臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究使用具有摩擦攪拌銲接動力計之實驗設備，探討以一直徑17mm之圓柱(無探針)銲接工具，在轉動速度800、1000及1400 rpm，進給速度10、40及80 mm/min之銲接條件下，對板厚3.6mm 之銅鎳合金及4mm之低碳鋼板進行搭接實驗。並且為了防止在銲接過程中搭接接合界面受高溫氧化，於銲接前，預先在銅鎳合金接合界面鍍上0μm、5μm及低碳鋼接合界面鍍上0μm、5μm、10μm、20μm及40μm之鎳層，探討鍍層厚度對搭接接合強度之影響及接合機制。
實驗結果得知，在銲接參數為轉動速度1000rpm及進給速度10mm/min下，接合界面之抗剪強度在無鍍層之情況下約為100MPa，但隨鍍層厚度的增加而增加至飽和值。尤其是，當銅鎳合金側及低碳鋼側分別鍍上5μm及20μm之鎳鍍層時，抗剪強度可達到約290MPa，其是無鍍層試片之2.9倍。此外，當轉速(N)增加時，擠壓力(Fd)下降，而接合溫度(Tmax)及抗剪強度(τ)上升。又當進給速度(f)增加時，擠壓力上升，而接合溫度及抗剪強度下降。這複雜的關係，藉由Fd‧N/f參數與接合溫度及抗剪強度之關係整合得知，當Fd‧N/f值增加，接合溫度隨之增加，而抗剪強度則增加至飽和值(290MPa),此現象為兩板材界面擴散接合更緊密之故。

In this study, the experimental apparatus with a friction stir welding dynamometer was employed to investigate the joint characteristics of Cu-Ni alloy plate in thickness of 3.6mm lap-welding to low carbon steel plate in thickness of 4 mm using cylinder type tool (without probe) under the welding parameters of rotating speeds (800~1400 rpm) and traveling speed of tool (10~80 mm/min). To prevent the joint interface from oxidizing during the welding process, the joint interfaces of Cu-Ni alloy and low carbon steel respectively were electroplated with Ni coating layer in different thicknesses before the welding. The effect of the thickness of Ni coating layer on shear strength of joint interface and the mechanism of welding are also investigated.
Experimental results show that under the rotating speed of 1000 rpm and travelling speed of 10 mm/min, the shear strength for without Ni coating layer is measured about 100 MPa. On the other hand, the shear strength is increased to saturated value of 290 MPa with increasing the thickness of Ni coating layer. Especially, the shear strength of joint interface for the Cu-Ni alloy with 5μm thickness of Ni coating layer lap-welding to low carbon steel with thickness of 20μm thickness of Ni coating layer is about 2.9 times of that for without Ni coating layer. Moreover, the downward force (Fd) is decreased and the maximum interface temperature (Tmax) and shear strength (τ) are increased with increasing the rotating speed (N). The downward force is increased and the maximum interface temperature and shear strength are decreased with increasing the traveling speed (f). This complex relationship is discussed by the new parameter of Fd‧N/f, the relationship among Fd‧N/f, maximum interface temperature and shear strength shows that the maximum interface temperature is increased and shear strength is increased to saturated value of 290 MPa with increasing Fd‧N/f. The phenomenon is explained that the diffusion bonding between the joint interface of two plates become more homogeneous.

總 目 錄
封面………......................................................................I
學位論文審定書...............................................................ii
謝誌……........................................................................iii
總 目 錄........................................................................iv
圖目錄...........................................................................vii
表目錄............................................................................xi
中文摘要……………….......................................................................xii
英文摘要......................................................................xiv
第一章 緒論............................................................................................1
1-1 前言…………………………………………………………….. 1
1-2 摩擦攪拌銲接之優點..................................................................2
1-3 文獻回顧....................................................................................3
1-3-1 摩擦攪拌搭接.....................................................................3
1-3-2 傳統擴散接合...................................................................7
1-4本論文之研究目的.....................................................................10
第二章 實驗設備與方法...................................................................11
2-1 實驗設備.................................................................................11
2-1-1 三分力動力計.................................................................11
2-1-2 三分力量測系統............................................................13
2-2 實驗試片之材料特性……………………………………….14
2-3 試片之幾何形狀.....................................................................15
2-4 銲接工具設計與選用.............................................................15
2-5 背部墊塊之選用.....................................................................16
2-6 實驗方法 .................................................................17
2-6-1 實驗參數規劃................................................................17
2-6-2 中間層材料之選用..........................................................18
2-6-3 試片前處理....................................................................25
2-6-4 銲接界面溫度量測……………………………...............28
2-6-5 實驗步驟..........................................................................29
2-7 拉伸實驗試片準備...............................................................31
2-8 銲接界面擴散層觀察試片取樣...............................................32
2-9 實驗流程...................................................................................33
第三章 實驗結果與討論...................................................................34
3-1 無中間層時之搭接情形...........................................................34
3-1-1銲接界面溫度與擠壓力變化...................................34
3-1-2 無中間層搭接之銲接強度……………………………...44.
3-2 銲接界面之鍍層.....................................................................48
3-2-1鎳鍍層厚度的影響.................................................................48
3-3 轉速及進給速度之影響..………………………………….60
3-3-1轉速及進給速度對抗剪強度及接合溫度之影響...........61
3-3-2擠壓力、轉速與進給對接合溫度及抗剪強度之影響...64
3-3-2破斷面之SEM觀察及分析.............................................66
3-3-3破斷面之Mapping觀察...................................................70
3-3-4 擴散層厚度之觀察..........................................................74
3-3-5 材料擴散接合之機制…………………………………...76
3-4 製造金屬/鋼披覆板之可行性評估…………………………..78
第四章 結論與未來研究方向………………………………………80
4-1結論……………………………………………………………80
4-2未來研究方向………………………………………………….82
參考文獻………………………………………………………………83.

圖 目 錄
圖1-1 摩擦攪拌銲接之前進邊與後退邊示意圖...............1
圖1-2 摩擦攪拌銲接之接合型態圖，(a)對接(b)邊接(c)T型
對接(d)搭接(e)多板搭接(f)T型搭接及(g)角接......2
圖1-3 接合界面之BSE照片，(a)銅合金對鎢和(b)銅合金對
不鏽鋼.................................................................8
圖2-1 三分力動力計示意圖，分別量測進給力（X）、夾緊力（Y）及軸向力（Z）.......................................................................12
圖2-2 三分力量測系統配線示意圖...............................................13
圖2-3 銲接工具幾何形狀...............................................................15
圖2-4 Fe-O之兩相圖......................................................................19
圖2-5 Cu-O之兩相圖......................................................................19
圖2-6 銲道末端材料面觀測示意圖...............................................21
圖2-7 銲道末端界面有鍍層及無鍍層之氧化程度比較圖...........21
圖2-8 Ni-Cu之合金相圖................................................................23
圖2-9 Cu-Ni固熔強化圖................................................................24
圖2-10 Ni-Fe之合金相圖.................................................................24
圖2-11 電鍍設備示意圖...................................................................27
圖2-12 銲接界面溫度量測位置示意圖...........................................28

圖2-13 拉伸實驗試片尺寸示意圖...................................................31
圖2-14 實驗流程圖...........................................................................33
圖3-1 為實際銲接時之預熱情形，銲接工具以高轉動速度(a)壓入試片表面，(b)持續加熱，(c)預熱完成..................................35
圖3-2 以K型熱電偶量取銲接界面溫度變化及相對應之銲接力量圖，銲接參數為轉動速度1000 rpm和進給速度10 mm/min................................................................................................36
圖3-3 固定進給速度10mm/min下，不同工具轉動速度(a)800rpm，(b)1000rpm及(c)1400rpm之擠壓力變動圖.......................38
圖3-4 固定轉動速度1000 rpm下，不同工具轉動速度(a)10 mm/min，(b)40 mm/min及(c)80 mm/min之擠壓力變動圖
................................................................................................40
圖3-5 固定進給速度為10mm/min下，轉動速度對銲接界面溫度與擠壓力之影響.......................................................................42
圖3-6 固定轉動速度為1000 rpm下，進給速度對銲接界面溫度與擠壓力之影響.......................................................................43
圖3-7 固定進給速度10 mm/min下，銲接工具轉動速度對銲接強度
之影響...................................................................................45
圖3-8 拉伸實驗後試片銲接剪斷面之分析，(a)試片銲接剪斷面之觀
察位置示意圖，(b) 銅鎳合金側未銲接與銲接後破斷面之
EDS分析，(c)低碳鋼側未銲接與銲接後破斷面之EDS分析 …………………...…………………………………………...47
圖3-9 在銲接工具轉動速度1000 rpm及進給速度10 mm/min 之銲接條件下，改變銅鎳合金側(C71000)及低碳鋼側(SS 400)鍍層厚度對抗剪強度之影響...................................................50
圖3-10 抗剪試驗後，各參數下剪斷面之銅鎳合金側與低碳鋼側
SEM觀察照片......................................................................53
圖3-11 5μm/20μm參數下虛線及實線箭頭處放大圖，(a)放大100
倍下SEM圖，(b)虛線箭頭處放大500倍圖及(c) 實線箭頭處
放大500倍圖.........................................................................54
圖3-12 無鍍層時破斷面mapping圖...............................................55
圖3-13 有鍍層時破斷面mapping圖(5μm/5μm).............................56
圖3-14 抗剪破斷面之EDS分析，(a)銅鎳合金(C71000)側(b)
低碳鋼(SS400)側..................................................................59
圖3-15 不同的轉動速度與進給速度下之抗剪強度值...................62
圖3-16 不同的轉動速度與進給速度下之接合溫度值……………..62
圖3-17 不同的轉動速度與進給速度下之擠壓力值………………63
圖3-18 Fd·N/f與最高接合溫度及抗剪強度之關係………………64
圖3-19 抗剪強度與最大接合溫度之關係………………………….65
圖3-20 固定進給速度10mm/min，不同轉速條件下之銅鎳合金側及
低碳鋼側破斷面之SEM照.................................................68
圖3-21 固定旋轉速度1000 rpm，不同進給條件下之銅
鎳合金側及低碳鋼側破斷面之SEM照片..……….69
圖3-22 轉動速度1000rpm及進給速度10mm/min時破斷面mapping圖............................................................................................71
圖3-23 轉動速度1000rpm及進給速度40mm/min時破斷面mapping
圖............................................................................................72
圖3-24 轉動速度1000rpm及進給速度80mm/min時破斷面mapping圖............................................................................................73
圖3-25 在固定進給速度10mm/min下，不同轉速(a)800rpm及(b)1400rpm之剖面linescan觀察圖....................................75
圖3-26 銲接界面之擴散接合機制圖...............................................77

表 目 錄
表2-1 銅鎳合金(C71000)之主要成份(wt %).................................14
表2-2 表2-2 低碳鋼(SS 400)之主要成份(wt %)..........................14
表2-3 高速鋼(SKH51)主要成份(wt%)...........................................15
表2-4 實驗參數表...........................................................................17
表2-5 鎳、銅鎳合金及低碳鋼抗拉強度.......................................23

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