). Heart disease and stroke statistics--2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation, 119(3), 480-486.
Lopaciuk, S., Windyga, J., Watala, C. W., Bykowska, K., Pietrucha, T., Kwiecinski, H., et al. (2010). Polymorphisms in the factor VII gene and ischemic stroke in young adults. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, 21(5), 442-447.
Lyden, P. D., Lu, M., Levine, S. R., Brott, T. G., & Broderick, J. (2001). A modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials: preliminary reliability and validity. Stroke, 32(6), 1310-1317.
Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. W. (1965). Functional Evaluation: The Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 61-65.
Manzi, S., & Wasko, M. C. (2000). Inflammation-mediated rheumatic diseases and atherosclerosis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 59(5), 321-325.
Marik, P. E., & Varon, J. (2004). The management of status epilepticus. Chest, 126(2), 582-591.
Marini, C., Russo, T., & Felzani, G. (2010). Incidence of stroke in young adults: a review. Stroke Res Treat, 2011, 535672.
Marini, C., Totaro, R., De Santis, F., Ciancarelli, I., Baldassarre, M., & Carolei, A. (2001). Stroke in young adults in the community-based L'Aquila registry: incidence and prognosis. Stroke, 32(1), 52-56.
Martinez-Martinez, M., Cazorla-Garcia, R., Rodriguez de Antonio, L. A., Martinez-Sanchez, P., Fuentes, B., & Diez-Tejedor, E. (2010). [Hypercoagulability and ischemic stroke in young patients]. Neurologia, 25(6), 343-348.
Martinez-Sanchez, P., Fuentes, B., Fernandez-Dominguez, J., Ortega-Casarrubios Mde, L., Aguilar-Amar, M. J., Abenza-Abildua, M. J., et al. (2011). Young women have poorer outcomes than men after stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 31(5), 455-463.
Martinez-Vila, E., & Irimia, P. (2004). The cost of stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 17 Suppl 1, 124-129.
Matsui, H., Hashimoto, H., Horiguchi, H., Yasunaga, H., & Matsuda, S. (2010). An exploration of the association between very early rehabilitation and outcome for the patients with acute ischaemic stroke in Japan: a nationwide retrospective cohort survey. BMC Health Serv Res, 10, 213.
Maulden, S. A., Gassaway, J., Horn, S. D., Smout, R. J., & DeJong, G. (2005). Timing of initiation of rehabilitation after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(12 Suppl 2), S34-S40.
McCarey, D., & Sturrock, R. D. (2009). Comparison of cardiovascular risk in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 27(4 Suppl 55), S124-126.
McEntegart, A., Capell, H. A., Creran, D., Rumley, A., Woodward, M., & Lowe, G. D. (2001). Cardiovascular risk factors, including thrombotic variables, in a population with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 40(6), 640-644.
McGavin, J. K., Mann, J. I., Skeaff, C. M., & Chisholm, A. (2001). Comparison of a vitamin E-rich diet and supplemental vitamin E on measures of vitamin E status and lipoprotein profile. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55(7), 555-561.
McGill, H. C., Jr., McMahan, C. A., Herderick, E. E., Zieske, A. W., Malcom, G. T., Tracy, R. E., et al. (2002). Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men. Circulation, 105(23), 2712-2718.
Meijssen, S., van Dijk, H., Verseyden, C., Erkelens, D. W., & Cabezas, M. Castro. (2002). Delayed and Exaggerated Postprandial Complement Component 3 Response in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology, 22(5), 811-816.
Moder, K. G., Miller, T. D., & Tazelaar, H. D. (1999). Cardiac involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 74(3), 275-284.
Mukamal, K. J., Ascherio, A., Mittleman, M. A., Conigrave, K. M., Camargo, C. A., Jr., Kawachi, I., et al. (2005). Alcohol and risk for ischemic stroke in men: the role of drinking patterns and usual beverage. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142(1), 11-19.
Mukherjee, D., & Patil, C. G. (2011). Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke. World Neurosurg, 76(6 Suppl), S85-90.
Musicco, M., Emberti, L., Nappi, G., & Caltagirone, C. (2003). Early and long-term outcome of rehabilitation in stroke patients: the role of patient characteristics, time of initiation, and duration of interventions. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(4), 551-558.
Nadareishvili, Z., Michaud, K., Hallenbeck, J. M., & Wolfe, F. (2008). Cardiovascular, rheumatologic, and pharmacologic predictors of stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested, case-control study. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 59(8), 1090-1096.
Naranjo, A., Sokka, T., Descalzo, M. A., Calvo-Alen, J., Horslev-Petersen, K., Luukkainen, R. K., et al. (2008). Cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the QUEST-RA study. Arthritis Res Ther, 10(2), R30.
O'Neill, D., Horgan, F., Hickey, A., & McGee, H. (2008). Long term outcome of stroke: Stroke is a chronic disease with acute events. BMJ, 336(7642), 461.
Osberg, J. S., DeJong, G., Haley, S. M., Seward, M. L., McGinnis, G. E., & Germaine, J. (1988). Predicting long-term outcome among post-rehabilitation stroke patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 67(3), 94-103.
Ovbiagele, B., & Nguyen-Huynh, M. N. (2011). Stroke epidemiology: advancing our understanding of disease mechanism and therapy. Neurotherapeutics, 8(3), 319-329.
Owens, P. L., Bradley, E. H., Horwitz, S. M., Viscoli, C. M., Kernan, W. N., Brass, L. M., et al. (2002). Clinical assessment of function among women with a recent cerebrovascular event: a self-reported versus performance-based measure. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(11), 802-811.
Paciaroni, M., Mazzotta, G., Corea, F., Caso, V., Venti, M., Milia, P., et al. (2004). Dysphagia following Stroke. European Neurology, 51(3), 162-167.
Pallicino, P., Snyder, W., & Granger, C. (1992). The NIH stroke scale and the FIM in stroke rehabilitation. Stroke, 23(6), 919.
Palmcrantz, S., Holmqvist, L. W., & Sommerfeld, D. K. (2011). Long-term health states relevant to young persons with stroke living in the community in southern Stockholm - a study of self-rated disability and predicting factors. Disability and Rehabilitation.
Palmcrantz, S., Widen Holmqvist, L., & Sommerfeld, D. K. (2012). Long-term health states relevant to young persons with stroke living in the community in southern Stockholm - a study of self-rated disability and predicting factors. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(10), 817-823.
Paolucci, S., Antonucci, G., Grasso, M. G., Bragoni, M., Coiro, P., De Angelis, D., et al. (2003). Functional outcome of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients after inpatient rehabilitation: a matched comparison. Stroke, 34(12), 2861-2865.
Parsons, M. W., Barber, P. A., Desmond, P. M., Baird, T. A., Darby, D. G., Byrnes, G., et al. (2002). Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Annals of Neurology, 52(1), 20-28.
Pertovaara, M., Kahonen, M., Juonala, M., Laitinen, T., Taittonen, L., Lehtimaki, T., et al. (2009). Autoimmunity and atherosclerosis: the presence of antinuclear antibodies is associated with decreased carotid elasticity in young women. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Rheumatology, 48(12), 1553-1556.
Petri, M. (2000). Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Journal of Autoimmunity, 15(2), 145-151.
Petri, M. (2004). The lupus anticoagulant is a risk factor for myocardial infarction (but not atherosclerosis): Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Thrombosis Research, 114(5-6), 593-595.
Petruseviciene, D., & Krisciunas, A. (2008). Evaluation of activity and effectiveness of occupational therapy in stroke patients at the early stage of rehabilitation. Medicina (Kaunas), 44(3), 216-224.
Phipps, Michael S. M. D., Desai, Rani A. PhD, Wira, Charles M. D., & Bravata, Dawn M. M. D. (2011). Epidemiology and Outcomes of Fever Burden Among Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke, 42(12), 3357-3362.
Pierangeli, S. S., Chen, P. P., & Gonzalez, E. B. (2006). Antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome: an update on treatment and pathogenic mechanisms. Current Opinion in Hematology, 13(5), 366-375.
Pirich, C., Mullner, M., & Sinzinger, H. (2000). Prevalence and relevance of thyroid dysfunction in 1922 cholesterol screening participants. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53(6), 623-629.
Prasad, K., & Singhal, K. K. (2010). Stroke in young: an Indian perspective. Neurology India, 58(3), 343-350.
Prentice, R. L. (1989). Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Statistics in Medicine, 8(4), 431-440.
Pucci, E., Chiovato, L., & Pinchera, A. (2000). Thyroid and lipid metabolism. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 24 Suppl 2, S109-112.
Pulsinelli, W. A., Waldman, S., Rawlinson, D., & Plum, F. (1982). Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage: a neuropathologic study in the rat. Neurology, 32(11), 1239-1246.
Putaala, J., Haapaniemi, E., Metso, A. J., Metso, T. M., Artto, V., Kaste, M., et al. (2010). Recurrent ischemic events in young adults after first-ever ischemic stroke. Annals of Neurology, 68(5), 661-671.
Putaala, J., Liebkind, R., Gordin, D., Thorn, L. M., Haapaniemi, E., Forsblom, C., et al. (2011). Diabetes mellitus and ischemic stroke in the young: clinical features and long-term prognosis. Neurology, 76(21), 1831-1837.
Putaala, J., Metso, A. J., Metso, T. M., Konkola, N., Kraemer, Y., Haapaniemi, E., et al. (2009). Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke: the Helsinki young stroke registry. Stroke, 40(4), 1195-1203.
Rabadi, M. H., Rabadi, F. M., Hallford, G., & Aston, C. E. (2012). Does Race Influence Functional Outcomes in Patients with Acute Stroke Undergoing Inpatient Rehabilitation? American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Razzaq, A. A., Khan, B. A., & Baig, S. M. (2002). Ischemic stroke in young adults of South Asia. J Pak Med Assoc, 52(9), 417-422.
Reding, M. J., & McDowell, F. H. (1989). Focused stroke rehabilitation programs improve outcome. Archives of Neurology, 46(6), 700-701.
Reiner, A. P., Carlson, C. S., Rieder, M. J., Siscovick, D. S., Liu, K., Chandler, W. L., et al. (2007). Coagulation factor VII gene haplotypes, obesity-related traits, and cardiovascular risk in young women. J Thromb Haemost, 5(1), 42-49.
Rist, Pamela M. MSc, Lee, I. Min Mbbs ScD, Kase, Carlos S. M. D., Gaziano, J. Michael M. D. M. P. H., & Kurth, Tobias M. D. ScD. (2011). Physical Activity and Functional Outcomes From Cerebral Vascular Events in Men. Stroke, 42(12), 3352-3356.
Ro, KK. (1972). Patient Characteristics, Hospital Characteristics, and Hospital Use. New York.
Rogers, R. L., Meyer, J. S., Shaw, T. G., Mortel, K. F., Hardenberg, J. P., & Zaid, R. R. (1983). Cigarette smoking decreases cerebral blood flow suggesting increased risk for stroke. JAMA, 250(20), 2796-2800.
Rohr, J., Kittner, S., Feeser, B., Hebel, J. R., Whyte, M. G., Weinstein, A., et al. (1996). Traditional risk factors and ischemic stroke in young adults: the Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study. Archives of Neurology, 53(7), 603-607.
Roman, M. J., Shanker, B. A., Davis, A., Lockshin, M. D., Sammaritano, L., Simantov, R., et al. (2003). Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(25), 2399-2406.
Rossnagel, K., Nolte, C. H., Muller-Nordhorn, J., Jungehulsing, G. J., Selim, D., Bruggenjurgen, B., et al. (2005). Medical resource use and costs of health care after acute stroke in Germany. European Journal of Neurology, 12(11), 862-868.
Roth, E. J., Lovell, L., Harvey, R. L., Bode, R. K., & Heinemann, A. W. (2002). Stroke rehabilitation: indwelling urinary catheters, enteral feeding tubes, and tracheostomies are associated with resource use and functional outcomes. Stroke, 33(7), 1845-1850.
Ruyssen-Witrand, A., Fautrel, B., Saraux, A., Le Loet, X., & Pham, T. (2011). Cardiovascular risk induced by low-dose corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Joint Bone Spine, 78(1), 23-30.
Sacco, R. L., Elkind, M., Boden-Albala, B., Lin, I. F., Kargman, D. E., Hauser, W. A., et al. (1999). The protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on ischemic stroke. JAMA, 281(1), 53-60.
Sainsbury, Anita, Seebass, Gudrun, Bansal, Aruna, & Young, John B. (2005). Reliability of the Barthel Index when used with older people. [Review]. Age and Ageing, 34(3), 228-232.
Salter, K., Jutai, J., Hartley, M., Foley, N., Bhogal, S., Bayona, N., et al. (2006). Impact of early vs delayed admission to rehabilitation on functional outcomes in persons with stroke. J Rehabil Med, 38(2), 113-117.
Sanchez-Lozada, L. G., Nakagawa, T., Kang, D. H., Feig, D. I., Franco, M., Johnson, R. J., et al. (2006). Hormonal and cytokine effects of uric acid. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 15(1), 30-33.
Sato, S., Toyoda, K., Uehara, T., Toratani, N., Yokota, C., Moriwaki, H., et al. (2008). Baseline NIH Stroke Scale Score predicting outcome in anterior and posterior circulation strokes. Neurology, 70(24 Pt 2), 2371-2377.
Scheidt, Stephen. (1997). Changing Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease among Smokers and Nonsmokers over a 20-Year Interval. Preventive Medicine, 26(4), 441-446.
Schlegel, D., Kolb, S. J., Luciano, J. M., Tovar, J. M., Cucchiara, B. L., Liebeskind, D. S., et al. (2003). Utility of the NIH Stroke Scale as a predictor of hospital disposition. Stroke, 34(1), 134-137.
Serve, E., Reny, J. L., Akhavan, S., Emmerich, J., Fischer, A. M., & Tapon-Bretaudiere, J. (2007). A two adenine insertion polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of factor VII gene is associated with peripheral arterial disease but not with venous thrombosis. Results of case-control studies. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 98(4), 733-737.
Shah, S., Vanclay, F., & Cooper, B. (1989). Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 42(8), 703-709.
Shen, M. C., Lin, J. S., & Tsay, W. (2000). Protein C and protein S deficiencies are the most important risk factors associated with thrombosis in Chinese venous thrombophilic patients in Taiwan. Thrombosis Research, 99(5), 447-452.
Sheu, J. J., Kang, J. H., & Lin, H. C. (2010). Hyperthyroidism and risk of ischemic stroke in young adults: a 5-year follow-up study. Stroke, 41(5), 961-966.
Shinton, R., & Beevers, G. (1989). Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ, 298(6676), 789-794.
Singhrao, S. K., Neal, J. W., Gasque, P., Morgan, B. P., & Newman, G. R. (1996). Role of complement in the aetiology of Pick's disease? Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 55(5), 578-593.
Slater, C. A., Davis, R. B., & Shmerling, R. H. (1996). Antinuclear antibody testing. A study of clinical utility. Archives of Internal Medicine, 156(13), 1421-1425.
Society, the Massachusetts Medical. (1995). Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. .
Solomon, D. H., Goodson, N. J., Katz, J. N., Weinblatt, M. E., Avorn, J., Setoguchi, S., et al. (2006). Patterns of cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 65(12), 1608-1612.
Spengos, K., & Vemmos, K. (2010). Risk factors, etiology, and outcome of first-ever ischemic stroke in young adults aged 15 to 45 - the Athens young stroke registry. European Journal of Neurology, 17(11), 1358-1364.
Spilker, J., Kongable, G., Barch, C., Braimah, J., Brattina, P., Daley, S., et al. (1997). Using the NIH Stroke Scale to assess stroke patients. The NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 29(6), 384-392.
Squizzato, A., Gerdes, V. E., Brandjes, D. P., Buller, H. R., & Stam, J. (2005). Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke, 36(10), 2302-2310.
Stone, S. D. (2005). Reactions to invisible disability: the experiences of young women survivors of hemorrhagic stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27(6), 293-304.
Strong, K., Mathers, C., & Bonita, R. (2007). Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol, 6(2), 182-187.
Student, pathology. (2009). Virchow’s triad from http://www.pathologystudent.com/?p=400
Teasell, R. W., Foley, N. C., Salter, K. L., & Jutai, J. W. (2008). A blueprint for transforming stroke rehabilitation care in Canada: the case for change. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(3), 575-578.
Temple, M. E., Luzier, A. B., & Kazierad, D. J. (2000). Homocysteine as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(1), 57-65.
The internet stroke center. (2003). NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), from http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/scales/nihss.html
Treger, I., Ring, H., Schwartz, R., Tsabari, R., Bornstein, N. M., & Tanne, D. (2008). Hospital disposition after stroke in a national survey of acute cerebrovascular diseases in Israel. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(3), 435-440.
Tripathi, M., & Vibha, D. (2010). Stroke in young in India. Stroke Res Treat, 2011, 368629.
Tseng, M. C., & Chang, K. C. (2006). Stroke severity and early recovery after first-ever ischemic stroke: results of a hospital-based study in Taiwan. Health Policy, 79(1), 73-78.
Tsouli, S. G., Liberopoulos, E. N., Mikhailidis, D. P., Athyros, V. G., & Elisaf, M. S. (2006). Elevated serum uric acid levels in metabolic syndrome: an active component or an innocent bystander? Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 55(10), 1293-1301.
Tuomilehto, Jaakko M. D. MPolSc, Bonita, Ruth M. P. H. PhD, Stewart, Alistair BSc DipSc, Nissinen, Aulikki M. D., & Salonen, Jukka T. M. D. M. P. H. (1991). Hypertension, Cigarette Smoking, and the Decline in Stroke Incidence in Eastern Finland. Stroke, 22(1), 7-11.
Tuttle, K. R., Short, R. A., & Johnson, R. J. (2001). Sex differences in uric acid and risk factors for coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 87(12), 1411-1414.
Uthman, I., Godeau, B., Taher, A., & Khamashta, M. (2008). The hematologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Reviews, 22(4), 187-194.
van Boven, H. H., & Lane, D. A. (1997). Antithrombin and its inherited deficiency states. Seminars in Hematology, 34(3), 188-204.
van Wijk, I., Lindeman, E., Kappelle, L. J., van Gijn, J., Koudstaal, P. J., Gorter, J. W., et al. (2006). Functional status and use of healthcare facilities in long-term survivors of transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 77(11), 1238-1243.
Varona, J. F. (2010). Long-term prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults. Stroke Res Treat, 2011, 879817.
Varona, J. F., Guerra, J. M., Bermejo, F., Molina, J. A., & Gomez de la Camara, A. (2007). Causes of ischemic stroke in young adults, and evolution of the etiological diagnosis over the long term. European Neurology, 57(4), 212-218.
Virtanen, J. K., Voutilainen, S., Alfthan, G., Korhonen, M. J., Rissanen, T. H., Mursu, J., et al. (2005). Homocysteine as a risk factor for CVD mortality in men with other CVD risk factors: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. Journal of Internal Medicine, 257(3), 255-262.
Vuadens, P., Schluep, M., Bogousslavsky, J., & Regli, F. (1996). Justification of hospital days and discharge delays in a non-selected population of acute stroke patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 143(1-2), 132-136.
Wasay, M., Kaul, S., Menon, B., Venketasubramanian, N., Gunaratne, P., Khalifa, A., et al. (2010). Ischemic stroke in young Asian women: risk factors, subtypes and outcome. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 30(4), 418-422.
Weimar, C., Ziegler, A., Konig, I. R., & Diener, H. C. (2002). Predicting functional outcome and survival after acute ischemic stroke. Journal of Neurology, 249(7), 888-895.
Welch, G. N., & Loscalzo, J. (1998). Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 338(15), 1042-1050.
Williams, L. S., Rotich, J., Qi, R., Fineberg, N., Espay, A., Bruno, A., et al. (2002). Effects of admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology, 59(1), 67-71.
Wolfe, F., Freundlich, B., & Straus, W. L. (2003). Increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology, 30(1), 36-40.
Wyller, T. B. (1999). Stroke and gender. J Gend Specif Med, 2(3), 41-45.
Yagura, H., Miyai, I., Suzuki, T., & Yanagihara, T. (2005). Patients with severe stroke benefit most by interdisciplinary rehabilitation team approach. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 20(4), 258-263.
Yamashita, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Tokunaga, K., Fujioka, S., & Tarui, S. (1986). Studies on the impaired metabolism of uric acid in obese subjects: marked reduction of renal urate excretion and its improvement by a low-calorie diet. International Journal of Obesity, 10(4), 255-264.
Yang, S. S., Teng, D., You, D. Y., Su, Z. Q., Li, F., & Zhao, J. Y. (2010). Association between fifteen risk factors and progressing ischemic stroke in the Han population of northeast China. Chinese Medical Journal, 123(11), 1392-1396.
Yeh, P. S., Lin, H. J., Li, Y. H., Lin, K. C., Cheng, T. J., Chang, C. Y., et al. (2004). Prognosis of young ischemic stroke in Taiwan: impact of prothrombotic genetic polymorphisms. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 92(3), 583-589.
Ylitalo, Kati, Porkka, Kimmo V. K., Meri, Seppo, Nuotio, Ilpo, Suurinkeroinen, Leena, Vakkilainen, Juha, et al. (1997). Serum complement and familial combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis, 129(2), 271-277.
Yoneda, Y., Uehara, T., Yamasaki, H., Kita, Y., Tabuchi, M., & Mori, E. (2003). Hospital-based study of the care and cost of acute ischemic stroke in Japan. Stroke, 34(3), 718-724.
You, R. X., McNeil, J. J., O'Malley, H. M., Davis, S. M., Thrift, A. G., & Donnan, G. A. (1997). Risk factors for stroke due to cerebral infarction in young adults. Stroke, 28(10), 1913-1918.
Young, J. B., & Forster, A. (1992). The Bradford community stroke trial: results at six months. BMJ, 304(6834), 1085-1089.
Zhang, B., Pu, S., Zhang, W., Yang, N., Shen, G., Yin, J., et al. (2011). Sex differences in risk factors, etiology, and short-term outcome of cerebral infarction in young patients. Atherosclerosis.
Zhang, B., Zhang, W., Li, X., Pu, S., Yin, J., Yang, N., et al. (2011). Admission markers predict lacunar and non-lacunar stroke in young patients. Thrombosis Research.
Zhang, Y., & Meyer, M. A. (2010). Clinical analysis on alteration of thyroid hormones in the serum of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke Res Treat, 2010.

中文部分
王俊雄、紀櫻珍、吳振龍、施奕仲、薛亞聖(2007)‧高血壓病患疾病管理之臨床應用‧北市醫學雜誌,4(2),13。
王素美(2006)‧出院準備服務對病患選擇機構式長期照護機構之探討‧中台醫護技術學院,台中市。
王惠芳、林宏達(2008)‧非甲狀腺疾病症候群之醫療困境‧內科學誌,19(3),213-218。
王黃舟(2010)‧內皮細胞組織因子在心血管疾病的角色‧國立清華大學,新竹市。
王國穎、汪凱、李友海(2011)‧青年缺血性腦卒中的病因學研究發展‧安徽醫學, 32(1),111-113。
王愈善(1999)‧雙股DNA之單株自體免疫抗體結合蛋白的鑑定及對細胞作用機制之探討‧國立陽明大學,台北市。
王瑞瑤、熊嘉玲、陳麗華、許君強(2003) ‧不同服務密度居家物理治療對中風病人之療效‧物理治療,28(2),65-70。
王慧儀、張志仲、宋雲通、林永哲(1991) ‧中風一年後功能恢復的程度與有關因素之關係‧The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(3),136-143。
史麗珠、莊凱嵐、黎慧芳、王惠玄、胡文潔、王曉慧等(2011)‧出院準備服務:出院後不同照護模式的選擇、再入院率、死亡率的分析‧中山醫學雜誌, 22(1),23-33。
台灣腦中風學會(2006)‧台灣腦中風登錄表‧2011年 7月10日取自http://www. ntuh.gov.tw/PMR/Lists/List7/Attachments/2/%E4%B8%AD%E9%A2%A8%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%84%E8%A1%A8%20strokeform_v24.pdf。
台灣腦中風學會共識小組(2008)‧台灣腦中風防治指引‧(pp. 178):胡漢華。
白玉珠、張霜蘭、蔡玉鳳、鄒怡真、蔡欣玲 (2006)‧病人脫離呼吸器後症狀困擾與日常活動功能之相關性研究‧實證護理,2(1),61-72。
石佑翎(2002)‧長期照護機構工作取向行走訓練成效研究‧國立臺灣大學,台北市。
行政院衛生署(2011a)‧99年度死因統計完整統計表‧2011年12月7日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2_p02.aspx?class_no=440&now_fod_list_no=11397&level_no=-1&doc_no=76512。
行政院衛生署(2011b)‧99醫療統計年報‧2011年12月7日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2_p02.aspx?class_no=440&now_fod_list_no=11468&level_no=1&doc_no=77184。
行政院衛生署(2012)‧100年死因統計‧2013年1月7日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2.aspx?now_fod_list_no=12336&class_no=440&level_no=4。
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2004a)‧緊急救護人員腦中風教育手冊‧2011年4月26日取自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/BHPNET/Portal/Them_Show.aspx? Subject=200712250012&Class=2&No=200712250065。
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2004b)‧醫護人員腦中風教育手冊‧2011年 4月26日取自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/BHPNET/Portal/Them_Show.aspx? Subject=200712250012&Class=2&No=2007122500。
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2006)‧台大醫院腦中風中心公用版標準作業流程‧
2011年 4月8日取自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/BHPNET/Portal/Them_ Show.aspx?Subject=200712250012&Class=2&No=200712250065。
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2011)‧BMI健康即時通‧2011年 4月27日取自http://obesity.bhp.gov.tw/cht/index.php?code=list&ids=82。
何憲欽(2011)‧台灣缺血性中風執行血栓溶解劑治療成效評估‧長榮大學,台南縣。
何瓊芳(2000)‧探討失能老人家庭照顧者的照顧正向經驗‧長庚大學,桃園縣。
但慧桃(2010)‧青年脑卒中病因及危险因素的临床分析‧海南醫學院學報, 16(11),1422-1423+1432。
余珮棱(2009)‧客都長期照護機構之老人健康、日常生活功能與生活需求之研究‧ 國立聯合大學,苗栗縣。
余豎文、鄭維理、林仲明、林怡君(2000)‧利用TSH篩檢老人之甲狀腺功能異常‧ 臺灣家庭醫學雜誌,10(3),129-135。
吳俐穎(2008)‧老年人自我照顧能力與健康促進生活型態關係之研究~以高雄縣老人公寓為例‧國立臺北教育大學,台北市。
吳姿蓉、何啟中、盧香涵、李美樺、顏文娟(2011)‧復健期腦中風病患的主要家庭照顧者負荷之相關因素探討‧長期照護雜誌15(3),237-248。
吳美芳(2010)‧初次腦中風急性期病患之疾病嚴重度、疲憊、憂鬱與生活品質的影響因子探討‧ 長庚大學,桃園縣。
宋雅雯(2010)‧結合決策支援能力於開發評估急性缺血性腦中風病患之醫療資訊系統‧暨南國際大學南投縣。
李克怡(1991)‧腦血管疾病病人之長期追蹤-腦中風病人之危險因素預後及再發情形之初步研究‧公共衛生,18(2),99-111。
李春香(2007)‧社區老人日常生活功能、自覺健康狀態、憂鬱狀態與自殺意念之相關性探討‧輔英科技大學,高雄縣。
李貞慧(2002)‧膳食葉酸攝取狀況與缺血性腦中風之危險相關性研究‧輔仁大學, 台北縣。
李雪楨(2007)‧台灣腦中風患者住院天數與費用之預測及其臨床照護與衛生政策意涵‧ 國立陽明大學, 台北市。
李雪楨、張谷州(2008)‧台灣腦中風患者急性期超長住院分析及其相關因素探討‧ 腦中風會訊,15(3),6-7。
沈怡菁(2007)‧以資料探勘技術預測梗塞性腦中風的住院天數‧國立陽明大學, 台北市。
阮惠瑩(2003)‧雙股DNA之單株自體免疫抗體對應抗原鑑定及對細胞激素影響之探討‧國立陽明大學,台北市。
周偉倪、黃淑顏、葉淑娟、胡慶文、郭明陽、陳怡如(2008)‧外展復健模式與醫院就診復健模式之成本效果‧臺灣復健醫學雜誌,36(3),151-158。
林光華、胡名霞、湯佩芳(2007)‧Effect of Physical Therapy on Balance and Functional Outcome in Stroke Patients in Long-Term Care Facilities‧物理治療,32(5),275-281。
林志杰(2006)‧應用資料探勘技術建立中西醫腦中風診斷模型之研究‧長庚大學, 桃園縣。
林秀蓉(2002)‧護理人員對失能病患之主要照顧者出院需求處理自信及其相關因素‧高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
林昭宏、柴惠敏、廖龍仁、黃昭郎、陳美汀、廖小瑤(2003)‧社區居民腦中風患者日常生活活動和生活品質的調查研究‧ 物理治療,28(5),243-250。
林昭宏、黃茂雄、劉景寬、林永哲(2000)‧影響腦中風患者復健治療住院天數長短的因素‧物理治療,25(2),64-74。
林昭宏、廖龍仁、黃昭郎、廖小瑤、惠敏(2002)‧中風病人出院預後功能恢復的追蹤研究-以南投縣社區居民為基礎之初步調查報告‧物理治療,27(2),83-89。
林逸君、廖顯宗、梁統華、林孝義(2004)‧常見風濕病診斷及治療的陷阱‧內科學誌,15(4)。
林憶珊、李修身、鍾嫈嫈(2004)‧紅斑性狼瘡併左心室內血栓-病例報告‧臺灣家庭醫學雜誌,14(2)。
林秀如、曾夢如、黃惠玲、陳敏麗、黃珊(2009)‧腦中風病人出院準備服務改善專案‧長庚護理, 20(1),12。
邱弘毅(2008)‧腦中風之現況與流行病學特徵‧腦中風會訊,15(3),2-4。
侯玉純、林素美、連立明、陳威宏、邱浩彰、白其卉(2010)‧台北社區居民凝血檢驗指標之常模評估‧ Journal of Biomedical & Laboratory Sciences,22(3),7。
施書驊(2010)‧以ICF為架構編製之日常生活量表之信‧效度研究‧國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
柯德鑫、林瑞泰、張嘉祐、陳志弘、盧玉強(2002)‧年輕型中風病人生活品質及後遺症之流行病學研究‧財團法人奇美醫院神經內科。
胡名霞、許書旋、李建志、王顔和、鄭建興、葉炳強(2006)‧腦中風患者復健治療時程與出院及長期功能結果之關聯性‧臺灣醫學,10(2),248-255。
胡瑜峰、林逸君、梁統華、林孝義(2005)‧災難性抗磷脂症候群-病例報告與文獻回顧‧內科學誌,16(1),33-41。
范菊庭(2009)‧運用銀髮瑜珈促進機構失智長者身心健康‧輔英科技大學,高雄縣。
范瓊文(2009)‧失語症患者及重要他人在評估功能性溝通需求與表現的一致性探討‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
俸軍林、劉開祥、曾愛源、林劍鋒(2008)‧腦梗死患者血清C3、C4、Hs-CRP改變43例‧陝西醫學雜誌,37(12),1627-1629。
孫明輝(2003)‧急性缺血性腦中風病人住院後神經學症狀惡化的預測因子研究‧ 中山醫學大學,台中市。
徐永南、洪雅琳、郭憲文、陳穎潔(2009)‧腦中風患者個案管理模式之住院成本估計與效果之評價‧臺灣醫學,13(4),331-340。
徐從英、朱敏初(2010)‧57例青年缺血性卒中的病因和危險因素分析‧心腦血管病防治,10(6),434-435。
袁紅梅、高水英、劉虹(2010)‧頸動脈斑塊性質與中青年缺血性腦卒中危險因素的關係研究‧寧夏醫科大學學報,32(6),700-701。
張芳瑜(2005)‧探討音樂治療對改善機構失智長者問題行為之成效‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
張英明、陳品玲、胡朝榮、游家銘、吳柏瑞、陳俊亨(2005)‧某區域醫院急性缺血性腦中風之醫療成本‧北市醫學雜誌,2(3),7。
張寓智、劉祥仁、陳俊榮、胡漢華、葉炳強、邱德發(2008)‧急性缺血性腦中風之一般處理原則指引‧ Acta Neurologica Taiwanica,17(4),275-294。
張景永(2001)‧慢性病人醫療資源耗用之研究:以腦中風病人為例‧ 國立陽明大學,台北市。
張雯雯(2008)‧初次腦中風老年原住民長期照護服務利用及相關因素之探討‧ 國立台北護理學院,台北市。
張衛萍(2007)‧青年腦卒中的病因及危險因素分析‧陝西醫學雜誌,36(12),1690-1692。
張榕浚(2003)‧全面性照護之缺血性腦中風臨床路徑發展與評估‧中國醫藥學院, 台中市。
梁佩蓉(2007)‧台灣中風患者之生活品質測量-利用中風衝擊量表與增補之題目‧ 長庚大學,桃園縣。
梁忠詔(2002)‧影響復健科患者住院天數長短因素之探討-以花東某醫學中心為例‧國立東華大學,花蓮縣。
梁秋萍、鄧復旦、黃美涓(1986)‧年青腦中風病患復健成果之探討‧中華民國復健醫學會雜誌,(14),19-26。
梁寧寧(2010)‧腦中風住院病患罹患憂鬱症及被處方抗憂鬱劑盛行率及其相關因素之研究‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
梁蕙雯(2009)‧腦中風之障礙與失能評估量表簡介‧台北市醫師公會會刊,53(10), 20-23。
許美慧(1996)‧腦中風患者復健治療預後之探討‧中華民國復健醫學會雜誌,24(1), 41-49。
許振榮(2001)‧腦中風之疾病成本‧國立臺灣大學,台北市。
許擇良(2009)‧探討影響長期照護機構腦中風住民復健治療與成效相關因素之研究‧高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
連立明、陳威宏、邱浩彰、潘文涵、陳俊榮、白其卉(2008)‧台灣初次缺血中風住院病人有較高效價之抗心酯質抗體‧台灣腦中風學會會訊,15 (2 ),3。
郭雅雯(2003)‧居家復健護理方案對中風個案患肢關節障礙之成效研究‧中國醫藥學院,台中市。
陳勻秋(2011)‧健康狀況、健康促進、社會支持與生活滿意度之研究-以金門縣老年人為例‧ 國立高雄大學,高雄市。
陳至淳(2006)‧腦中風病患的健側推倒症‧台灣老年醫學雜誌,2(1),42-52。
陳妍伶(2006)‧ABCA1 R219K基因多型性與男性國人缺血性腦中風之相關性研究‧高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
陳佳鳳、卓妙如、溫千慧、楊仲棋(2007)‧運用巴氏量表於出血性腦中風患者復健治療三個月成效追蹤‧臺灣家庭醫學雜誌,17(4),250-263。
陳怡靜(2004)‧追蹤腦中風病人之長期就醫流向及其對醫療利用之影響‧高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
陳俊榮(2008)‧血栓溶解劑rt-PA劑量0.9 mg/kg與0.6 mg/kg的由來‧腦中風會訊,15(2),4-6。
陳威志、陳鏡任、楊士恒(2010)‧尿酸與心血管疾病危險因子相關性之性別差異‧ 北市醫學雜誌,7(1),13。
陳思潔(2005)‧台南市失能老人家庭照顧的投入及其相關因素之探討‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
陳盈方、楊百嘉、姜義彬(2008)‧台灣年輕人腦中風病因及季節變異因素‧臺灣復健醫學雜誌,36(4),217-226。
陳偉熹(2003)‧Beta (2)-glycoprotein I 和anti-beta (2)-glycoprotein I antibody‧腦中風會訊,10(4),5-7。
陳婉馨(2008)‧血清葉酸為年輕健康族群高同半胱胺酸血症的敏感指標‧中山醫學大學,台北市。
陳毓隆、廖光福、賴世偉、李采娟(2005)‧新陳代謝症候群流行病學:以台中市-醫學中心健檢者為例‧Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine,10(4),196-203。
陳碧姿(2011)‧影響中風病人出院後選擇安置地點因素之研究‧國立宜蘭大學,宜蘭縣。
陳蓉蓉、洪昌億、陳春賢、鍾青萍、馬成珉、林建雄等(2006)‧決策樹於中西醫腦中風診斷指標結合之應用. 醫療資訊雜誌,15(2),1-15。
陳儀敏、胡國琦、陳建鵬、陳建森、廖正宗、陳冠文(2008)‧急診之初始血糖值是梗塞性中風後病人功能之預後因子‧臺灣復健醫學雜誌,36(2),7。
傅士豪(2008)‧台灣腦中風病人病發一年內之門診復健利用及其相關因素探討‧ 國立陽明大學,台北市。
傅進華、曹汶龍(2003)‧東台灣急性腦中風病患就醫時效性分析‧慈濟醫學雜誌, 15(4)。
傅瓊慧(2006)‧同半胱胺酸對於人類臍靜脈血管內皮細胞之細胞週期與附著分子表現之影響‧高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
曾美君、張谷州(2005)‧腦中風嚴重度之衡量與分類‧台灣醫界,48(3),17-20。
程建祥(2009)‧維生素B-6、B-12、葉酸與高同半胱胺酸血症、發炎反應及冠狀動脈疾病之相關性‧中山醫學大學。
黃一壬(2008)‧養護機構住民使用身體約束相關因素之探討-以某地區為例‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
黃欣薇(2007)‧血清鉀離子、血壓與急性腦中風指標之相關探討‧ 輔仁大學,台北縣。
黃則緯、王鶴森(2010)‧運動對同半胱胺酸的可能效應‧運動生理暨體能學報,(10),12。
黃桂蓮(2007)‧從腦部電腦斷層影像探討大腦動脈硬化與腦中風相關性‧元培科學技術學院,新竹市。
黃曉玲(2009)‧預測神經科重症加護病房之初次急性缺血性腦中風病人六個月內死亡相關因素之探討‧長庚大學,桃園縣。
黃蕙琦(2012)‧腦梗塞病患疾病嚴重度與失能關係之研究‧國立臺北護理健康大學,台北市。
黃麗卿(2006)‧台灣地區代謝症候群的盛行率及發生率與代謝症候群的進展:男女性別之差異‧臺灣大學,台北市。
楊如玉(2006)‧腦神經外科病患於出院前之長期照護需求及其相關因子-以北台灣某醫學中心為例‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
楊京港、劉永銘、劉艷英、嚴祥(2006)‧高脂血症患者脂代謝紊亂對補體表達及活化的影響‧中國動脈硬化雜誌,14(2),159-162。
楊素茹(2012)‧腦中風病患的存活率及其相關因素之探討‧國立臺北護理健康大學,台北市。
楊崑德(2002)‧新世紀過敏免疫風濕疾病之發展‧臺兒醫誌,43,9-19。
楊登和、陳政宏(2009)‧災難性抗磷脂症候群‧內科學誌,20(4),335-343。
葉莉莉、杜淑玲、溫敏杰、林寁、戴臆珊(2000)‧臺南市養護機構概況與住民生理、功能及心理社會狀態調查‧新臺北護理期刊,2(2),97-106。
葉湘芬(2004)‧日常活動功能對老人出院後安療養院安置之影響‧長期照護雜誌, 8(2),164-177。
廖建彰、李采娟、林瑞雄、宋鴻樟(2006)‧2000年台灣腦中風發生率與盛行率的城鄉差異‧臺灣公共衛生雜誌,25(3),223-230。
廖麗君、林昭宏、林瑞泰、劉景寬(1999)‧缺血性腦中風患者功能預後之影響因素‧中華民國物理治療學會雜誌,24(6),408-419。
劉宇菁(2008, 2008年2月11日)‧中風後漫漫復健路‧2012年3月10日取自 http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/8/2/4/n2001283.htm
劉家壽(2003)‧血液凝固異常與缺血性腦中風‧腦中風會訊,10(4),4-4。
劉栩含、梁佩蓉、王錦滿、林佩欣(2009)‧影響台灣中風病患三個月生活品質預後的相關因子‧物理治療,34(1),12。
劉雅文(2005)‧探討失能老人家庭選擇長期照護福利服務之決策過程-老人自主權之分析研究‧ 東吳大學,台北市。
劉雅芳、廖佩珊、白其卉(2009)‧住院醫療資源利用之研究-以缺血性腦中風為例‧ 醫療爭議審議報導,42,2-18。
劉嘉為(2004)‧研究新萌現的危險因子-代謝症候群-對腦中風疾病發生之影響與衝擊‧腦中風會訊,11(2),9-11。
蔡乃文(2009)‧血小板-白血球-血管內皮細胞的交互作用對急性缺血性腦中風之相關性研究‧國立中山大學,高雄市。
蔡文惠(2011)‧數位遠端自我管理計畫對腦中風病人成效之探討‧國立臺北護理健康大學,台北市。
蔡宜秀、孫明輝、洪麗珍、郭憲文(2008)‧影響某區域醫院缺血性腦中風初患病患住院醫療費用之相關因素‧Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine,13(3), 143-151。
蔡東華、林世鐸(2008)‧中臺灣地區高尿酸血症個體之代謝症候群盛行率‧內科學誌,19(4),325-330。
蔡淑真(2002)‧腦中風病人選擇長期照護方案之探討‧國立高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
鄭貴月、邱素真、孫漬官、葉淑惠、張谷州、陳廷耀等(2006) ‧台灣地區神經科醫護人員對美國國家衛生研究院腦中風評估量表之臨床應用,實證護理, 2(3),189-200。
鄭瑞貞(2009)‧肌無力症個案治療後失能狀況與生活品質及其相關因子之探討‧ 國立台北護理學院,台北市。
賴怡青(2008)‧影響首次腦中風病患日後死亡的因素─中風復發乃唯一替代終點?‧臺灣大學,台北市。
賴慧貞、張權維、連倚南(1992)‧Risk Factors in Chinese Young Strokes‧中華民國復健醫學會雜誌,(20),69-77。
戴玉慈、羅美芳(1996)‧身體功能評估的概念與量表‧護理雜誌,43(2),63-68。
戴秀好(2004)‧年輕型中風患者之壓力感受與因應行為及其相關因素探討‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
戴桂英(2007)‧中風出院病人後續醫療照護之研究‧臺灣大學,台北市。
鍾若男(2003)‧住院氣管造口病患家屬需求及其影響因素探討‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
簡立蓁(2006)‧影響再發性缺血性腦中風之因素研究‧國立陽明大學,台北市。
藍旻瑜、曾昱龍、張瓊之、高怡芬、張永義、陳偉熹等(2003)‧腦中風與蛋白C和蛋白S‧腦中風會訊,10(4),8-10。
顏文榮(2011)‧疾病嚴重度對台灣特定性腦血管疾患住院診斷關聯群之解釋力分析‧長榮大學,台南縣。
顏志軒、李秉穎、侯嘉殷、周友三、蔡正河(2005)‧急性心肌梗塞在系統性紅斑性狼瘡合併抗磷脂抗體症候群與嚴重性血小板低下症-一病例報告暨文獻回溯‧內科學誌,16(5),246-250。
顏秀紅(2009)‧中風後復健早期介入效果是否更好?‧ 國立陽明大學,台北市。
顏哲宏、林俊杰、張朝杰、彭成煌、湯玉英、林健群等(2000)‧應用中文化中風量表評估急性缺血性腦中風患找可信度之研究‧醫學研究,20(5 ),225-236。
蘇宗柏、陳思遠、王亭貴、王顏和、連倚南(2010)‧復健醫療服務之疾病分類研究:國內某醫學中心近期經驗‧臺灣復健醫學雜誌,38(4),229-236。
蘇哲能、張淑鳳(2003)‧腦中風重症照顧與血糖的控制‧腦中風會訊,10(3),12-13。
酈欽菁(2001)‧缺血性腦中風臨床路徑之發展與測試‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。

QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
無相關論文
 
1. 顏哲宏、林俊杰、張朝杰、彭成煌、湯玉英、林健群等(2000)‧應用中文化中風量表評估急性缺血性腦中風患找可信度之研究‧醫學研究,20(5 ),225-236。
2. 酈欽菁(2001)‧缺血性腦中風臨床路徑之發展與測試‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
3. 顏志軒、李秉穎、侯嘉殷、周友三、蔡正河(2005)‧急性心肌梗塞在系統性紅斑性狼瘡合併抗磷脂抗體症候群與嚴重性血小板低下症-一病例報告暨文獻回溯‧內科學誌,16(5),246-250。
4. 賴慧貞、張權維、連倚南(1992)‧Risk Factors in Chinese Young Strokes‧中華民國復健醫學會雜誌,(20),69-77。
5. 戴玉慈、羅美芳(1996)‧身體功能評估的概念與量表‧護理雜誌,43(2),63-68。
6. 戴秀好(2004)‧年輕型中風患者之壓力感受與因應行為及其相關因素探討‧國立台北護理學院,台北市。
7. 鄭貴月、邱素真、孫漬官、葉淑惠、張谷州、陳廷耀等(2006) ‧台灣地區神經科醫護人員對美國國家衛生研究院腦中風評估量表之臨床應用,實證護理, 2(3),189-200。
8. 蔡東華、林世鐸(2008)‧中臺灣地區高尿酸血症個體之代謝症候群盛行率‧內科學誌,19(4),325-330。
9. 蔡宜秀、孫明輝、洪麗珍、郭憲文(2008)‧影響某區域醫院缺血性腦中風初患病患住院醫療費用之相關因素‧Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine,13(3), 143-151。
10. 劉雅文(2005)‧探討失能老人家庭選擇長期照護福利服務之決策過程-老人自主權之分析研究‧ 東吳大學,台北市。
11. 劉栩含、梁佩蓉、王錦滿、林佩欣(2009)‧影響台灣中風病患三個月生活品質預後的相關因子‧物理治療,34(1),12。
12. 廖麗君、林昭宏、林瑞泰、劉景寬(1999)‧缺血性腦中風患者功能預後之影響因素‧中華民國物理治療學會雜誌,24(6),408-419。
13. 廖建彰、李采娟、林瑞雄、宋鴻樟(2006)‧2000年台灣腦中風發生率與盛行率的城鄉差異‧臺灣公共衛生雜誌,25(3),223-230。
14. 葉湘芬(2004)‧日常活動功能對老人出院後安療養院安置之影響‧長期照護雜誌, 8(2),164-177。
15. 楊登和、陳政宏(2009)‧災難性抗磷脂症候群‧內科學誌,20(4),335-343。