臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

量具對產品所量測出的數值是否精準是在品質改善上的一個關鍵，唯有一個好的量測系統才能保證所量測出來數值是可信的，而一般在做量測系統分析時都是依照QS-9000中量測系統分析(Measurement System Analysis，MSA)手冊所制訂之標準做為判定之準則。
為了符合QS-9000之要求，量測系統分析必須同時評估位置誤差與變異誤差，位置誤差通常包含偏倚、線性與穩定性三種特性；變異誤差包含重複性(Repeatability)與再現性(Reproducibility)二種特性。目前QS-9000及ISO/TS16949所探討都只是用來評估這五種特性之可接受的合理範圍以及進一步提出P/T(Precision- To-Tolerance)值的可接受範圍，而很少同時考慮與製程能力指標之相互關係。本研究主要是探討同時考慮準確度與精密度的製程績效指標Cpk 的要求下與P/T值可接受範圍之相互關係探討。首先找出Cpk 與 P/T 值、Ca 值之函數關係，並在不同的 Cpk 要求下，利用 Cpk 近似信賴下限決定P/T 值可接受的合理範圍。再利用此合理範圍進行一個二因子實驗評估量測系統變異誤差是否符合此範圍，最後以一個案實例來說明量測系統能力的實施步驟。

The measurement system analysis (MSA) is very important for quality improvement. A capable measurement system can be accurately to measure observed data. Normally, the evaluation standard of MSA by QS-9000 is used to judge the measurement capability.
However, the current QS-9000 or ISO/TS16949 only refer to the acceptable range of P/T value, the relationship between Process capability index and P/T value had been rarely proposed. The thesis discusses the acceptable range of P/T value under satisfying customer’s Cpk requirement which considering process accuracy and precision. Firstly, the functional relation between Cpk and P/T value, Ca is derived. The approximate lower confidence limit of Cpk is used to determine the acceptable range of P/T value under observed Cpk values. To utilize the reasonal range to conduct a two factor experiment to evaluate if measurement system variation error is within the range. Finally, a case study is derived the implementing step of evaluating measurement capability.

目錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 iv
圖目錄 v
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 1
1.3 研究限制 2
1.4 研究架構 2
第二章 文獻探討與回顧 4
2.1 位置誤差 5
2.2 變異誤差 8
第三章 變異誤差的估算方法之介紹 13
3.1 全距法 13
3.2 典型GR&R 14
3.3 長表格 15
3.4 變異數分析法(ANOVA) 21
第四章 GR&R判定準則P/T值與製程能力指標Cpk之關係探討 24
4.1 量測能力判定準則 24
4.2 製程能力指標Cpk與P/T值之函數關係 25
4.3 考慮Cpk指標下P/T值合理範圍建構 29
4.4 探討不同信賴水準與製程能力下P/T值之合理範圍 31
第五章 案例探討 36
5.1 量測設備之描述 36
5.2 產品數據收集與計算製程能力 37
5.3 量測設備之量測系統分析 38
第六章 結論與建議 40
6.1 結論 40
6.2 建議 40
參考文獻 41
附錄 43

參考文獻
1. 江巧玉, 2002, A Study of Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility for Measurement Systems,國立成功大學,碩士論文
2. 張值輝, 2003, 量測系統評價-量測能力指標 %P/T 與 %GRR 之探討,中華民國品質學會第 39 屆年會暨第 9 屆全國品質管理研討會
3. 傅和彥、黃士滔, 2004, 品質管理-觀念、理論與方法,前程企業,台北.
4. 鄭希龍, 1997, 檢測數據分析與管制作業, 量測資訊, 第58期.
5. 鄭希龍, 2000, 量測系統 ( MSA )之作法與解析, 量測資訊,第77期.
6. American Society for Testing Materials, 1986, Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods, ASTM E177-186.
7. Bissell, A. F., 1990, “How Reliable is your Capability Index?”, Applied Statistics, Vol.39, P331-340.
8. Burdick, R. K., Larsen, G. A., 1997, “Confidence intervals on measures of variability in R&R studies”, Journal of Quality Technology, Vol.29, No.3, P261-273.
9. Burdick, R. K., Allen, A. E. and Larsen, G. A., 2002, “Comparing variability of two measurement processes using R&R studies”, Journal of Quality Technology, Vol.34, No.1, P97-105.
10. Chou, Y. M., Owen, D. B. and Borrego, A.S.A., 1990, “Lower Confidence Limits on Process Capability Indices,” Journal of Quality Technology, Vol.22, P223-229.
11. David, G. J., 1988, “Measurement System Performance Analysis”, Quality, Vol.27, No.5, P81.
12. Dolezal, K. K., Burdick, R. K. and Birch, N. J., 1998, “Analysis of a two-factor R & R study with fixed operators”, Journal of Quality Technology, Vol.30, No.2, P163-170.
13. (Ford, GM, Chrysler), 1995, Measurement Systems Analysis Reference Manual,Automotive Industry Action Group.
14. Hart, M., Hart, R., 2000, “Accepted reference value measurement system analysis”, Production and Inventory Management, Vol.41, No.3, P 43-51.
15. Heavlin, W. D., 1988, “Statistical Properties of Capability Indices”, Technical Report Number 320, Technical Library Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., Sunnyvale, California.
16. Jaynes, K. R., 1997, “Reviewing gage R&R”, Manufacturing Engineering, Vol.118, No.2, P12.
17. Kushler, R. H., Hurley, P., 1992, “Confidence Bound for Capability Indices”, Journal of Quality Technology, Vol.24, P188-196.
18. Levinson, W. A., 1996, “Do You Need a New Gage”, Semiconductor International,. 19. Mandel, J., 72, “Repeatability and Reproducibility”, Journal of Quality Technology, Vol.4, No.2, P74-85.
20. Minitab Inc. State Collage, PA., 2003, MINITAB 14.
21. Montgomery, D. C., Runger, G. C., 1993, “Gauge Capability Analysis and Designed Experimental. Part I: Basic Method”, Quality Engineering, Vol.6, No.1, P115-135.
22. Montgomery, D. C., Runger, G. C., 1993, “Gauge Capability Analysis and Designed Experimental Part II: Experimental Designed Method and Variance Component Estimation”, Quality Engineering, Vol.6, No.2, P289-305.
23. Montgomery D. C., 2005, Statistical Quality Control, 5th, John Wiley & Sons, New York, P352-357.
24. Nagata, Y., Nagahata, H., 1994, “Approximation Formulas for the Confidence Intervals of Process Capability Indices”, Okayama Economic Review, Vol.25, P301-314.
25. Tsai, P., 1988, “Variable Gauge Repeatability and
Reproducibility Study Using The Analysis of Variance Method”, Quality Engineering, Vol.1, No.1, P107-115.
26. Western Electric, 1956, Statistical Quality Control Handbook, Newark, N.J.; Western Electric Company, Inc.