臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著國內經濟發展迅速，物流產業發展日漸興盛，人們的物質需求更加多元；為能滿足大量的供貨需求、節省人力成本並提升流通效率，工廠引進大型自動倉庫系統存放貨品成為趨勢。此大型高架儲存倉庫及物流中心普遍存在於各公民營工廠及工業區，貨品更常以高密度的儲存方式，往往具有高火災風險，但目前國內法規對這類倉庫卻僅有概括性規定。
本文首先參考國內外相關法規規定與文獻研究，以了解貨架倉庫火災究竟有何共同的特性。再搜集國內外重大倉庫火災災例，除可印證前述倉庫火災特性之外，同時也能了解依法設有自動撒水設備的倉庫，火災時確有動作，卻為何仍造成傷亡之可能原因。本研究亦挑選國內幾間具代表性自動倉庫系統，實地調查其自動撒水設備各項構件及參數配置，以瞭解自動化倉庫設置自動撒水設備現況，並將現勘場所進行比較分析，結果發現國內部分自動倉庫其自動撒水設備設計和法規要求不盡相同。
在完成初步現場勘查及相關文獻與災例分析後，以FDS模擬格點25公分設計，將貨架撒水頭的位置分別設在架旁、架中、架縫中，探討起火後15秒放水對火災抑制的影響。結果發現，當採用熱釋放率600kW/m2的貨品（體積比：外層瓦愣紙20%、內層PVC材料80%），發現無論將貨架撒水頭設置於何位置，撒水抑制火災的結果沒有明顯差異。
最終，綜合國內外法規設計優劣，與不同位置撒水頭滅火效能模擬結果後，提出相關結論與建議，以供建築消防相關人員設計時參考。

With the development of economy in Taiwan, the logistics industry will continue to prosper nowadays and beyond. People tend to have a variety requirement of material. In order to satisfy the supply demand, saving human power and increase the effectiveness of transportation, the introduce of large-scale AS/RS to store commodities in the factories has become a trend. This kind of large-scale AS/RS often exist in many public or private industrial area. The increased density of the stored commodities has the potential of causing a fire. However, merely general specifications were presented in the Standard for Installation of Fire Safety Equipment Based on Use and Occupancy. This study has figure out the warehouse fire scenarios through domestic and foreign regulation comparison and literature review. On the other hand, collecting warehouse fire cases in different places to verify with the above fire characteristic mentioned, moreover, trying to realize why the damage still happened when the Automatic Sprinkler System active confidently. Pick out few representative AS/RS warehouse storages in Taiwan, and investigate their individual sprinkler layout and parameters setting. The comparison within different AS/RS warehouse storages shows the on-site design criteria don’t always coincide with regulations. After on-site investigation, continuing to set up rack-storage model to simulate fire scenario by installing different position of in-rack sprinklers to see the fire extinguishing performance. Finally, with the comparison of regulations and simulation consequences from each warehouse, some conclusions of rack-storage configuration could be made and design options could be provided for AHJ.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與流程 5
第三節 研究範圍與限制 10
第二章 文獻回顧與探討 13
第一節 文獻回顧 13
第二節 高架儲存倉庫料架配置與儲存物品分類 29
第三節 貨架倉庫火災特性及分析 40
第四節 國內外貨架倉庫火災案例分析 42
第五節 國內設置標準、美國NFPA及日本差異性分析 54
第三章 台灣自動化倉儲場勘現況調查 60
第一節 台灣自動化倉儲場勘現況調查結果 60
第二節 台灣自動化倉儲場勘現況調查結果分析 64
第四章 電腦模擬分析 67
第一節 電腦模擬分析軟體FDS介紹 67
第二節 貨架倉庫各項設計參數說明 76
第二節 貨架倉庫火災模擬案例分析 81
第四節 模擬結果與討論 122
第五章 結論與建議 127
第一節 結論 127
第二節 建議 132
參考文獻 136

中文部分
(1)台北國際物流展-看台灣物流技術與設備的進化，現代物流，物流技術與戰略，第71期，pp.87，2014年10月。
(2)高雄成功物流園區-物流服務簡介簡報資料，2010年2月10日。
(3)各類場所消防安全設備設置標準，法規查詢系統，第17條，106年7月5號。
(4)李玉生，張邦立，陳玠佑，林文興，陳盈月，黃守謙，自動化倉儲防火規定之研究，內政部建築研究所研究報告，2009。
(5)何岫璁，美國國家防火規範之設計要點-自動撒水系統，電機月刊，2009。
(6)邱文豐，張慶進，湯文烈，高架儲存倉庫消防安全設備設計規範之研究，財團法人中華顧問工程司，1999。
(7)王建彬，我國自動倉儲與無人搬運車使用量分析，財團法人工業數研究院，pp.2-9，1997。
(8)陳建忠，陳弘毅，黃玉麟，梁棟詮，紀人豪，蘇鴻奇，沈建宏，建築物防火安全評估與最佳設計之研究，內政部建築研究所研究報告，2004。
(9)陳文龍，高架儲存倉庫自動撒水設備等的設置及比較，消防技術資訊月刊，第5期，pp.22，1997。
(10)陳建忠，何三平，簡賢文，林典叡，撒水頭下方障礙物造成撒水障礙之探討，建築學報，2014。
(11)馮俊益，張寬勇，高架儲存倉庫防火安全設計之研究-以自動撒水設備為例，台北科技大學安全防災所，2002。
(12)張依如、何三平，通風系統與撒水效應影響煙層之研究探討，長榮大學職業安全與衛生研究所碩士論文，2010。
(13)杨琦，高架仓库自动喷水灭火系统设计探讨，消防技术与产品信息，第1期，pp.15，1998。
(14)葉世文，紀人豪，蘇鴻奇，陳政洞，陳春甫，丁偉鵬，物流倉儲類建築物防火安全評估基準之研究，內政部建築研究所研究報告，2006。
(15)蔡綽芳，沈子勝，張慧蓓，林苡辰，謝品蘋，物流業自動倉儲建築火災特性及滅火設備設置規範之研究，內政部建築研究所協同研究報告，2017。
(16)陳明辰，貨架倉儲撒水設備性能化設計分析，長榮大學職業安全與衛生研究所，2007。
(17)陳裕仁，消防安全設備功能替代-以自動撒水設備為例，警大研究所碩士論文，1998。
(18)簡賢文，林孟蓉，自動撒水設備與建築防火之同等性能替代設計，消防與防災科技雜誌，2003。
(19)孫海蛟、黃國鐘，物流倉儲設備手冊，經濟部，1997。
(20)沈子勝，公路隧道消防安全設備設置規範草案（POD），交通部台灣區國道新建工程局，2008。
(21)蔡匡忠、黃信創，自動撒水滅火設備與區劃延燒驗證研究，內政部建築研究所委託研究報告，1997。
(22)柯建銘、楊冠雄，大型車站建築之火災煙控系統設計與電腦模擬分析，國立中山大學機械與機電工程研究所碩士論文，1992。
(23)郭榮源、何三平，傳統塑膠製造產業倉儲區消防設備效能之研究與探討，長榮大學健康科學學院職業安全與衛生學系碩士論文，2012。
(24)陳榮宗、紀人豪，大型展覽館滅火系統之研究，吳鳳科技大學消防系碩士在職專班碩士學位論文，2016。
(25)高嘉偉、林正平，自動撒水設備設置之研究-以量販店為例，國立台北科技大學土木與防災研究所碩士學位論文，2011。
(26)方瑞文、何三平，多功能原料藥廠化學品暫存區自動撒水設備性能化設計之探討，長榮大學職業安全與衛生研究所碩士論文，2009。
(27)陳俊勳、林木榮，建築物火災成長延燒防止技術之性能式設計法研究，建築研究所報告，2001。
(28)沈子勝、黃育祥、郭聰誠，應用火災工學與火場模擬軟體FDS於火場之重建，中央警察大學消防科學研究所，災害防救學報第6期，2005。
(29)蔡政廷、易逸波，利用FDS模擬不同高度與液滴粒徑之撒水噴頭對賣場建築火災滅火效率之影響，國立雲林科技大學環境與安全衛生工程系環境與安全衛生工程組，2014。
(30)郭聰誠、沈子勝、黃育祥，FDS電腦平行運算效能之探討，中央警察大學災害防救學報，pp.187-253，2005。
(31)戴嘉宏、溫志超，建築物火場模擬及消防安全設備之效益探討，國立雲林科技大學環境與安全衛生學系碩士在職專班碩士論文，2009。
(32)內授消字地1050023196號，內政部消防署函釋及公告，內政部消防署消防法令查詢系統，2016。
(33)邱晨瑋，高科技廠無塵室防火工程性能式設計，鼎茂圖書出版有限公司，pp.153，2009。

外文部分
(1)Gary Keith, “Warehouse Fires & Pre-Fire Planning”, FM Global, 2015.
(2)Hsiang-Cheng Kung, Sungchul Lee, Robert J. Ballard, Mark W. Moseley, “Early Suppression of Rack Storage Fires with K363 Standard Response Sprinkler”, Factory Mutual, 2011.
(3)Matthew J. Klaus, “Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook (Thirteenth Edition)”, NFPA, 2016.
(4)Magnus Arvidson, “Experience from fire sprinklers in a shuttle storage system”, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, 2014.
(5)Harriang, J.L., “Lessons Learned from Warehouse Fires”, Fire Protection Engineering, pp.22-24, 2006.
(6)NFPA, “Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems”, NFPA , 2013.
(7)Hong-Zeng Yu, James L. Lee and Hsiang-Cheng Kung, “Suppression of Rack-Storage Fires by Water”, Factory Mutual Research Corporation , 1994.
(8)Richard Campbell, “Structure Fire in U.S. Warehouses”, National Fire Protection Association Fire Statistics, 2016.
(9)Daniel T. Gottuk, “Fire Detection in Warehouse Facilities- Final Phase 1 Report”, The Fire Protection Research Foundation, 2012.
(10)An Overview of the U.S. Fire Problem, “Fact Sheet Research”, National Fire Protection Association, 2017.
(11)G. Keith Bryant, Denis Onieal, “U.S. Fire Statistics-Working for A fire-safe America”, U.S. Fire Administration.
(12)Chan, T.S. and Kung, H.C., “Comparison of Actual Delivered Density and Fire Suppression Effectiveness of Standard and Conventional Sprinklers in Rack-storage Fires”, Fire Safety Science, pp.445-456, 2003.
(13)U.S. Fire Administration, “National Fire Incident Reporting System Complete Reference Guide”, National Fire Data Center, 2015.
(14)H.J. Haynes, “U.S. Fire Loss during 2015”, National Fire Protection Association, pp.2-3, 2015.
(15)“High Expansion Foam Protects New Compact Storage System”, News from Fire Technology at SP Technocal Research Institute of Sweden, 2010.
(16)J. R. Hall, Jr. and B. Harwood, B., “The National Estimates Approach to U.S. Fire Statistics”, Fire Technology 25 no. 2, pp.99-113, 1989.
(17)U.S. Fire Administration, “National Fire Incident Reporting System Complete Reference Guide”, National Fire Data Center, pp.3-27- 3-28, 2015.
(18)U.S. Census Bureau, American Housing Survey, “2011 National - Health and Safety Characteristics - All Occupied Units”, Variable 1, Units by Structure Type, American Housing Survey Table Creator, 2017.
(19)J. Hall, Jr., M. Ahrens, and B. Evarts, “Sprinkler Impact on Fire Injury”, Quincy, MA: Fire Protection Research Association, 2012.
(20)Richard Upham, “Residential fire sprinkler reliability in homes older than 20 years old in Scottsdale”, National Fire Academy, pp.17-19, 28-29, 2008.
(21)NFPA, “Warehouse Fires and Pre-Fire Planning”, NFPA 1620-Standard for Pre-Incident Planning, 2015.
(22)Sheraton Braintree, “Storage Fixed Fire Protection and Final Extinguishment”, Fire Protection Research Foundation, 2009.
(23)Gallagher, R. and Gollner, M., “High Challenge Warehouse Case Study-Summary Warehouse Workshop”, NFPA Fire Protection Research Foundation, 2010.
(24)Ahrens, M., “Warehouse Fires Excluding Cold Storage”, National Fire Protection Association, 2009.
(25)SFPE, “Fire Protection Engineering”, issue NO.9, 2001.
(26)W.K. Chow, W.M.K. Wong, “Water Penatration Ratio of a Sprinkler Water Spray”, Proceedings of the first Asia-Oceania Symposium of Fire Science and Technology, International Association for Fire Safety Science, 1992.
(27)United States Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Building Characteristic by Activities: Warehouse and Storage”, 1999.
(28)C. Beyler., “Flammability Limits of Premixed and Diffusion Flames”, Fire Protection Engineering, ational Fire Protection Association, pp.146, 2008.
(29)C.L. Beyler, “Effect of Selected Variables on the Distribution of Water from Automatic Sprinkler”, National Bureau of Standards, Technical Report, 1988.
(30)Nathaniel Mead Petterson, Assessing the Feasibility of Reducing the Grid Resolution in FDS Field Modelling, Fire Engineering Research Report.
(31)C. Yao, “Development of the ESFR Sprinkler System”, Fire Safety Journal, 1988.
(32)Frank, J., “Will the Fire Department Intervene”, Industrial Fire World, 2010.
(33)Mawhinney J. R., Dlugogorski B. Z., and Kim A. K., “A Close Look at the Extinguishing Properties of Water Mist”, International Association for Fire Safety Science (IAFSS) Conference, 1994.
(34)Goves, A., “The Japanese Approach to Warehouse Fire Safety”, 2003.
(35)J.A. Schwille, R.M. Lueptow, “Effect of a Fire Plume on Supression Spray Droplet motion”, Atomization and Spray, Department of Mechanical, 2006.
(36)X. Zhou, S.P. D’Aniello, H.-Z. Yu, “Spray Characterization Measurements of a Pendent Fire Sprinkler”, Fire Safety Journal, 2011.
(37)Gallagher, R., “Warehouse Challenge”, NFPA Journal, 2011.
(38)E.D. Link, S.J. Jordan, T.M. Myers, P.B. Sunderland, A.W. Marshall, “Spray Dispersion Measurements of a Sprinkler Array”, Department of Fire Protection Engineering, University of Maryland, 2017.
(39)Jia, F., E.R. Galea, M.K. Patel, “The Numerical Simulation of Fire Spread within a Compartment using an Integrated Gas and Solid Phase Combustion Model”, Journal of Applied Fire Science, pp.291-316, 1999.
(40)C.L. Beyler, “Effect of Selected Variables on the Distribution of Water from Automatic Sprinklers”, U.S. National Bureau of Standards, 1977.
(41)D.T. Sheppard, “Spray Characteristic of Fire Sprinklers”, National Inatitute of Standards and Technology, 2002.
(42)Dougal Drysdale, “An Introduction to Fire Dynamics”, Third Edition, University of Edingburgh, 2011.
(43)“NFPA 921-Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations”, 2011.
(44)Eric Link, Taylor Myers, Arnaud Trouve, Andre Marshall, “Measurements of Spray-Plume interactions for model validation”, Fire Safety Journal, 2017.
(45)G. Grant, J. Brenton, D. Drysdale, “Fire Suppression by Water Sprays, Progress Energy Combust”, pp.79-130, 2000.
(46)Khan, N., “Special Report. Middle East Warehouse Fires”, Arabian Supply Chain, 2010.
(47)Haq, R., “Dubai Police Report. Middle East Warehouse Fires”, Arabian Supply Chain, 2011.
(48)Delichatsios, M.A., “A Scientific Analysis of Stored Plastic Fire Tests”, Fire Science and Technology, pp73-103, 1983.
(49)D.J. Rasbash, “The Extinction of Fire with Plain Water”, International Association for Fire Safety Science, 1986.
(50)T.M. Myers, A.W. Marshall, “A Discription of the Initial Fire Sprinkler Spray”, Fire Safety Journal, 2016.
(51)N. Ren, H.R. Baum, A.W. Marshall, “A Comprehensive methodology for Characterizing Sprinkler Sprays”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 1896.
(52)Building Research Establishment, “Sprinkler Installation Trends and Fire Statistics for Warehouse Buildings”, Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006.
(53)Allen, T. and Molina, R., “Warehouse Sprinkler Design Configurations not Covered by NFPA 13”, Fire Protection Engineering, pp.32-40, 2006.
(54)Y. Wang, K. Meredith, X. Zhou, P.Chatterjee, Y. Xin, M. Chaos, N. Ren, S. Dorofeev, “Numerical Simulation of Sprinkler Suppression of Rack Storage Fires”, Proceedings of the Eleventh I nternational Symposium on Fire Safety Science, International Association for Fire Safety Science, pp.1170-1183, 2014.
(55)Golinveaux, J. and Hankins, J., “Meeting the Challenges of an Ever-Changing Storage Industry”, Fire Protection Engineering, pp.32-40, 2006.
(56)McGrattan, K.B., G. P. Forney, J. E. Floyd and S. Hostikka, “Fire Dynamics Simulator”, User’s Guide, NIST, 2017.
(57)L. Grinberg , G.E. Karniadakis, “A New Domain Decomposition Method with Overlapping Patches for Ultrascale Simulations: Appliacation to Biological Flows”, Journal of Computational Physics, pp.5541-5563, 2010.
(58)B. Vreman, “An Eddy-viscosity Subgrid-scale Model for Turbulent Shear Flow: Algebraic Theory and Applications”, Physics and Fluids, pp.3670-3681, 2004.
(59)Parlor, B., “Managing the Fire Threat in Warehouse and Distribution Buildings”, Fire, pp.28-29, 2003.
(60)John, M., Watts Jr., “Probabilistic Fire Model”, Fire Protection Handbook, 18th edition, National Fire Protection Association, pp.11-62~11-70, 1997.
(61)Forney, G.P. and K.B. McGrattan, “A Tool for Visualizing Fire Dynamics Simulation Data”, User’s Guide for Smokeview, NIST, 2001.
(62)Phillip A. Friday & Frederick W. Mowrer, “Compartment of FDS Model Prediction with FM Fire Test Data”, Department of Fire Protection Engineering University of Maryland, 1986.
(63)Baum, H.R., K.B. McGrattan, “Simulation of Large Industrial Outdoor Fires”, Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the Sicth International Symposium, International Association for Fire Safety Science, 1999.
(64)William, D. Walton and Edward K. Budnick, “Deterministic Computer Fire Model”, Fire Protection Handbook, pp.11-52~11-62, 1997.
(65)N. Jarrin, “Synthetic Inflow Boundary Conditions for the Numerical Simulation of Turbulence”, PhD Thesis, The University of Manchester, United Kindom, pp.99, 2008.
(66)CTIF Working Group, “Firefighter’s Safety in Large Single Storey Storage Buildings”, International Technical Committee foe the Prevention and Extinction of Fire (CTIF), 2003.
(67)J.P. Holman, “Heat Transfer”, McGraw-Hill, New York, 7th Edition, pp.70, 1990.
(68)A. Gupta, K. Meredith, G. Agarwal, S. Thumuluru, Y. Xin, M. Chaos, Y. Wang, “CFD Modeling of Fire Growth in Rack-Storages of Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic (CUP) Commodity”, FM Global Opening Source CFD Fire Modeling Workshop, pp.158, 2015.
(69)Hall, J., “Warehouse Information”, National Fire Protection Association, 2003.
(70)Hall, J., “U.S. Experience with Sprinklers”, National Fire Association, 2011.
(71)Marty Ahrens, “U.S. Experience with Sprinklers-Fire Statistics and Reports”, National Fire Protection Association, 2017.
(72)Benjamin Ditch, “Development of In-rack Sprinkler Protection Guidance for ASRS”, SFPE Webinar Series, 2018.