臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在現今科技發達的年代，出現了各式各樣的可攜式電子產品，而可攜式最不可缺少的元件即是供應電量的電池，此元件決定了產品的續航能力，而改善輸出電壓對輸入電壓的轉換效率，不將只是提高電池的壽命，也將會節省成本，達到節能的目的。電池的供應電壓會隨著使用的時間，而有所下降直到一定的電壓值，這也代表著轉換器的輸入電壓將有可能高於、等於或是低於輸出電壓，為了滿足以上的條件，勢必需要設計一個可升降壓的切換式直流-直流轉換器，而高效率亦是所追求的目標。
傳統的升降壓轉換器架構通常是反馳式轉換器、反向升降壓轉換器、SEPIC或是升壓電路後端另外再銜接降壓電路，以上幾種架構較為複雜、低效率且電路佔用的面積較大，且前面所提的第二個架構輸出與輸入的極性相反。本報告中所設計的四開關升降壓轉換器所強調的是提高效率，降低外部元件數目及精簡電路面積。相較於前面所提到的幾種電路，本設計除了一次就能執行升降壓的動作、輸出電壓並無反相、與SEPIC相比還可減少一個電感的使用，是一個較為精簡的電路。
本報告中的晶片是經由國家晶片系統設計中心所提供的製程服務所完成，使用台灣積體電路公司0.35μm 2P4M 5V混合訊號製程，以40 S/B封裝，尺寸為1.38 x 1.80 mm2。設計的輸入電壓為2.5V至5.0V，輸出電壓為3.3V，供應負載電流範圍為60 ~ 300 mA，切換頻率為1 MHz。

With the rapid progress of semiconductor technology, all kinds of electronic products, especially portable electronics, appear in the market day by day. The most indispensable component for portable products is the battery that supplies energy, and determines the service life of the product. The supply voltage of the battery will drop gradually with time, which means the input voltage supplying by battery can be higher than, equal to, or lower than the desired voltage. Therefore, a DC-DC converter is required to convert the time-varying battery voltage to a fixed desired output voltage. Moreover, it would be better to have a high-efficiency buck-boost converter that can either step up or step down the battery voltage to a desired voltage.
The conventional buck-boost converters include flyback, inverting buck-boost, SEPIC, boost circuit with back end connects a buck circuit, etc. The above mentioned structures are either more complicated, more chip/PCB area, or having poor efficiency. Especially the inverting buck-boost architecture, the polarity of its output voltage is reversed. A four-switch buck-boost DC-DC converter was designed and presented in this thesis. The presented converter improves the efficiency, reduces the external component and chip/PCB area, compared with the above mentioned prototypes.
The input voltage range of the presented converter is 2.5~5.0V, its output voltage is set to 3.3V, load current range is 60~300 mA and switching frequency is 1 MHz. The chip was implemented by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.35μm 2P4M 5V mixed-signal polycide process, patronized by National Chip Implementation Center (CIC). The die area of the chip is 1.38 ×1.80 mm2, with 40 S/B package.

第1章 簡介 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 論文架構 2
第2章 背景資料 3
2.1 切換式穩壓器名詞解釋 3
2.1.1 輸出電壓漣波(Output Ripple) 3
2.1.2 輸入電壓調節率(Line Regulation) 3
2.1.3 負載調節率(Load Regulation) 3
2.1.4 暫態響應(Transient Response) 4
2.1.5 轉換效率(Conversion Efficiency) 4
2.2 切換式穩壓器基本原理 5
2.2.1 伏秒平衡定理(Voltage-Second Balance Principle) 5
2.2.2 連續導通模式(Continuous-Conduction Mode, CCM ) 6
2.2.3 不連續導通模式(Discontinuous-Conduction Mode, DCM ) 7
2.3 降壓及升壓電路簡介 7
2.3.1 降壓電路 (Buck) 7
2.3.2 升壓電路 (Boost) 8
2.4 傳統升降壓電路介紹 9
2.4.1 反馳式轉換器 (Flyback Converter) 9
2.4.2 反向升降壓轉換器 (Inverting Buck-Boost Converter) 10
2.4.3 SEPIC轉換器 (Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter) 11
2.4.4 Cuk轉換器 12
2.4.5 升壓轉換器串聯線性穩壓器 12
2.4.6 正向升降壓轉換器 (Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter) 13
2.5 四開關正向升降壓電路 (Four-Switch Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter) 14
第3章 電路分析及設計 17
3.1 系統設計規格 17
3.2 主電路元件參數 18
3.3 電壓模式控制 20
3.4 補償器設計 21
3.5 電路設計 26
3.5.1 斜波訊號產生器 (Ramp Generator) 26
3.5.2 偏壓電路 (Bias Circuit) 28
3.5.3 運算放大器 (Operational Amplifier) 29
3.5.4 脈波寬度調變與模態選擇 (PWM ＆ Mode Selector) 30
3.5.5 誤差放大器輸出準位提高電路 (Vc Shifter Circuit) 34
3.5.6 升壓脈波寬度限制電路 (boost_pwm Limit Circuit) 35
3.5.7 比較器 (Comparator) 37
3.5.8 停滯時間電路 (Dead-Time Control Circuit) 38
3.5.9 帶差參考電路 (Bandgap Circuit) 40
3.5.10 軟啟動電路 (Soft-Start Circuit) 42
第4章 模擬與佈局 44
4.1 全系統電路模擬結果 44
4.2 電路佈局 49
第5章 測試結果 52
5.1 量測儀器 52
5.2 量測結果 53
5.2.1 降壓模式 54
5.2.2 升降壓模式 59
5.2.3 升壓模式 61
第6章 結論 63
參考文獻 64

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