臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本試驗首先探討熱風處理對椪柑腐爛的影響，椪柑果實經接種綠黴菌孢子後以40℃熱風處理1日以上或以35℃熱風處理2日以上皆可有效控制腐爛的發生；若在椪柑果實在熱風處理後進行青黴菌孢子接種，果實的腐爛並沒有因熱處理而減少，顯示台灣產之椪柑，在熱風處理下，對腐爛的抑制效果，可能是直接對病原菌熱致死的作用，而非經由熱處理以提升果實抗菌能力的途徑。
另外，本試驗亦調查部分柑桔類在熱風處理下，其糖度、可滴定酸及糖酸比之變化。在明尼桔柚、豔陽柑、柳橙、臍橙、檸檬及葡萄柚等種類，在熱風處理下，可滴定酸皆有減少的現象，以40℃處理3日者為例，明尼桔柚減少10%、豔陽柑減少21%、柳橙減少27%、臍橙減少17%、檸檬減少9%及葡萄柚減少10%、而熱風處理對糖度的影響較小，故上述品種皆可因熱風處理而提升其果汁之糖酸比。但椪柑果實在熱風處理中可滴定酸雖有下降的趨勢，但效果不明顯。可滴定酸的下降可能由於熱風處理期間呼吸率大幅上升，而有機酸作為呼吸基質所造成。
柳橙以35℃熱風處理2天後，於25℃下通風貯藏30天後，結果顯示：經熱風處理者其綠黴菌引起的腐爛確有減少的趨勢，但蒂腐病卻比對照組者高，所以在總腐爛率方面，則熱風處理與對照組一樣。
本試驗之目的在於探討香蕉溫湯處理後抑制生理斑點發生之機制，‘北蕉’香蕉在53℃溫湯處理5分鐘，可明顯抑制生理斑點之發生。由於溫湯處理對於整個果實乙烯釋放率並沒有促進的效果，反而會降低果皮乙烯釋放率且降低果實組成間乙烯濃度，所以溫湯處理可能不是因促進乙烯大量生合成而由乙烯抑制生理斑點之發生。生理斑點的出現是一種果皮褐化現象，而和褐化有關的酵素如多酚氧化酵素及其基質酚類化合物，皆不因熱處理而有明顯的變化，故溫湯處理並非由抑制多酚氧化酵素或降低酚類化合物含量以減少褐化現象，但另一種酵素─過氧化酵素活性可因熱處理而下降，所以其褐化上所扮演的角色，值得進一步探討。由離子滲漏率、果實組織內氣體濃度及直接由細微構造觀察，果皮在溫湯處理後其對物質的通透性明顯增加，可能因此使果肉形成促成生理斑點發生的物質不易在果皮上累積，而抑制生理斑點的發生。

First, we explored the effects of hot-air treatments on the spoilage of ‘Ponkan’ fruits. The results showed that the effective control of spoilage could be affected by subjecting the green mold spore inoculated fruits either to 40℃ hot air for more than one day or to 35℃ hot air for more than two days. No favorable results could be obtained when blue mold spore inoculated fruits were treated under the same conditions. The data indicated that heat treatments killed the spores of the mold rather than improve the resistant capability of the fruits.
In addition, we studied the impacts of hot-air treatments on the sugar contents, titratable acids and sugar/acids of some of Citrus spp. fruits. Hot-air treatments were found ,with the exception of ‘Ponkan’ mandrin, to diminish the amount of titratable acids of ‘Minneola’ tangelo, ‘Sunburst’ tangelo, ‘Liu Cheng’ orange, ‘Navel’ orange, lemon and ‘Ruby’ grapefruit. Taking the 40℃, 3-days experiment for example, the titratable acids in ‘Minneola’ tangelo, ‘Sunburst’ tangelo, ‘Liu Cheng’ orange, ‘Navel’ orange, ‘Eureka’ Lemon and ‘Ruby’ grapefruit were lowered by 10%, 21%, 27%, 17%, 9% and 10% respectively. However, similar treatments only caused minimal changes in the sugar contents of these fruits. The sugar to acid ratio in the juices of the above said cultivars, therefore, could be upgraded simply by heat treatments. The drop of titratable acids might be the result of drastic elevation of their respiration rate, which consumed the acids as substrates in the process.
The orange that was subjected to two-days, 35℃, hot-air treatments followed by storing at 25℃ for 30 days in an air room tended to be better off than that of the controls in terms of the damage caused by the green mold. But, on the other hand, the risk of getting stem-end rot was quite high. In general, as far as the total spoilage rate is concern, there is no much difference between the hot air treated sets and the controls.
The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the mechanism of actions of inhibition of senescent spots of banana after hot water (53℃) treatment.
Banana after treatment for 5 minutes inhibited the development of senescent spots significantly. However the treatment failed to stimulate but reduced the release of ethylene from the banana fruits. Thus it seemed unlikely that the 53℃ water treatment could enhance ethylene biosynthesis or lead to the inhibition of the spotting problem.
Spotting is a physiological disorder of peel browning during ripening. Some of the enzymes related to the browning phenomenon such as polyphenol oxidase whose activity was not affected by the water treatment seemed to rule out the possibilities of involving in the browning process. But one other browning-related enzyme, peroxidase, which was reduced in activity by the warm water treatment served to show the likelihood of involving in the development of spotting and its role in the browning merit further investigation.
According to the experiments of ion leakage, gas concentration in the fruit tissues and unltrastructure of fruits, the permeability of fruit peel was significantly increased after the water treatment. This may reduce the possibility of accumulation of brown pigments in the banana peel and prevent the senescent spots from occurring.

目錄
頁次
序言…………………………………………….…….. 1
第一單元 前人研究…………………………….…… 2
一.熱處理之方法…………………………………………. 2
二.熱處理抑制果實採收後之腐爛………………………. 3
三.熱處理對果實寒害之影響……………………………. 5
四.熱處理對果實後熟及品質之影響……………………. 6
第二單元 熱風處理對柑桔類品質之影響…….…… 9
中文摘要………………………………………………….. 9
英文摘要………………………………………………….. 10
壹.前言……………………………………………………. 11
貳.前人研究………………………………………………. 12
參.材料與方法……………………………………………. 20
肆.結果……………………………………………………. 25
伍.討論……………………………………………………. 31
第三單元 溫湯處理對香蕉生理斑點之影響….…… 50
中文摘要………………………………………………….. 50
英文摘要………………………………………………….. 51
壹.前言……………………………………………………. 52
貳.前人研究………………………………………………. 53
參.材料與方法……………………………………………. 60
肆.結果……………………………………………………. 65
伍.討論……………………………………………………. 70
參考文獻……………………………………….…….. 87

參考文獻
方祖達、范念慈、張國良。1976。台灣椪柑品質之調查（一）中部產區椪柑品質之分析。中國園藝 22：1-12。
方祖達、張國良、區少梅、林國明。1977。台灣椪柑品質之調查（二）北區產椪柑品質與結果枝長短之關係。中國園藝 23：57-69。
宇國勝。1981。柑桔青黴病菌之抗藥性研究。植保會刊23：193-199。
呂明雄。1977。Benzimidazole殺菌劑與Curing 對椪柑貯藏之影響。中國園藝23：302-307。
李堂察、林芳存、童伯開、呂明雄。1987。柳橙綠黴病藥劑控制改進之研究。中國園藝 33：132-138。
林慧玲。1997。番石榴果實後熟生理之研究。國立台灣大學園藝研究所博士論文 pp255。
林學正、黃肇家、鍾玉燕。1983。柑桔伸縮包裝貯藏之研究(一)。中國園藝 29：120-131。
柯立祥。1987。台灣香蕉採收後生理之研究。國立台灣大學園藝研究所博士論文pp. 318。
柯立祥、柯定芳。1980。香蕉催熟之研究(二)提高催熟溫度與減低乙烯用量對香蕉催熟效果之影響。中華農學會報 新112：36-42。
柯立祥、蔡平里。1988。香蕉後熟過程，果皮與果肉之ACC含量及EFE活性變化與乙烯產生之關係。中華農學會報 新143：48-59。
茅林春、王陽光、張上隆。2000。熱處理延緩桃果實的採後冷害。浙江大學學報(農學與生命科學版) 26：137-140。
孫守恭。1988。植物病理學通論。藝軒圖書出版社。p.325-346。
梁淑惠。2003。短波長紫外線在採收後柑桔類果實之防腐應用。國立台灣大學園藝研究所碩士論文 pp.91。
區少梅、陳淑莉。1993。椪柑品質之官能與物理化學分析。中國園藝 39：99-113。
陳自珍。1986。食品酵素學。復文書局出版。p.240-250。
陳紹光。1989。柑桔保鮮貯藏食用技術。福州。p28-46。
張粲如、陳貴、蔡平里。1974。柑桔品質之研究.結果枝之長短與果實品質之關係。中國園藝 20：273-277。
張為憲、張永和、李敏雄、張基郁、呂政義、顏國顏、陳怡宏、林志城、陳昭雄、林慶文、孫璐西。1995。食品化學。p.200-203。
歐利葉、彭永宏、李玲、潘瑞熾。 1998。熱空氣處理對香蕉果實生理變化的影響。園藝學報25：139-142。
蔡竹固。1990。柑桔病害防治。嘉義農專園藝學報 20：1-13。
蔡雲鵬。1976。椪柑果實採收前噴藥及採收後浸藥處理試驗。台灣香蕉研究所關西柑桔試驗場試驗報告 p5。
蔡雲鵬。1983。柑桔保護手冊。p30-32。
蔡嘉祐。1995。香蕉果實ACC oxidase之抽取部分純化及其生化特性。國立台灣大學園藝學研究所碩士論文 pp.123。
蔣明南。1970。香蕉密封包裝乙烯吸收劑之研究。中國園藝 5：14-22。
劉富文、潘靜慧、薛淑滿、洪紫馨。1998a。採收成熟度及貯藏溫度與椪柑貯藏壽命之影響。中國園藝 44：239-252。
劉富文、潘靜慧、洪紫馨。1998b。採收日期及貯藏溫度對桶柑品質及耐貯藏力之影響。中國園藝 44：253-263。
劉富文、薛淑滿、洪紫馨。2001a。貯藏溫度與套袋方法對椪柑、桶柑貯藏損失及貯藏後品質之影響。中國園藝47：383-390。
劉富文、薛淑滿、洪紫馨。2001b。依日曆或果實著色率判斷貯藏用椪柑之採收適期。中國園藝47：377-382.。
謝豐國。2002。植物檢疫防疫之研究I.水果檢疫。http://www. tactri. gov. tw/htdocs/project/proj35-2.htm。
謝慶昌。1980。愛文芒果後熟生理與採收後處理之研究。國立台灣大學園藝研究所博士論文 p313。
謝慶昌。1997。溫湯處理對香蕉生理斑點之影響。國立中興大學台中夜間部學報 3：519-531。
謝慶昌、林慧玲、林榮貴、陳淑娟、馮詩蘋。1999。溫度與‘平核無’柿果酒精脫澀及軟化之關係。中國園藝 46：45-54.
Allan, B. W. 1997. Reduction of chilling injury in stored ‘Hass’ avocado fruit by 38℃ water treatments. HortScience 32：1247-1251.
Antunes, M. D. C. and E. M. Sfakiotakis. 2000.Effect of high temperature stress on ethylene biosynthesis, respiration and ripening of ‘Hayward’kiwifruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 20 : 251-259.
Atta-Aly, M. A. 1992. Effect of high temperature on ethylene biosynthesis by tomato fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2：19-24.
Barkai-Golan, R. and D. J. Phillips. 1991. Postharvest heat treatment of fresh fruits and vegetable for decay control. Plant Dis.75：1085-1089.
Ben-Yehoshua, S., B. Shapiro, and R. Moran. 1987. Individual seal-packaging enables the use of curing at high temperatures to reduce decay and heal injury of citrus fruit. Hortscience 22: 777-783.
Ben-Yehoshua, S., V. Rodov, D. Q. Fang, and J. J. Kim. 1995. Preformed antifungal compounds of citrus fruit : Effect of postharvest treatment with heat and growth regulators. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43 : 1062-1066.
Ben-Yehoshua, S., V. Rodov, J. J. Kim, and S. Carmeli. 1992. Preformed and induced antifungal materials of citrus fruits in relation to the enhancement of decay resistance by heat and ultraviolet treatments. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40: 1217-1221.
Burnette, F. S. 1997. Peroxidase and its relationship to food flavor and quality: a review. J. Food Sci. 42：1-5.
Caccioni, D. R. L., M. Guizzardi., D. M. Biondi, A. Renda, and G. Ruberto. 1998. Relationship between volatile components of citrus fruits essential oils and antimicrobial action on Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum International. J. of Food Microbiology 43：73-79.
Cano, P., M. A. Marin, and C. Fuster. 1989. Effect of some thermal treatments on polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities of banana(Musa cavendishii, var enana). J. Sci. Food Agric. 51：223-231.
Cano, P., M. A. Marin, and C. Fuster. 1990. Effect of some thermal treatments on ployphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities of banana. J. Sci. Food Agric.51：223-231.
Chang, W. H. and Y. J. Hwang. 1990. Effect of ethylene treatment on the ripening, polyphenoloxidase activity and water-soluble tannin content of Taiwan northern banana at different maturity stages and stability of banana polyphenoloxidase. Acta Horticulturae 275：603-610.
Dominguez, M. and M. Vendrell. 1993. Effect of ethylene biosynthesis in banana fruit：evolution of EFE activity and ACC levels in peel and pulp during ripeing.: J. Hort. Sci. 68：167-177.
Dominguez, M. and M. Vendrell. 1994. Effect of ethylene treatment on ethylene production, EFE activity and ACC levels in peel and pulp of banana fruit. Postarvest Biol. Technol. 4: 167-177.
Eaks, I. L. 1978. Ripening, respiration, and ethylene production of ‘Hass’ avocado fruits at 20℃to 40℃. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103：576-578.
Eckert, J. W. and M. Ratnayake. 1994. Role of volatile compounds from wounded oranges in induction of germination of Penicillium digitatum conidia. Phytopathology 84：746-750.
Fallik, E., S. Grinberg, S. Alkalai, O. Yekutieli, A. Wiseblum, R. Regev, H. Beres, and E. Bar-Lev. 1999. A unique rapid hot water treatment to improve storage quality of sweet pepper. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 15 : 25-32.
Fajardo, J. E., T. G. McCollum, R. E. McDonald, and R. T. Mayer. 1998. Differential induction of proteins in orange favedo by biologically based elicitors and challenged by Penicillium digitatum Sacc.. Biological Control 13：143-151.
Florissen, P., J. S. Ekman, C. Blumenthal, W. B. McGlasson, J. Conroy, and P. Holford. 1996. The effects of short heat-treatments on the induction of chilling injury in avocado fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 8 : 129-141.
Forney, C. F. and M. A. Jordan. 1998. Induction of volatile compounds in broccoli by postharvest hot-water dips. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46：5295-5301.
Forney, C. F. M. A. Jordan, K. U. K. G. Nicholas, and J. R. DeEll. 2000. Volatile emissions and chlorophyll fluorescence as indicators of freezing injury in apple fruit. HortSciene 35：1283-1287.
Galeazzi, M. A. M. and V. C. Sgarbieri. 1981. Substrate specificity and inhibition of polyphenoloxidase from dwarf variety of banana(Musa Cavendishii, L.). J. Food Sci. 46：1404-1409.
Golding, J.B., D. Shearer, W. B. McGlasson, and S. G. Wyllie. 1999. Relationships between respiration, ethylene, and aroma production in ripening banana. J. Agric. Food chem. 47：1646-1651.
Golomb, B., S. Ben-Yehoshua, and Y. Saring. 1984. High density polyethylene wrap enhances wound healing and lengthens shelf life of grapefruit. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sic. 109：155-159.
Gonzalez-Aguilar, G. A., L. Zacarias, M. Mulas, and M. T. Lafuente. 1997. Temperature and duration of water dips influence chilling injury, decay and polyamine content in ‘Fortune’ mandarins. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 12：61-69.
Gooding, P. S., C. Brid, S. P. Robinson. 2001. Molecular along and characterization of bananas fruit polyphenol oxidase. Planta 2001.213：748-757.
Haard, N. F., and C. L. Tobin. 1971. Patterns of soluble peroxdiase in ripening banana fruit. J. Food Sci. 36：854-857.
Hewage, K. S., H. Wainwright, Y. Luo, and S. Lanka. 1995. Effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on banana ripening. J. Hort. Sci. 70：51-55.
Inaba, M. and K. Chachin. 1989. High temperature stress and mitochomdrial activity of harvested mature green tomatoes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114：809-814.
Jacobi, K. K. and D. Gowanlock. 1995. Ultrastructural studies of ‘Kensigton’ mango(Mangifera indica Linn.) heat injuries. HortScience 30：102-103.
Jacobi, K. K., L. S. Wong, and J. E. Giles. 1996. Postharvest quality of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) following high humidity hot air disinfestation treatments and cool storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol.7：309-316.
Kanazawa, N. and H. Sakakibara. 2000. High content of dopamine, a strong antioxidant, in Cavendish banana. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:844-848.
Kim, J. J., S. Ben-Yehoshua, B. Shapiro, Y. Henis, and S. Carmeli. 1991. Accumulation of scoparone in heat-treatment lemon fruit inoculated with Penicillium digitatum Sacc. Plant Physiol 97: 880-885.
Kimmerer, T. W. and T. T. Kozlowski. 1982. Ethylene, ethane, acetaldehyde, and ethanol production by plants under stress. Plant Physiol. 68：840-847.
Klein, J. D. and S. Lurie. 1992. Heat treatments for improved postharvest quality of horticultural crops. HortTechnology 2：316-320.
Klein, J. D. and S. Lurie. 1992. Prestorage heating of apple fruits enhanced postharvest quality：Interaction of time and temperature. HortScience. 27：326-328.
Liu, W. F. 1976. Ethylene inhibition of senescent spots on ripe bananas. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101: 684-686.
Liu, X., S. Shiomi., A. Nakatsuka, Y. Kubo, R. Nakamura, and A. Inaba. 1999. Characterization of ethylene biosynthesis associated with ripening in banana fruit. Plant Physiol. 121: 1257-1265.
Lurie, S. and J. D. Klein. 1990. Heat treatment of apple：Differential effects on physiology and biochemistry. Physiol. Plant. 78：181-186.
Lowry, O.H., N.J. Roseborough, A.L. Farr, and R.J. Rondall. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-Phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275.
Lurie, S. 1998a. Postharvest heat treatments. Postharvest Biol. Technol.14：257-269.
Lurie, S. 1998b. Postharvest heat treatments of horticultural crops. Horticultural Reviews 22：91-121.
Lurie, S., E. Fallik, A. Handros, and R. Shapira. 1997. The possible involvement of peroxidase in resistance to Botrytis cinerea in heat treated tomato fruit. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 50 : 141-149.
Lurie, S., S. Othman, and A. Borochov. 1995. Effect of heat treatment on plasma membrane of apple fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 5：29-38.
McCollum, T. G., H. Doostdar, R. T. Mayeer, R. E. McDonald. 1995. Immersion of cucumber fruit in heated water alters chilling induced physiological changes. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 6：55-64.
McDonald, R. E., T. G. McCollum, and E. A. Baldwin. 1996. Prestorage heat treatments influence free sterols and flavor volatiles of tomato stored at chilling treatment. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.121 : 531-536.
McDonald, R. E., W. R. Miller, and T. G. McCollum. 1991. Thiabendazole and imazalil applied at 53℃ reduce chilling injury and decay of grapefruit. HortScience 26：397-399.
McGuire, R. G. and W. F. Reeder. 1992. Predicting marking quality of grapefruit after hot air quarantine treatment. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117：90-95.
McMurchie, E. J., W. B. McGlasson, and I. L. Eaks. 1972. Treatment of fruits with propylene gives information about the biogensis of ethylene. Nature 237：235-236.
Montgomery, M. W. and V. C. Sgarbieri. 1975. Isoenzymes of banana polyphenol oxidase. Phytochemistry 14：1245-1249.
Nafussi, B., S. Ben-Yehoshua, V. Rodov, J. Peretz, B. K. Ozer, and G. D’hallewin. 2001. Mode of action of hot-water dip in reducing decay of lemon fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 107-113.
Palou, L., J. Usall, J. A. Munoz, and J. L. Smilanick. 2002. Hot water, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate for the control of postharvest green and blue molds of ‘clementine’ mandarins. Postharvest Biol. Technol.24：93-93.
Pesis, E. and R. Marinansky. 1990. Volatile production induced by Penicillium digitatum in orange fruit and in culture. J. Phytopathology. 128：306-314.
Plumbley, R. A., D. Prusky, and I. Kobiler. 1993. The effect of hot-water treatment on the levels of antifungal diene and quiescence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in avocado fruits. Plant Pathology. 42 : 116-120.
Porat, R., A. Daus, B. Weiss, L. Cohen, E. Fallik, and S. Droby. 2000a. Reduction of posthavest decay in organic citrus fruit by a short hot water brushing treatment. Postharvest Biol. Technol.18 : 151-157.1
Porat, R., D. Pavoncello, G. Ben-Hayyim, and S. Luire. 2002. A heat treatment induced the expression of a Na+ / H+ antiport gene (cNHX1) in citrus fruits. Plant Science 162：957-963.
Porat, R., D. Pavoncello, J. Peretz, B. Weiss, A. Daus, L.Cohen, S. Ben-Yehodhua, E. Fallik, S. Droby, and S. Lurie. 2000b. Induction of resistance to Penicillium digitaum and chilling injury in‘Star Ruby’grapefruit by a short hot-water rinse and brushing treatmnet. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 75 : 428-432.
Porat, R., D. Pavoncello, J. Peretz, S. Ben-Yehoshua, and S. Lurie. 2000c. Effects of various heat treatments on the induction of cold tolerance and on the postharvest qualities of‘Star Ruby’grapefruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 18 : 159-165.
Reyes, P. and B. S. Luh. 1960. Characteristics of browning enzymes in ‘Fay Elberta’ freestone peachs. Food Technol. 14：570-575.
Rodov, V., S. Ben-Yehoshua, D. Q. Fang, J. J. Kim, and R. Ashkenazi. 1995a. Preformed antifungal compounds of lemon fruit: citral and its relation to disease resistance. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 1057-1061.
Rodov, V., S. Ben-Yehoshua, R. Albagli, and D. Q. Fang. 1995b. Reducing chilling injury and decay of stored citrus fruits by hot water dips. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 5：119-127.
Roy, S., W. S. Conway, A. E. Watada, C. E. Sams, E. F. Erbe, and W. P. Wergin. 1994. Heat treatment affects epicuticular wax structure and postharvest calcium uptake in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. HortScience 29：1056-1058.
Sabehat, A., S. Lurie, and D. Weiss.1998. Expression of small heat-shock proteins at low temperatures. Plant Physiol. 117：651-658.
Schirra, M., D’hallewin G., P. Cabras, A. Angioni, S. Ben-Yehoshua, and S. Lurie. 2000. Chilling injury and residue uptake in cold stored ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit following thiabendazole and imazalil dip treatments at 20℃ and 50℃. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 20：91-98.
Schirra, M., M. Agabbio, G. D’hallewin, M. Pala, and R. Ruggiu. 1997. Response of ‘Tarocco’ oranges to picking date, postharvest hot water dips, and chilling storage temperature. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45：3216-3220.
Shellie, K. C. and R. L. Mangan. 1994. Posthavest quality of ‘Valencia’ orange after exposure to hot, moist, forced air for fruit fly disinfestation. HortScience 29：1524-1527.
Smilanick, J. L., B. E. Mackey, J. Usall, and D. A. Margosan. 1997a. Influence of concentration of soda ash, temperature, and immersion period on the of postharvest green mold of oranges. Plant Dis. 81：379-382.
Smilanick, J. L., D. A. Margosan, and D. J. Henson. 1995. Evaluation of heated solutions of sulfur dioxide, ethanol, and hydrogen peroxide to control postharvest green mold of lemons. Plant Dis. 79：742-747.
Smilanick, J. L., I. F. Michael, M. F. Mansour, D. A. Margosan, and C. F. Weist. 1997b. Improved control of green mold of citrus with imazalil in warn water compared wuth its use in wax. Plant Dis. 81：1299-1304.
Song, J., L. Fan, C. F. Forney, and M. A. Jordan. 2001. Using volatile emissions and chlorophyll fluorescence as indicators of heat injury in apples. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 126：771-777.
Stange, R. R., S. L. Midland, J. J. Sims, and T. G. McCollum. 2002. Differential effects of citrus peel extracts on growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, and P. expansum. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 61：303-311.
Verlinden, S. and W. R. Woodson. 1998. The physiological and molecular responses of carnation flowers to high temperature. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 14：158-192.
Wea, C. W. and H. Charley. 1974. Enzymatic browning of ripening bananas. J. Food Sci. 39：1200-1202.
Wilson,C. L.,Ghaouth, E. Chalutz, S. Droby, C. Steven, J.Y. Lu, V. Khan, and J. Arul. 1994. Potential of induced resistance to control postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetable. Plant Dis. 78: 837-844.
Woolf, A. B., S. Ball, K. J. Spooner, M. Lay-Yee, I. B. Ferguson, C. B. Watkins, A. Gunson, and S. J. Forbes. 1997. Reduction of chilling in the sweet persimmon ‘Fuyu’ during storage by dry air heat treatments. Postharvest Biol. Technol.11：155-164.
Yang, S. F. and N. E. Hoffman. 1984. Ethylene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plant. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35：155-189.
Yang, C. P., S. Fujita, MD Ashrafuzzaman, N Nakamura, and N. Hayashi. 2000. Purification and characterization of ployphenol oxidase from banana(Musa sapientum L.) pulp. J. Agric Food Chem. 48：2732-2735.
Yang, C. P., S. Fujita, K. Kohno, A. Kusubayashi, MD Ashrafuzzaman, and N. Hayashi. 2001. Partial purification and characterization of ployphenol oxidase from banana(Musa sapientum L.) peel. J. Agric Food Chem. 49：1446-1449.
Yang, S. F. 1985. Biosynthesis and action of ethylene. HortScience 20：41-45.
Yu, Y. B., D. O. Adams, and S. F. Yang. 1980. Inhibition of ethylene production by 2,4-dintrophenol and high temperature. Plant Physiol. 66：286-290.