臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

混農林業正逐漸成為今日土地利用中一個活躍的選項，此乃肇因於它的兩項貢獻：緩和氣候變遷及改善單一農作的生態傷害。藉由計算出混農林業試區的生態服務價值，吾人得以認知其對台灣永續農業施作的重要性。將Nair (1984)對混農林業功能所作區分和其他的前人研究經與MA 2005和TEEB 2010對生態系服務分類整理後歸納出10個適用於屏東泗林混農林業系統的生態系服務，每一個生態系服務皆各有其量化方法，其中大部分都附有計算其生物物理性質的公式，而此研究試區的每一個生態系服務則選用其中一個方法予以計算。有些計算結果比對前人數據以確認其適切性。生態系服務貨幣化的價值利用可獲取的市場資訊經由適合的方法予以計算出來，它們每公頃年的經濟價值為: (1)食物(臺幣640,467元)與木材(臺幣12,578元) (2)碳吸存(臺幣311,400元) (3)授粉(臺幣0元)* (4)生物控制(臺幣 137,363元) (5)土壤豐沃(臺幣1,003,891元) (6)空氣品質(臺幣132,769元) (7)水品質(臺幣2,018,000元) (8)沖蝕 (臺幣0元)** (9)生物多樣性保育(臺幣4,593元)及(10)生態旅遊(臺幣13,043元)。此混農林業系統所有的生態服務總價值以2014年為準為臺幣4,274,104元/公頃年，30年後的後價為臺幣6,226,054元/公頃年。材積連年生長值於2023年達到最高，所以它有最高實質邊際價值，為2014現價的臺幣4,909,799元/公頃年。如果將臺灣總共648,761公頃的第6至10級的農地 (行政院農委會，2015) 施以與本試區相同內容的混農林業，則其全部生態系服務價值的2014年現價將是臺幣2.77×1012元/公頃年。
*此混農林業試區的農作物為香蕉，其結果無需授粉。
**地理位置與地形因素導致此價值為零。

Agroforestry is becoming a vital option for today’s land use in two folds of contribution: mitigation of climate change and abatement of monocropping agriculture’s ecological disservices. For the first time by revealing the ecosystem service values in an agroforestry test site we can realize its value for Taiwan’s sustainable agriculture practice. Ecosystem services in classification by MA 2005 and TEEB 2010 were mapped with Nair (1984)’s classification of agroforestry functions and review on precedent researches to come up with 10 pertinent ecosystem services for the agroforestry system at Silin, Pingtung. Quantification methodologies for each ecosystem service by agroforestry were given most of which include equations for calculation of biophysical properties. Quantification of each ecosystem service of the agroforestry site was made with one of the corresponding methods. Some of quantification results were checked against data available from literatures for adequacy. Monetary valuation of each ecosystem service was made with accessible data and appropriate methods. Their respective values ha-1 yr-1 were (1) food (NT$640,467) and timber (NT$12,578) (2) carbon sequestration (NT$311,400) (3) pollination (NT$0)* (4) biological control (NT$137,363) (5) soil enrichment (NT$1,003,891) (6) air quality (NT$132,769) (7) water quality (NT$2,018,000) (8) erosion prevention (NT$0)** (9) biodiversity conservation (NT$4,593) and (10) recreation (NT$13,043). The total value of the ecosystem services of agroforestry system was NT$4,274,104 ha-1 yr-1 in net present value (NPV) of 2014, and will be NT$6,226,054 NT$ ha-1 yr-1 30 years later simply by involving inflation factor. The true highest value occurs in 2023 with 2014 NPV of NT$4,397,386 ha-1 yr-1 due to the highest CAIv (Current Annual Increment in volume). If agriculture land of Grade 6 to 10, totaling 648,761 hectares (COA, Taiwan), is converted to agroforestry practice, the total ecosystem service value in 2014 NPV would be NT$2.77 x 1012 yr-1 under the assumption of the same context of the agroforestry system at Silin, Pingtung.

*The crop was banana which does not depend on pollination for fruitage.
**Geographical and topological conditions rendered the value negligible.

Abstract………………………………….….…………………….............I

摘要……………………………………………………………………..III

Ackowledgement………………………………………………………...V

Table of Contents……………..…………..…..….……………………...VI

List of Figures and Tables………………………………………...…….IX

I. Introduction.…………………….………………………………...……1

II. Literature Review………………………………………………….…..4
1. Ecosystem Services ………………...………………..………………4
1.1 Ecosystem functions and services…………………………..……5
1.2 Categorization of ecosystem services…………………………….7
2. Agroforestry……………………………………………………....…14
2.1 What is agroforestry?....................................................................16
2.2. Trees and crops: Their ecosystem services and disservices…….18
3. Ecosystem Services from Agroforestry……………………..…...….20
3.1 Ecosystem services of agroforestry, the past and the present…….20
3.2 Ecosystem services of agroforestry systems…….………………23
3.3 Assessments of agroforestry ecosystem services…………….….26
4. Quantification Methodologies for Agroforestry Ecosystem Services
……………………………………………………………………….39
4.1 Quantification of agroforestry ecosystem services……………...39
4.2 Quantification methodologies………………………………..….41
5. Valuation Methodologies for Agroforestry Ecosystem Services……56
5.1 Valuation of agroforestry ecosystem services………………..….56
5.2 Valuation types within TEV framework…..…………..…….......57

III. Materials and Methods…..…………………………………………..61
1. Study Site and Management……………………….………..……..61
2. Steps and Framework…………………………….………….….....62
3. The Quantification of Ecosystem Services of the Agroforestry System…...…………………………………………………………64
4. The Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Agroforestry System…………………………………………………………….73
4.1 Selection of a valuation method……………………………….73
4.2 The valuation of the ecosystem services……………….…..….75

IV. Results…..…………………………………………………………...79
1. Quantifications Results……………………….…………………....79
1.1 Provisioning services…………………………………………..79
1.2 Carbon sequestration…………………………………………...79
1.3 Pollination……………………………………………………...81
1.4 Biological control………………………………………………81
1.5 Soil enrichment………………………………………………...81
1.6 Air quality………………………………………………………82
1.7 Water quality…………………………………………………...82
1.8 Erosion prevention……………………………………………..82
1.9 Biodiversity conservation………………………………………82
1.10 Cultural services………………………………………………84
1.11 Summary……………………………………………………...84
2. Valuation Results…………………………………………………..84
2.1 Provisioning services…………………………………………..84
2.2 Carbon sequestration…………………………………………...85
2.3 Pollination……………………………………………………...85
2.4 Biological control………………………………………………85
2.5 Soil enrichment………………………………………………...85
2.6 Air quality………………………………………………………86
2.7 Water quality…………………………………………………...86
2.8 Erosion prevention……………………………………………..86
2.9 Biodiversity conservation………………………………………86
2.10 Cultural services………………………………………………86
2.11 Summary……………………………………………………...87


V. Discussion...…………………………………………….…………....89
1. Importance Ranking of the Economic Values………………………89
2. Horizontal Comparisons of the Economic Values……………...…...90
3. Uncertainties in Quantifications and Values………………………...93
4. Constraints and Potentials of Agroforestry Development………..…97
5. Considerations about Implementation of Agroforestry in Taiwan….99

VI. Conclusion…………………………..……………………...….......101

VII. References………………………………………………………...102

Appendix: Precipitation Report 2013 of Silin Weather Station……......112

Biosketch of Author……………………………………………………114

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