臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文使用實驗室團隊自行開發之數位影像相關法(Digital image correlation, DIC)技術量測次微米級全場變形及應變，其中包含光纖光柵、致冷晶片、形狀記憶合金、負載橋樑、受振動之鋼筋混凝土。本實驗所採用之演算法使用牛頓拉普森法，搭配平行運算技術達到高效能、高精度之分析結果，並與電子斑點干涉術、光纖位移計、NDI光學檢測儀器之量測結果相互吻合。
DIC技術具有非破壞檢測之特性並可提供全域式及非接觸之量測結果，同時具有跨尺度量測之優點，可依照現地狀況搭配不同光學鏡頭，並可依照待測物尺寸如光纖光柵進行次微米量測，或針對橋樑等巨大結構物提供釐米級量測數據，透過數值分析可準確獲得待測物之共振頻與共振模態，更採用短時傅立葉轉換分析暫態訊號並提供時頻分析圖。文中以高空間、時間解析度之攝影系統與量測儀器，建構全域式量測系統，量測跨尺度的變形問題，同時以高精度量測儀器如光纖位移計比對量測結果，使用高速攝影機進行動態問題量測，獲得高時間解析度之影像堆疊，並以DIC進行高效能運算；提升現有拍攝系統於微小變形量測與分析，獲得微奈米級之變形定量量測結果；跨材料與土木試驗，量測大變形與巨型試體之微小變形，並以高精密之三維光學量測儀器比對定量量測結果。
本論文使用之DIC技術其演算法涵蓋位移計算與應變計算之邏輯，並可應用於進行非接觸式位移與應變全域定量量測。量測主題涵括高變動率之動態問題、微奈米級變形量測、以及大變形與大尺度試體之精密定量量測，皆為傳統量測儀器難以精準定量的問題。並進行影像處理獲取全域資訊，此量測方法為實驗室團隊自行研發之技術，核心運算技術包含平行運算技術、向量轉化運算流程，將多維度迴圈轉換為等價之二維向量運算提升運算效能。本論文所提出之演算法，不僅可量測正交方向之位移場 、 ，更可透過區域最小平方法演算法獲得應變場 、 、 ，實驗過程不受光源限制，架設精簡，並可應用於現場量測，除此之外，更擁有0.1畫素級之分析精度。與市售DIC套裝模組相比，本文所用量測技術擁有更高的應用彈性，可進行跨尺度跨領域的應用與量測，且由於量測儀器十分精簡，僅需紀錄影像的相機（靜態問題）或錄影機（動態問題），能適用於各種不同的量測環境，相較於傳統量測方法，擁有高精確度、全域量測、以及非接觸之優點。本論文使用DIC於各種不同問題的量測，顯示此量測技術擁有廣闊的發展空間，可適應更複雜的量測環境如水下，應用於更廣的領域中，或提升核心演算至三維變形量測。

This paper uses the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique developed in our laboratory for experimental measurements on the deformation of elastic solids. DIC is a full-field and non-contact measurement technique and this paper tries to extend the applications in multiple-dimensional and multiple-fields problems. Using high-resolution image to record the deformation of object and to construct the information for displacement and strain field through image processing technique from DIC. A high-speed camera is used to record thousands of images for the dynamic problem and uses high-resolution camera and microscope to quantitatively evaluate the deformation in sub-micron sensitivity for fiber grating sensors and thermal deformation. Interdisciplinary application is also an important issue of DIC in this paper. The large deformation for shape memory alloy in material science and the failure in large structure of concrete with steel in civil engineering are also investigated.

致謝 i
摘要 v
Abstract vii
目錄 ix
圖表目錄 xiii
表目錄 xxiv
第一章 前言 1
1-1 研究背景 1
1-2 文獻回顧 4
1-3 內容簡介 7
第二章 數位影像相關法（DIC）基本原理與實驗儀器介紹 11
2-1 數位影像相關法（DIC）基本運作原理 11
2-2 應用於DIC演算上之數值向量化運算及平行運算 14
2-3 DIC影像追蹤技術與實驗操作流程 18
2-4 數位影像相關法實驗數據分析之重要參數 22
2-4.1 時間參數 23
2-4.2 空間參數 23
2-4.3 半窗格 24
2-5 實驗儀器介紹 25
2-5.1 光纖位移計 25
2-5.2 寬頻光源與光循環器 28
2-5.3 光頻譜分析儀 29
2-5.4 PZT壓電致動器與位移控制器 29
2-5.5 紅外線熱像儀 31
2-5.6 示差掃描熱量分析儀 32
第三章 應用DIC於壓電陶瓷雙晶片的動態量測 35
3-1 壓電陶瓷雙晶片介紹與理論 35
3-1.1 壓電基本理論 36
3-1.2 壓電雙晶片理論 38
3-2 壓電陶瓷雙晶片以電壓激振的動態量測方法與實驗結果 40
3-2.1 實驗架設與方法 40
3-2.2 並聯型壓電雙晶片以並聯電極連接型式（PBP）以弦波訊號激振之結果討論 44
3-2.3 串聯型壓電雙晶片以並聯電極連接型式（SPB）以弦波訊號激振之結果討論 47
3-2.4 壓電雙晶片以亂數電訊號激振之實驗結果與討論 50
3-3 壓電雙晶片以鋼珠落擊之動態量測與實驗結果 51
3-3.1 實驗方法與架設 51
3-3.2 實驗結果與討論 52
3-4 並聯型壓電雙晶片以並聯電極連接型式（PBP）之長距離動態量測 53
3-4.1 實驗方法與架設 53
3-4.2 實驗結果與討論 55
3-5 應用數位影像相關法（DIC）進行全場資訊分析 55
3-6 討論 57
第四章 應用DIC於微米級尺度下之精密量測 101
4-1 光纖光柵基本原理 101
4-1.1 基本光纖光學 101
4-1.2 光纖光柵基本原理 104
4-1.3 光彈效應與熱光效應 105
4-1.4 共振波長飄移理論 109
4-1.5 光纖光柵波長飄移理論於特定應力或溫度情形 111
4-2 應用DIC量測技術於布拉格光纖光柵受軸向載荷之變形量測 114
4-2.1 布拉格光纖光柵拉伸實驗架設 114
4-2.2 布拉格光纖光柵拉伸實驗結果 118
4-3 應用DIC於精密壓電定位平台位移檢測 123
4-4 應用DIC於溫度變化下的材料變形量測 127
4-4.1 致冷晶片熱變形之DIC量測結果 128
4-5 討論 130
第五章 DIC跨領域之應用與精密定量量測 147
5-1 應用DIC於形狀記憶合金的材料特性量測 147
5-1.1 形狀記憶合金之工作原理 148
5-1.2 拉伸試驗介紹 149
5-1.3 記憶合金拉伸試驗 151
5-1.4 形狀記憶合金絲BioMetalFiber之特性量測 154
5-1.5 討論 156
5-2 應用DIC於土木結大型結構之量測 157
5-2.1 應用DIC於鋼筋混凝土之抗彎能力測試 157
5-2.2 應用DIC於鋼筋混凝土之剪力連接梁測試 160
5-2.3 應用DIC於大型土木結構之實地監控與量測 162
5-2.4 討論 162
第六章 結論與未來展望 221
6-1 結論 221
6-2 未來展望 223
參考文獻 227
附錄 233

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