臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著高齡上網人口的增加，提供具有親和力的網頁(Accessibility Web)，應為當前網頁設計師需著重之課題。由於高齡族群無法表達對網頁介面的不適和需求，以致網頁設計師仍然缺乏對高齡上網族群的瞭解。本研究提出收集相關高齡工學之研究、可親性網頁設計指南以及高齡者對網頁介面設計之偏好，建立成為知識庫提供給網頁設計師，以輔助設計師建立適合高齡族群瀏覽的網頁介面。本研究更改進網頁親和力工具(Web Accessibility Tool)，提供所見即所得之選項，以便高齡者能針對本身需求做客製化之介面更改。此系統以線上網頁製作平臺為基礎架構並結合知識庫系統，傳遞網頁規範以及設計準則，提供介面樣板，並收集使用數據給予設計師參考。設計師建置網頁之後更能以網頁親和力工具做為前期之評估，藉以判斷經過工具調整後的網頁是否依然適合高齡者閱讀而進行修改。整體核心是幫助設計師創造及設計更具可親性的網頁介面為主要之目的，而使高齡者更有願意瀏覽網頁，並有較愉快的介面使用經驗。

To offer the accessibility Web interface should be an incumbent responsibility on Web designer while the population of senior Internet users is increasing in recently. Due to elder users unable to express their uncomfortableness and demands for facing Web interface, that cause the majority of Web designer still lacks the understanding of them. In addition, many senior website did not support the accessibility service for elder Internet users. Therefore, in this thesis we propose “Assistant” + “Accessibility” these two important concepts as the core of studying. In assistant aspect, first we present to collect the literatures of Gerontechnology and Web accessibility design guidelines become Knowledge Base System (KBS). Through the combination of KBS system with on line Web editor becomes a platform to provide the design criteria and Web template for web designer. Then, in accessibility aspect, this research improves the Web accessibility tool by offering the transparent selection for elder people which can adjust the Web interface with customization.

ABSTRACT (CHINESE) I
ABSTRACT II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (CHINESE) III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
TABLE OF CONTENT VI
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. MOTIVATION 1
1.2. OBJECTIVE 3
1.3. SCOPE 3
1.4. WORK PROCESS 4
1.5. OVERVIEW 6
2. BACKGROUND 7
2.1. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ELDER INTERNET USERS 7
2.1.1. The Internet Usage of Elder People 7
2.1.2. The Age Definition of the Elderly 9
2.1.3. Internet Experience of the Elder People 10
2.2. WEB DESIGN KNOWLEDGE 11
2.2.1. Web Design Process 11
2.2.2. Components Combination of Web Interface 15
2.3. ACCESSIBILITY IN SENIOR WEB DESIGN 19
2.3.1. Web Accessibility and Adaptation Design 19
2.3.1.1 Accessibility and Adaptable Web Design for Elder 19
2.3.1.2 Web Accessibility Design 19
2.3.2.3 Web Accessibility Tool and Adaptor 22
2.3.2. Web Design Guidelines 27
2.3.3. Legibility of Text-Color combinations of Elder 30
2.4. KNOWLEDGE-BASE DESIGN SUPPORT SYSTEM 32
2.4.1. Knowledge-based System 32
2.4.2. Design Guidelines in Knowledge-base System 35
3. METHODOLOGY 40
3.1. DESIGN PROBLEM 40
3.2. METHODOLOGY FLOW 40
3.3. KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION 41
3.3.1. Interview and Questionnaires 41
3.3.2. The Previous Experiment of Elder 46
3.3.3. The Collection from Reference 46
3.4. KNOWLEDGE CLASSIFICATION AND ORGANIZATION 47
3.4.1. The Classification and Description of Knowledge 47
3.4.2. Knowledge Expression and Index 49
3.5. WEB VALIDATOR RECOGNITION FRAMEWORK 55
3.5.1. Validator Recognition Structure 55
3.5.2. Checkpoint Transform to Rules 57
3.6. ESTABLISH KNOWLEDGE-BASE WEB DESIGN SYSTEM 61
4. THE PRE-TEST OF WEB ADAPTATION TECHNOLOGY 64
5. PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTATION 77
5.1. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 77
5.2. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT 78
5.3. SYSTEM INTERFACE 84
5.3.1. Web-based Accessibility Tool interface 84
5.3.2. Guidelines Knowledge-base Interface 85
5.3.3. AccPlus System Interface 88
5.4. SCENARIOS OF LIFE CYCLE WITH ELDER AND WEB DESIGNER IN ACCPLUS SYSTEM 90
6. SYSTEM EVALUATION 99
6.1. ELDER USER TEST 99
6.2. WEB DESIGNER USER TEST 103
7. CONCLUSION 105
REFERENCES 107
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR WEB DESIGNER 112
APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ELDER ADULTS 114
APPENDIX C: PRE-TEST OF WEB ADAPTATION TECHNOLOGY 117
APPENDIX D: WEB-BASE ACCESSIBILITY TOOL 119

1.Arase, Y., Maekawa, T., Hara, T., Uemukai, T. and Nishio, S., 2006, “A Web Browsing System based on Adaptive Presentation of Web Contents for Cellular Phones”, In Proceedings of the 2006 international cross-disciplinary workshop on Web accessibility (W4A), pp. 86-89.
2.Becker, S. A., 2004, “A Study of Web Usability for Older Adults Seeking Online Health Resources”, ACM Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction (TOCHI), vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 387-406.
3.Beier, B. and Vaughan, M. W., 2003, “The Bull’s-Eye: A Framework for Web Application User Interface Design Guidelines”, In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, pp. 489-496.
4.Ber, F. L., Chouvet, M. P., 1999, “An agent-based model for domain knowledge representation”, Data & Knowledge Engineering, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 147-161.
5.Bouma, H., Czaja, S. J., Umemuro, H., Rogers, W. A., Schulz, R. and Kurniawan, S. H., 2004, “Technology: A Means for Enhancing the Independence and Connectivity of Older People”, In Proceedings of CHI’04 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1580-1581.
6.Chadwick-Dias, A., McNulty, M. and Tullis, T., 2003, “Web Usability and Age: How Design Changes Can Improve Performance”, In Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Universal usability, pp. 30-37.
7.Chisholm, W., Vanderheiden, G. and Jacobs, I., 2001, “Web content accessibility guidelines 1.0”, interactions, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 35-54.
8.Czaja, S. J. and Lee, C. C., 2003, “Designing computer systems for older adults”, In J. Jacko and A. Sears, Eds. Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, NY, pp. 413 - 428.
9.Czaja, S. J. and Lee, C. C., 2007, “The Impact of Aging on Access to Technology”, Universal Access in the Information Society, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 341-349.
10.Department of Social Affairs, Ministry of Interior, 2007, “Elder Welfare”, http://www.moi.gov.tw/dsa/.
11.Deschamps, S. ,2003, “A Design Process Revealed”, http://www.stopdesign.com/articles/design_process/
12.eMarketer, 2002, “North America Online: Access, Demographics & Usage”, http://www.bus.umich.edu/KresgePublic/Journals/EmarketerReports/2002/North%20American%20Online%20Access,%20Demographics,%20and%20Usage%20February%202002.pdf.
13.eMarketer, 2005, “Seniors Online: How Aging Boomers Will Shake Up the Market”, http://www.emarketer.com/Report.aspx?seniors_jun05.
14.Faraday, P., 2005, “Visually Critiquing Web Pages, in Proceedings”, In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Human Factors & the Web, http://facweb.cs.depaul.edu/cmiller/faraday/Faraday.htm.
15.Fisk, A. D., Rogers, W. A., Charness, N., Czaja, S. J. and Sharit, J. 2004, “Designing for Older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors Approaches”, CRC Press.
16.Freedman, P. and Dijk, H. V., 2006, “A wider Web: Inclusive Web Typography for Low-vision” In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference for Universal Design.
17.Garrett J. J., 2005, “Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications”, http://www.adaptivepath.com/publications/essays/archives/000385.php
18.Gregor, P., Newell, A. F. and Zajicek, M., 2002, “Designing for Dynamic Diversity interfaces for older people”, In Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies, pp. 151-156.
19.Gunderson, J., 2004, “W3C user agent accessibility guidelines 1.0 for graphical Web Browsers”, Universal Access in the Information Society, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 38-47.
20.Hanson V. L., 2001, “Web Access for Elderly Citizens”, In Proceedings of the 2001 EC/NSF Workshop on Universal Accessibility of Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 14-18.
21.Hanson, L., Crayne, S., 2005, “Personalization of Web browsing: adaptations to meet the needs of older adults”, Universal Access in the Information Society, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 46-58.
22.Hanson, V. L., 2004, “The User Experience: Design and Adaptations”, ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, vol. 63, pp. 1-11.
23.Harrington, T. L. and Harrington, M. K., 2000, “Gerontechnology- Why and How”, Produced by Herman Bouma Foundation for Gerontechnology, Netherlands.
24.Hart, T. A., 2004, “Evaluation of Websites for Older Adults: How Senior Friendly are they?”, http://psychology.wichita.edu/surl/usabilitynews/61/older_adults.htm.
25.Hawthorne, D., 2000, “Possible implication of aging for interface designers”, Interacting with Computers, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 507-528.
26.Hsu, J. W., 2002, “Designing WWW User Interface for Older Adults”, Master Thesis, National Chiao Tung University of Communication Technology.
27.Huang, H. C., 2005, “Investigation of the Elder’s Image and Preference for the Web Color Combination”, Ming Chuan University of Design Management
28.IBM, 2006, AJAX Accessibility Overview, Becky Gibson, Web accessibility architect, http://www-03.ibm.com/able/resources/ajaxaccessibility.html#dynamic
29.Ivory, M. Y. and Hearst, M. A., 2002, “Improving web site design”, IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 56-63.
30.Ivory, M. Y. and Megraw, R., 2005, “Evolution of Web Site Design Patterns”, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 463-497.
31.Jacobs, I., Gunderson, J. and Hansen, E., 2002, “User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0”, http://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG10.
32.Kolodinsky, J., Cranwell, M. and Rowe, E., 2002, “Bridging the Generation Gap across the Digital Divide: Teens Teaching Internet Skills to Senior Citizens”, Journal of Extension, vol. 40, no. 3, http://www.joe.org/joe/2002june/rb2.html.
33.Kuniavsky, M., Raghavan, S., 2005, “Guidelines are a tool: building a design knowledge management system for programmers”, In Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Designing for User eXperience, vol. 135, no. 8, pp. 2-19.
34.Kurniawan, S. and Zaphiris, P., 2005, “Research-Derived Web Design Guidelines for Elder People”, In Proceedings of the 7th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, pp. 129-135.
35.Kurniawan, S. H., King, A., Evans, D. G., Blenkhorn P. L., 2006, “Personalising web page presentation for older people”, Interacting with Computers, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 457-477.
36.Lee, C. F., 2005, “Legibility of Text-Color Combinations of PDA for the Elderly”, Journal of Design, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1-12.
37.Lowe, D., Eklund, J., 2002, “Client Needs and the Design Process in Web Projects”, International Journal of Web Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, pp 23-36.
38.L�屳gren, J., Nordqvist, T., 1992, “Knowledge-based evaluation as design support for graphical user interfaces”, In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems CHI ''92, pp. 181-188.
39.Mariage, C., Vanderdonckt, J. and Chevalier, A., 2005, “Using the MetroWeb Tool to Improve Usability Quality of Web Sites”, In Proceedings of the Third Latin American Web Congress LA-WEB ''05, pp. 213-223.
40.Nesbitt, K. V., 2005, “Using Guidelines to assist in the Visualisation Design Process”, In Proceedings of the 2005 Asia-Pacific symposium on Information visualization, vol. 45, no. 17, pp. 115-123.
41.NIHSeniorHealth, 2007, “NIHSeniorHealth Home Page”, http://nihseniorhealth.gov
42.powerKNOW, 2008, “powerKNOW - Your Knowledge Retention Solution”, http://www.powerknow.com/com/index.htm
43.RDEC of the Executive Yuan, 2007, “Accessible Web Development Guidelines (AWDG)”, http://enable.nat.gov.tw/download/doc1.doc
44.RDEC of the Executive Yuan, 2008, Web Accessibility Service, http://enable.nat.gov.tw/index.jsp
45.Richards, J. T. and Hanson, V. L., 2004, “Web Accessibility: A Broader View”, In Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web, New York, New York, USA, pp. 72-79.
46.s and Virtual Storytelling”, In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM symposium on Applied computing, pp. 39-44.
47.SeniorWeb.nl, 2007, “Ontdek internet met SeniorWeb”, http://www.seniorweb.nl
48.Speel, P., Schreiber, A. Th., Joolingen, W. van, Heijst, G. J. and Beijer, G., 2001, “Conceptual Modelling for Knowledge Based Systems”, Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker Inc, pp. 1-24.
49.Statistics Finland, 2005, “User proportion of the Internet has grown steadily”, http://www.stat.fi/til/sutivi/2005/sutivi_2005_2006-06-12_tie_001_en.html.
50.Stefan, T. M., 1997, “Knowledge-Based, Automatic Generation of Educational Web Pages”, In Proceedings of RILW Conference.
51.Sumner, T., Bonnardel, N. and Kallak, B. H., 1997, “The Cognitive Ergonomics of Knowledge-Based Design Support Systems”, In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp. 83-90.
52.Sun, 2008, “JavaServer Pages Overview”, http://java.sun.com/products/jsp/overview.html
53.Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC), 2007, “Internet Broadband Usage in Taiwan”, http://www.twnic.net.tw/download/200307/200307index.shtml.
54.Tang, M. X., 1997, “A knowledge-based architecture for intelligent design support”, The Knowledge Engineering Review, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 387-406.
55.Tarau, P. and Figa, E., 2004, “Knowledge-Based Conversational Agent
56.Usability.gov, 2006, “Research-Based Web Design & Usability Guidelines”, http://www.usability.gov/pdfs/guidelines.html
57.W3C, 2007, “Essential Components of Web Accessibility”, http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/components.php
58.W3C, 2007, “Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0” http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/.
59.Web design from scratch, 2006, “The complete no-nonsense guide to designing web sites”, http://www.webdesignfromscratch.com/web_design_process.cfm
60.Wikipedia, 2007, “CSS”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS.
61.Yahoo, 2008, “Yahoo Home”, http://tw.yahoo.com/
62.Yeh, C. P., 2006, “Chinese web interface for older adults”, Master Thesis, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Taiwan.
63.Yoshidaa, T., Watanabeb, M. and Nishidab, S., 2006, “An image based design support system for web page design”, International Journal of Knowledge-based and Intelligent Engineering Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 201-212.
64.Zaphiris, P., Ghiawadwala, M. and Mughal, S., 2005, “Age-centered Research-Based Web Design Guidelines”, In Proceedings of CHI’05 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1897-1900.