臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自來水加氯消毒可以有效的不活化水中大部分的微生物，氯的殘留效果在配水管網中也可以減少微生物再生長及生物膜的形成。但是隨著配水管線的距離拉長、滯留的時間增加，水中的餘氯濃度會漸漸的下降，而原本被抑制的微生物便可能利用水中微量的有機物質再生長及生成生物膜。微生物再生長及生物膜的形成都可能導致水質惡化，包括臭味及顏色的形成、管壁的破損、微生物的增生等等。一直以來消毒副產物的研究都專注於消毒劑與水中天然有機質的反應，但加氯消毒過程是一連串消毒劑與水中微生物的反應，所以來自於微生物的消毒副產物是必須受到關注的議題。
本研究藉由金門配水管網沿線家戶採樣了解水質隨管線距離的變化情形，並比較自來水廠出水、家戶直接供水自來水(未經水塔)以及經家戶水塔後自來水水質來探討自來水流經不同地點的水質變化，亦可以了解家戶水塔是否也為一個重要的生物膜生成處及對消毒副產物前質的貢獻。最後，本研究設計生物膜培養器具安裝於金門太湖自來水廠以了解不同管線或水塔材質對生物膜生成的影響，並了解生物膜與水中的天然有機質所產生的消毒副產物的不同。
金門地區由於原水水質較差，自來水中餘氯自太湖水廠出水到第一個採樣點之間多已消耗殆盡，且可以發現隨著自來水在管網中流動距離增加，水中鹵乙酸濃度呈現下降的趨勢；因為鹵乙酸為微生物可分解物質，顯示配水距離拉長又沒有餘氯的狀況下配水管網中的微生物再生的可能性。流經水塔水質變化也可以看出相類似的結果，顯示水塔內也有微生物再生長或生物膜形成。經過三個月的生物膜培養可發現隨著培養時間增加，生物膜上異營性細菌有增加的趨勢。運用螢光光譜儀定性有機物質，顯示來自於生物膜的有機質偏向於芳香族蛋白質，而水中有機質則偏向腐植酸及黃酸。消毒副產物生成潛能測試結果顯示生物膜所產生的消毒副產物主要為三鹵甲烷，有別於文獻顯示來自生物的有機質產生的消毒副產物偏向鹵乙酸之結果，可能是因為生物膜除了微生物外還有許多其他有積物質附著於生物膜上，而先前研究也指出不同的微生物會產生不同胞外聚合物質而生成不同的消毒副產物。

It is well known that chlorine can inactivate most of the microorganisms in water, and the residual chlorine in water distribution system can prevent the microorganisms regrowth and biofilm formation. However, with the increase of travel distance and residence time in the distribution systems, the residual chlorine will decrease and microorganisms may regrowth and biofilm will be formed, which will deteriorate the water quality. Most research related to disinfection byproducts (DBPs) focused on the reactions between the disinfectant and natural organic matters (NOMs), only little information available concerning the reactions between disinfectants and microorganisms and biofilm. This study intend to assess the DBPs formation from biofilms, samples were collected from the water distribution systems of Tai-Hu Water Treatment Plant and a biofilm culture device installed in Tai-Hu Water Treatment Plant to assess the characteristics of DBPs formation from biofilms.
Results showed that there is not enough residual chlorine remained in water samples collected from distribution systems. With the increased water travel distance in the distribution systems, the concentration of haloacetic acids (HAAs) decreased; which means that there were microorganism regrowth since HAAs are biodegradable. The results were the same for tap water samples flew through the household water storage tanks. After biofilm was cultured for three months, the results showed that the heterotrophic microorganisms increased with the increased contact time. Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEMs) analysis of samples from biofilm showed that the organic matters from biofilm were mostly aromatic proteins, and the organic matters from distribution system water were mainly humic acid and fulvic acid. Results of the DBPs formation potential tests showed that the DBPs produced from reactions between chlorine and biofilms were trihalomethanes (THMs), which is not consistent with other studies. A possible explanation is that there are many other organic matters in the biofilms and different microorganisms may produce different extracellularpolymeric substances (EPS), which lead to formation of different DBPs.

中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………….Ⅰ
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..Ⅱ
Contents………………………………………………………………………………..Ⅲ
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………Ⅴ
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………..Ⅵ
Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………...1
Chapter 2 Literature review…………………………………………………………...3
2.1 Microorganism in water distribution system (WDS)……………………….3
2.2 The factors influence microorganism regrowth and biofilm formation…..5
2.2.1 Organic matters………………………………………………………....5
2.2.2 Residual chlorine…………………………………………………….….8
2.2.3 Temperature……………………………………………………………..9
2.2.4 Material of pipelines………………………………………...…………10
2.3 The influence of biofilm formation to water quality………………………12
2.4 Disinfection byproducts formation from biofilm…………………………..13
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………...15
3.1 Sampling Plan………………………………………………………………..15
3.2 Sampling Sites………………………………………………………………..16
3.3 Analytical method……………………………………………………………19
3.3.1 Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis…………………………….19
3.3.2Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) analysis…………………………...20
3.3.3 Trihalomathanes (THMs), haloketones (HKs), haloacetonitriles
(HANs) and trichloronitromathane (TCNM) analysis………………….24
3.3.4 Haloacetic acids (HAAs) analysis……………………………………..27
3.3.5 Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) analysis - Smear method…………...31
3.3.6 Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEMs)……………………31
Chapter 4 Result and discussion……………………………………………………..32
4.1 DBPs concentrations along the water distribution system………………..32
4.1.1 Water quality parameters of Kinmen water distribution system………32
4.1.2 Variation on the concentrations of DBPs along the distribution
systems………………………………………………………………….34
4.1.3 The variations of concentrations of DBPs in DBPFP tests……………37
4.2 Comparisons of household tap water DBPs concentrations………………40
4.2.1 The variations of DBPs concentrations in household tap water………40
4.2.2 The variations of DBPFPs in household tap water……………………42
4.3 Comparisons of the characteristics of DBPs formation from biofilm and
NOMs………………………………………………………………………..44
4.3.1 The influence of coupon material on biofilm formation……………….44
4.3.2 Characteristics of organic matters of water and biofilm………………47
4.3.3 The variation of DBPFPs concentrations and species distribution
between DBPs from water and biofilm…………………………………48
Chapter 5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………50 Reference………………………………………………………………………………52

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