|
1. Abel FL: Myocardial function in sepsis and endotoxin shock. Am J Physiol 257: R1265-R1281, 1989. 2. Amnon Brzezinski: Mechanisms of disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 336: 184-195, 1997. 3. Auguet M, Guillon JM, Delaflotte S, Etiemble E, Chabrier PE, and Braquet P: Endothelium independent protective effect of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine on endotoxin-induced alterations of vascular reactivity. Life Sci. 48: 189-193, 1990. 4. Ball HA,Cook JA, Wise WC, and Halushak PV: Role of thromboxane, prostaglandins and leukotrienes in endotoxic and septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 12: 116-126, 1986. 5. Barron RL: Clinical frontiers: Pathophysiology of septic shock and implications for therapy. Clin. Pharm. 12: 829-845, 1993. 6. Barthelson R, Valone FG, Debs R, and Philip R : Synergy in interleukin-1 (IL-1) release by human monocytes stimulated with platelet-activation factor (PAF) plus gamma interferon (IFN-g) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). FASEB J. 2: A1228 (5420), 1988. 7. Baue AE, Schlag G, and Redl H: The multiple organ or system failure syndrome. In Pathophysiology of Shock, Sepsis, and Organ Failure. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp. 1004-1018, 1993. 8. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, and Freeman BA: Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implication for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1620-1624, 1990. 9. Beckman KS and Crow JP: Pathological implication of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21: 330-334, 1993. 10. Beckman JS, and Koppenol WH: Nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad and the ugly. Am. J. Physiol. 271: C1424-C1437, 1996. 11. Beutler B, Milsark IW, and Cerami AC: Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin. Science 229: 869-871, 1985. 12. Beutler B, and Cerami A: Cachectin: more than a tumor necrosis factor. N. Engl. J. Med. 316: 379-385, 1987. 13. Bone RC: The pathogenesis. Of sepsis. Ann. Intern. Med. 115: 457-469, 1991. 14. Brady AJB, Poole-Wilson PA, Harding SE: Nitric oxide production with in cardiac myocytes reduces their contractility in endotoxemia. Am J Physiol 263: H1963-H1966, 1992. 15. Callery MP, Kamei T, Mangino MJ, and Flye MW: Organ interactions in sepsis: Host defense and the hepatic-pulmonary macrophage axis. Arch. Surg. 126: 28-32, 1991. 16. Cannon JG, Tompkins RG, Gelfand JA, Michie HR, Stanford GG, Vander Meer JW, Endres S, Lonnemann G, Corsetti J, and Chernow B: Circulating interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor in septic shock and experimental endotoxin fever. J. Infect. Dis. 161: 79-84, 1990. 17. Chabot F, Mitchell JA, Gutteridge JMC, and Evans TW: Reactive oxygen species in acute lung injury. Eur. Respir. J. 11: 745-757, 1998. 18. Corbett JA, Tilton RG, Chang K, Hasan KS, Ido Y, Wang JL, Sweetland MA, Lancaster JR, Williamson JR, and Mcdaniel ML: Aminoguanidine, a novel inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, prevents diabetic vascular dysfunction. Diabetes 41: 552-556, 1992. 19. Damas P, Reuter A, Gysen P, Demonty J, Lamy M, and Franchimont P: Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans. Cirt. Care Med. 17: 975-978, 1989. 20. Deitsch EA: Multiple organ failure. Ann. Surg. 216: 117-134, 1992. 21. Derijk Roel H, and Berkenbosch F: Hypoothermia to endotoxin involves the cytokine tumor necrosis factor and the neuropeptide vasopression in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 226: R9-R14, 1994 22. Dinarello CA, and Wolff SM: The role of interleukin-1 in disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 328: 106-113, 1993. 23. Dorinsky PM, Gadek JE: Mechanism of multiple nonpulmonary organ failure in ARDS. Chest. 96: 885-892, 1989. 24. Filkins JP, and Diluzio NR: Endotoxin induced hypothermia and tolerance in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 129: 724-726, 1968. 25. Fink MP, and Heard SO: Current reseach review-laboratory models of sepsis and septic shock. J. Surg. Res. 49: 186-196, 1990. 26. Finkel MS, Oddis CV, Jacob TD, Watkins SC, Hattler BG, Simmon RL: Negative inotropic effects of cytokins on the heart mediated by nitric oxide. Science 257: 387-389, 1992. 27. Fleming I, Gray GA, Julou-Schaeffer G, Parratt JR, and Stoclet JC: Incubation with endotoxin activates the L-arginine pathway in vascular tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 171: 562-568, 1990. 28. Fleming I, Julou-Schaeffer G, Gray GA, Parratt JR, and Stoclet J: Evidence that an L-arginine/nitric oxide dependent elevation of tissue cyclic GMP contens is involved in depression of vascular reactivity by endotoxin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 103: 1047-1052, 1991. 29. Forstermann U, Closs EI, Pollock JS, Nakane M, Schwarz P, Gath I, and Kleinert H: Nitric oxide synthase isoforms: Characterization, purification, molecular cloning, and function. Hypertension 23: 1121-1131, 1994. 30. Fridovich I: Quantitative aspects of the production of superoxide anion radical by milk xanthine oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 245: 4053-4057, 1984. 31. Furchgott RF, and Zawadski JV: The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288: 373-376, 1980. 32. Garthwaite J, Southam E, Boulton CL, Nielsen EB, Schmidt K, and Mayer B: Potent and selective inhibition of nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. Mol. Pharmacol. 48: 184-188, 1995. 33. Geller DA, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Wang SC, Nakayama DK, Simmons RL, Snyder SH, and Billiar TR: Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 3491-3495, 1993. 34. Gerard C, Bruyns C, Marchant A, Abramowiez D, Vandenbeele P, Delvaux A, Fiers W, Goldman M, Velu T: Interleukin 10 reduces the release of tumor necrosis factor and prevents lethality in experimental endotoxemia. J. Exp. Med. 177: 577-550, 1993. 35. Gliad E, Cuzzocrea S, Zingarelli B, Salzman AL, and Szabo C: Melatonin is a scavenger of peroxynitrite. Life Sci. 60: 169-174, 1997. 36. Goode HF, and Webster, NR: Free radicals and antioxidants in sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 21: 1770-1776, 1993. 37. Gray GA, Schott C, Julou-Schaeffer G, Flemming I, Parratt JR, and Stoclet JC: The effects of inhibitors of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway on endotoxin-induced loss of vascular responsiveness in anaesthetized rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 103: 1218-1224, 1991. 38. Greer GG, and Rietschel ET: Infect. Immun. 19: 357-386, 1978. 39. Griffiths MJD, Messent M, Macallister RJ, and Evans TW: Aminoguanidine selectively inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 963-968, 1992. 40. Groeneveld PHP, Kwappenberg KMC, Langermans JAM, Nibbering PH, Curtis L: Nitric oxide production correlates with renal insufficiency and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 22: 1197-1202, 1996. 41. Halliwell B: Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet 344: 721-724, 1994. 42. Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Stadler J, Demetris AJ, Ochoa JB, Curran RD, Simmons RL: Nitric oxide synthesis serves to reduce hepatic damage during acute murine endotoxemia. Crit. Care Med. 20: 1568-1574, 1992. 43. Hard SO, Perkins MW, and Fink MP: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha causes myocardial depression in guinea pigs. Crit. Care Med. 20: 523-527, 1992. 44. Harlan JM: Neutrophil mediated vascular injury. Acta. Med. Scand. 715 (Suppl): 123-129, 1987. 45. Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, Palazzo M, Watson D, Hinds CJ: Oxygen transport patterns in patients with sepsis syndrome or sepsis shock: in fluence of treatment and relationship to outcome. Crit. Care Med. 25: 926-936, 1997. 46. Holt BL, Grimble RF, and York DA: Tumor necrosis factor-b and lymphotoxin have opposite effects on sympathetic efferent nerves to brown adipose tissue by a direct action in the central nervous system. Brain Res. 497: 183-186, 1989. 47. Howard M, Muchamuel T, Andrade S, Menon S: Interleukin 10 protects mice from lethal endotoxemia. J. Exp. Med. 177: 1205-1208, 1993. 48. Hung J, and Lew WY: Cellular mechanisms of endotoxin-induced myocardial depression in rabbits. Circ Res 73: 125-134, 1993. 49. Ignarro LJ, Hrrbison RG, Wood KS, and Kadowitz PJ: Activation of purified soluble guanylate cyclase by endothelicum-derived relaxing factor from intrapulmonary artery and vein: stimulation by acetylcholine, bradykinin and arachidonic acid. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237: 893-900, 1986. 50. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, and Chaudhuri G: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and release from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 9265-9269, 1987. 51. Johnson HM, Smith EM, Torres BA, and Blalock JE: Regulation of in vitro antibody response by neuroendocrine hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 4171-4174, 1982. 52. Joly GA, Ayres M, Chelly F, and Kilbourn RG: Effects of NG-methyl-L-arginine, NG-nitro-L-arginine, and aminoguanidine on constisutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat aorta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199:147-154, 1994. 53. Julou-Schaeffer G, Gray GA, Fleming I, Schott C, Parratt JR, and Stoclet JC: Loss Of vascular responsiveness induced by endotoxin involves L-arginine pathway. Am. J. Physiol. 259: H1038-H1043, 1990. 54. Kengatharan KM, Kimpe SD, Thiemermann C: Role of nitric oxide in the circulatory failure and organ injury in a rodent model of Gram-positive shock. Br. J. Pharmacol. 119: 1411-1421, 1996. 55. Kilbourn RG, Gross SS, Jubran A, Adams J, Griffith OW, Levi R, and Lodato RF: NG-methyl-L-arginine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced hypotension: Implications for the involvement of nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 3629-3632, 1990a. 56. Kilbourn RG, Jubran A, Gross SS, Griffith OW, Levi R, Adams J, Lodato RF: Reversal of endotoxin-mediates shock by NG-methyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 172: 1132-1138, 1990b. 57. Kilpatrick-smith L, and Erecinska M: Cellular effects of endotoxin in vitro. I. Effect of endotoxin on mitochondrial substrate metabolism and intracellular calcium. Circ. Shock 11: 85-99, 1983. 58. Koff WC, and Dunegan MA: Modulation of macrophagemediated tumoricidal activity by neuropeptides and neurohormones. J. Immunol. 135: 350-354, 1985. 59. Komalavilas P, and Lincoln TM: Phosphorylation of the inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 21933-21938, 1996. 60. Kosaka H, Watanabe M, Yoshihara H, Hirada N, and Shiga T: Detection of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats by ESR using carbon monoxide hemoglobin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184: 1119-1124, 1992. 61. Lam C, Tyml K, Martin C, and Sibbald W: Microvascular perfusion is impaired in rat model of normotensive sepsis. J. Clin. Invest. 102: 655-659, 1995. 62. Landry DW, and Oliver JA: The ATP-sensitive K+ channel mediates hypotension in endotoxemia and hypoxic lactic acidosis in dog. J. Clin. Invest. 89: 2071-2074, 1992. 63. Liu SF, Adcock IM, Old RW, Branes PJ, and Evans TW: Differential regulation of the constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA by lipopolysaccharide treatment in vivo in the rat. Crit. Care Med. 24: 1219-1225, 1996. 64. Long NC, Otterness I, Kunkel SL, Vander AJ, and Kluger MJ: Antiserum against tumor necrosis factor enhances lipopolysaccharide fever in rats. Am J. Physiol. 259: R724-R728, 1990. 65. Maestroni.GJM, Conti A, and Pierpaoli W: Role of the pineal gland in immunity: Melatonin enhances the antibody response via an opiatergic mechanism. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 68: 384-391, 1987. 66. McCallum RE, and Berry LJ: Effects of endotoxin on gluconeogensis, glycogen synthesis, and liver glycogen synthase in mice. Infect. Immun. 7: 642-654, 1973. 67. Michie HR, Manogue KR, Spriggs DR, Revhaug A, O’Dwyer S, Dinarello CA, Cerami A, Wolff SM, and Wilmore DW: Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N. Engl. J. Med. 318: 1481-1486, 1988. 68. Misko TP, Moore WM, Kasten TP, Nickols GA, Corbett JA, Tilton RG, Mcdaniel ML, Williamson JR, and Currie MG: Selective inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase by aminoguanidine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 233: 119-125, 1993. 69. Mitaka C, Hirata Y, Masaki Y, Takei Y, Yokoyama K, Imai T: S-Methylisothiourea sulfate improves reanl, but not hepatic dysfuction in canine endotoxic. Intensive Care Medicine. 26: 117-124, 2000. 70. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, and Higgs EA: Nitric oxide: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 43: 109-142, 1991. 71. Nakamura T, Kasai K, Sekiguchi Y, Banba N, Takahashi K, Emoto T, Hattori Y, and Shimoda SI: Elevation of plasma endothelin concentration during endotoxin shock in dogs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 205: 277-282, 1991. 72. Nelson MT, and Quayle JM: Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 268: C799-C822, 1995. 73. Old LJ: Tumor necrosis factor. Science 230: 630-632, 1985. 74. Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, and Moncada S: Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327: 524-526, 1987. 75. Palmer RMJ, Rees DD, Ashton DS, and Moncada S: L-Arginine is the physiological precursor for the formation of nitric oxide in endothelium dependent relaxation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153: 1251-1256, 1988. 76. Parker MM, McCarthy KE, Ognibene FP, and Parrillo JE: Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans. Chest 97: 126-131, 1990. 77. Parratt JR: Myocardial and circulatory effects of E. coli. Endotoxin; modification of responses to catecholamines. Br. J. Pharmacol. 47: 12-25, 1973. 78. Paya D, Maupoil V, Schott C, Rochette L, and Stoclet JC: Temporal relationships between levels of circulation NO derivatives, vascular NO production and hyporeactivity to noradrenaline induced by endotoxin in rats. Circ. Res. 30: 952-959, 1995. 79. Pieri C, Marra M, Moroni F, Recchioni R, and Marcheselli F: Melatonin: A peroxylradical scavenger more effective than vitamin E. Life Sci. 15: PL 271-276, 1994. 80. Pieri C, Moroni F, Marra M, Marcheselli F, and Recchioni R: Melatonin is an efficient antioxidant. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 20: 159-165, 1995. 81. Preiser JC, Zhang H, Wachel D, Boeynaems JM, Buurman W, and Vincent JL: Is endotoxin-induced hypotension related to nitric oxide formation? Eur. Surg. Res. 26: 10-18, 1994. 82. Poeggeler B, Saarela S, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Chen LD, Manchester LC and Barlow-walden LR: Melatonin - a highly potent endogenous radical scavenger and electron donor: New aspects of the oxidation chemistry of this indole assessed in vitro. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 738: 419-420, 1994. 83. Rackow EC, and Astiz ME: Pathophysiology and treatment of septic shock. JAMA 266: 548-554, 1991. 84. Rapoport RM, Draznin MB, and Murad F: Endothelium-depedent relaxation in rat aorta may be mediated through cyclic GMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. Nature 306: 174-176, 1983. 85. Rees DD, Palmer RMJ, and Moncada S: Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 3375-3378, 1989. 86. Rees DD, Cellek s, Palmer RMJ, and Moncada S: Dexamethasone prevents the induction by endotoxin of nitric oxide synthase and the associated effects on vascular tone: An insight into endotoxin shock. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173: 541-547, 1990. 87. Reiter RJ: The pineal and its hormones in the control of reproduction. Endocr. Rev. 1: 109-131, 1980. 88. Reiter RJ, Richardson BA, Johnson CY, Ferguson BN, and Dinh DT: Pineal melatonin rhythm: reduction in aging Syrian hamsters. Science 210: 1372-1373, 1980. 89. Reiter RJ: Pineal melatonin: Cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions. Endocr. Rev. 12: 151-180, 1991. 90. Reiter RJ, Melchiorri D, Sewerynek E, Poeggeler B Barlow-Walden L, Chuang J, Ortiz GG, and Acuna-Castroviejo D: A review of the evidence supporting melatonin’s role as an antioxidant. J. Pineal Res. 18: 1-11, 1995. 91. Reiter RJ, Pablos MI, Agapito TT, and Guerrero JM: Melatonin in the context of the free radical theory of aging. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 786: 362-378, 1996. 92. Reiter RJ, Tang L, Garcia JJ, and Munoz-Hoyos A: Minireview: Pharmacological action of melatonin in oxygen radical pathophysiology. Life Sci. 60: 2255-2271, 1997. 93. Remick DG, Strieter RM, Eskandari MK, Nguyen DT, Genord MA, Raiford CL, and Kunkel SL: Role of tumor necrosis factor -a in lipopolysaccharide induced pathologic alteration. Am. J. Pathol. 136: 49-60, 1990. 94. Ruetten H, Thiemermann C, and Vane JR: Effect of the endothelin receptor antagonist, SB 209670, on circulatory failure and organ injury in endotoxic shock in the anaesthetized rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 118: 198-204, 1996. 95. Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Erb DL, Vollmer WM, and Singer CM: Human melatonin production decreases with age. J. Pineal Res. 3: 379-388, 1986. 96. Satriano JA, Shuldiner M, Hora K, Xing Y, Shan Z, and Schlondorff D: Oxygen radicals as second messengers for expression of the monocyte chemoattractant protein, JE/MCP-1, and the monocyte colony-stimulating factor, CSF-1, in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and immunoglobulin g. Evidence for involvement of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent oxidase. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 1564-1571, 1993. 97. Sawyer RG, Adams RB, May AK, Rosenlof LK, and Pruett TL: Anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody reduces mortality in the presence of antibiotic-induced tumor necrosis factor release. Arch. Surg. 128: 73-78, 1993. 98. Scaiano JC: Exploratory laser flash photolysis study of free radical reactions and magnetic field effects in melatonin chemistry. J. Pineal Res. 19: 189-195, 1995. 99. Scheid CR, Honeyman TW, and Fay FS: Mechanism of b-adrenergic relaxation of smooth muscle. Nature 277: 32-36, 1979. 100. Schmidt HHHW, Nau H, Wittfoht W, Gerlach J, Prescher KE, Klein MM, Niroomand F, and Bohme E: Arginine is a physiological precursor of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 154: 213-216, 1988. 101. Schreck P, and Baeuerle PA: A role of oxygen radicals as second messengers. Trends Cell Biol. 1: 39-42, 1991. 102. Schreck P, Rieber P, and Baeuerle PA: Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kB transcription and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10: 2247-2258, 1991. 103. Semmler J, Gebert U, Eisenhut T, Morller J, Schonharting MM, Allera A, and Endres S: Xanthine derivatives: comparison between suppression of tumor necrosis factor-a production and inhibition of c-AMP phosphodiesterase activity. Immunology 78: 520-525, 1992. 104. Sigurdsson GH, Youssef Hae, Al-mousawi M, Khourshid M, and Christenson JT: Effects of the beta-2 receptor agonist terbutaline on hemodynamics and gas-exchange in endotoxin shock. Acta. Chir. Scand. 155: 369-375, 1989. 105. Smith EM, and Blalock JE: A molecular basis for interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Int. J. Neurosci. 38: 455-464, 1988. 106. Spengler RN, Spengler ML, Lincoln P, Remick DG, Striieter RM, and Kunkel SL: Dynamics of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and prostaglandin E2-mediated suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression. Infect. Immun. 57: 2837-2841, 1989. 107. Stadler J, Bentz BG, Harbrecht BG, Di Silvio M, Curran RD, Billiar TR, Hoffman RA, and Simmons RL: Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits hepatocyte mitochondrial respiration. Ann. Surg. 216: 539-546, 1992. 108. Stull JT, and Blumenthal DK: Regulation of contraction by myosin phosphorylation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 29: 2537-2543, 1980. 109. Szabo C, Wu CC, Gross SS, Thiemermann C, and Vane JR: Interleukin-1 contributes to the induction of nitric oxide synthase by endotoxin in vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 250: 157-160, 1993a. 110. Szabo C, Mitchell JA, Thiemermann C, and Vane JR: Nitric oxide-mediated hyporeactivity to noradrenaline precedes the induction of nitric oxide synthase in endotoxin shock. Br. J. Pharmacol. 108: 786-792, 1993b. 111. Szabo C, Wu CC, Mitchell A, Gross SS, Thiemermann C, and Vane JR: Platelet-activating factor contributes to the induction of nitric oxide synthase by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Circ. Res. 73: 991-999, 1993c. 112. Szabo C, Southan GJ, and Thiemermann C: Beneficial effects and improved survival in rodet models of septic shock with S-methylisothiourea sulfate, a potent and selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Scci. USA 91: 12472-12476, 1994. 113. Szabo C, Salzman AL, and Ischiropoulos H: Endotoxin triggers the expression of an inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase and formation of peroxynitrite in the rats aorta in vivo. FEBS Lett. 363: 235-238, 1995. 114. Tan DX, Chen LD, Poeggeler B, Manchester LC, and Reiter RJ: Melatonin: A Potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocr. J. 1: 57-60, 1993. 115. Terashita ZI, Imura Y, Nishikawa K, and Sumida S: Is platelet activating factor (PAF) a mediator of endotoxin shock? Eur. J. Pharmacol. 109: 257-261, 1985. 116. Thiemermann C, and Vane JR: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis reduces the hypotension induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the rat in vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 183: 591-595, 1990. 117. Thiemermann C, Wu CC, Szabo C, Perretti M, and Vane JR: Tumor necrosis factor is an endogenous mediator of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 177-182, 1993. 118. Thiemermann C: The role of the L-arginine: nitric oxide pathway in circulatory shock. Adv. Pharmacol. 28: 45-79, 1994. 119. Tilton RG, Chang K, Hasan KS, Smith SR, Petrash JM, Misko TP, Moore WM, Currie MG, Corbett JA, Mcdaniel ML, and Williamson JR: Prevention of diabetic vascular dysfunction by guanidines: inhibition of nitric oxide synthase versus advanced glycation end-product formation. Diabetes 42: 221-232, 1993. 120. Tracey KJ, Fong Y, Hesse DG, Manogue KR, Lee AT, Kuo GC, Lowry SF, and Cerami A: Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteremia. Nature 330: 662-664, 1987. 121. Volicer L, and Crino PB: Involvement of free radical in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a hypothesis. Neurobio. Aging 11: 567-571, 1990. 122. Vos TA, Gouw ASH, Klock PA, Havinga R, van Goor H, Huitema S, Roelofsen H, Kuipers F, and Jansen PLM: Differential effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on endotoxin in duced liver damage in rats. Gastroenterology 113: 1323-1333, 1997. 123. Waage A, and Aasen AO: Different role of cytokine mediators in septic shock related to meningococcal disease and surgery/polytrauma. Immunol. Rev. 127: 221-230,1992. 124. Wang Q, Jacobs J, De LJ, Kruszyna H, Kruszyna R, Smith R, and Wilcox D: Nitric oxide hemoglobin in mice and rats in endotoxin shock. Life Sci. 49: PL55-60, 1991. 125. Weigert AL, Higa EM, Niederberger M, McMurtry IF, Raynolds M, and Schrier RW: Expression and preferential inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in aortas of endotoxemic rats. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5: 2067-2072, 1995. 126. Whorthen GS, Haslett C, Rees AJ, Gumbay RS, Henson JE, and Henson PM: Neutrophil mediated pulmonary vascular injury: synergistic effects of trace amounts of lipopolysaccharide and neutrophil stimuli on vascular permeability and neutrophil sequestration in the lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136: 19-28, 1987. 127. Wichterman KA, Baue AE, and Chaudry IH: Sepsis and septic shock-a review of laboratory models and a proposal. J. Surg. Res. 29: 189-201,1980. 128. Wu CC, Szabo C,Thiemermann C, and Vane JR: Role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and platelet-activating factor in the vascular hyporeactivity in rats treated with endotoxin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 156p, 1993. 129. Wu CC, Thiemermann C, and Vane JR: Glibenclamide-induced inhibition of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cultured macrophages and in the anaesthetized rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114: 1273-1281, 1995a. 130. Wu CC, Chen SJ, Szabo C, Thiemermann C, and Vane JR: Aminoguanidine attenuates the delayed circulatory failure and improves survival in rodent models of endotoxic shock. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114: 1666-1672, 1995b. 131. Wu CC, Liao MH, Chen SJ, Chou TC, Chen A, and Yen MH: Terbutaline prevents circulatory failure and mitigates mortality in rodents with endotoxemia. Shock 14: 60-67, 2000. 132. Wu CC, Chiao CW, Hsiao G, Chen A, and Yen MH: Melatonin prevents endotoxin-induced circulatory failure in rats. J. Pineal. Res. 30: 147-156, 2001. 133. Yu L, Grengaro PE, Niederberger M, Burke TJ, and Schrier RW: Nitric oxide: A mediator in rat tubular hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 1691-1695, 1994. 134. Yen MH, Chen SJ, and Wu CC: Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor on vascular reactivity in endotoxin-induced shock. Chin. J. Physiol. 36 (4): 225-231, 1993. 135. Zabel P, Schand FU, and Schlaak M: Inhibition of endogenous TNF formation by pentoxifylline. Immunobiology 187: 447-463, 1993. 136. Zimmerman JJ, and Dietrich KA: Current perspectives on septic shock. Pediat. Clin. North Am. 34: 131-163, 1987.
|