臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文之研究目的為探討不同日糧高粱酒糟含量對台灣黑羽土雞生長性能、血液相關性狀、腸道性狀、屠體性狀與生理組織抗氧化能力之影響。
試驗一、飼予雞隻不同乾燥高粱酒糟含量之等熱能等蛋白飼糧，探討高粱酒糟對台灣黑羽土雞生長性狀、血液相關性狀、腸道性狀、屠體性狀之影響。將 288 隻台灣黑羽土雞分成 4 組，分別餵飼含 0%、10%、20% 與 30% 乾燥高粱酒糟之等熱能等蛋白飼糧，試驗期為 12 週，每 2 週進行稱重，並於雞隻 8、12 與 16 週齡時採血與犧牲採樣。結果顯示，試驗全期各處理組雞隻之生長性能無顯著差異 (P > 0.05)。飼糧中添加 20 或 30% 乾燥高粱酒糟可增長土雞空腸、迴腸與盲腸絕對或相對長度 (P < 0.05)。飼糧乾燥高粱酒糟之添加量對 8、12 及 16 週齡土雞血清臨床生化與電解質有不同程度的影響。各處理組雞隻腹脂重量、相對肝臟重量、脛骨性狀與跛足率無顯著差異。在 8 週齡台灣黑羽土雞胸肉之 a、b 值隨飼糧乾燥高粱酒糟使用量之增加而降低，但在 12 及 16 週齡，則各處理組之間無顯著差異 (P > 0.05)。在雞胸肉之剪力值方面，在 8 與 12 週齡時，以雞隻採食含 20% 乾燥高粱酒糟飼糧處理組最高 (P < 0.05)，但當飼養期達 16 週齡，各處理組雞隻胸肉之剪力值則無顯著差異。在胸肉官能品評分數方面，在 8、12 與 16 週齡時，各處理組之間皆無顯著差異。在 16 週齡時，採食不同乾燥高粱酒糟含量飼糧之台灣黑羽土雞，其羽毛外觀均生長良好。
試驗二、以添加乾燥高粱酒糟於商用土雞飼糧之方式探討高粱酒糟對台灣黑羽土雞生理組織抗氧化酵素濃度之影響。選取 168 隻台灣黑羽土雞分成 3 組，分別飼予添加 0%、15% 與 30% 乾燥高粱酒糟之商用土雞飼糧，試驗期為 8 週，每 2 週進行稱重，並於雞隻 9、13 週齡時採血與犧牲採樣以分析組織中過氧化氫 (H2O2) 含量及超氧歧化酶 (superoxide dismutaes, SOD)、觸酶 (catalase, CAT) 與麩胱甘肽過氧化酶 (glutathione peroxidase, GPX) 等抗氧化酵素活性。結果顯示，於試驗結束（13 週齡），各處理組雞隻活體重並無顯著差異 (P > 0.05)。試驗全期之雞隻隻日增重無顯著差異 (P > 0.05)。而飼料效率除 9 - 11 週齡外，各飼養期之 30% 處理組均顯著低於 0% 對照組。
生理組織抗氧化性方面，雞隻 9 週齡之血漿 SOD 活性隨飼糧高粱酒糟使用量的提高而遞增 (P < 0.05)，但 CAT 活性則以添加 15% 高粱酒糟處理組為最低，而 H2O2 含量及 GPX 活性於各處理組間均無顯著差異 (P > 0.05)；於腦組織，則以飼糧添加 15% 乾燥高粱酒糟之雞隻其 CAT 活性顯著高於對照組，而 SOD、GPX 之活性及 H2O2 含量各處理組間並無顯著差異；在肝臟組織，SOD 之活性以飼糧含 30% 乾燥高粱酒糟處理組為最高 (P < 0.05)，H2O2 含量則以添加 15% 酒糟處理組顯著高於 0% 對照組，CAT、GPX 活性則無顯著差異。當雞隻飼養期達 13 週齡，血漿之 CAT 活性以飼糧外加 15% 高粱酒糟處理組顯著高於 0% 對照組 (P < 0.05)，SOD、GPX 之活性與 H2O2 含量於各處理組間均無顯著差異；腦組織之 CAT 活性及 H2O2 含量均以飼糧添加 30% 高粱酒糟處理組為最高 (P < 0.05)，而 SOD 與 GPX 活性在不同處理間則無顯著差異；肝臟組織之 SOD 活性以飼糧外加 30% 高粱酒糟處理組顯著高於 15% 者，氧化物 H2O2 含量則以對照組為最高，而 CAT 與 GPX 活性在不同處理間皆未見顯著差異。
綜合上述，在等熱能、等蛋白飼糧中使用乾燥高粱酒糟達 30% 並不會對台灣黑羽土雞生長性能造成顯著影響。但若添加乾燥高粱酒糟於商用土雞飼糧，則當酒糟添加量達 30% 時，雞隻之飼料效率將顯著降低。而添加乾燥高粱酒糟於土雞飼糧，對台灣黑羽土雞生理組織之抗氧化能力則有提升的效果。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding sorghum distillery residue (SDR) in diet on growth performance, blood, intestines, carcass traits, and antioxidative ability of physiological tissues in Taiwan black-color native chickens.
Experiment 1. Taiwan black-color native chickens were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing different SDR content to investigate the effect of SDR on growth, blood, intestines and carcass performance in chickens. 288 Taiwan black-color native chickens were devided to 4 treatments and fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% SDR respective for a 12-week feeding period. Chickens were weighted every two weeks and sacrificed at week 8, 12 and 16. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in growth performance among treatments for feeding period (P>0.05). The chickens fed feeds containing 20 or 30% SDR had longer jejunum, ileum, and cecum absolute or relative length (P<0.05). It had variable effects on serum clinical biochemistry and electrolyte concentration when chickens were fed feeds containing different ratio of SDR. The a and b value of breast muscle in Taiwan black-color native chickens decreased with the increasing ratio of SDR in feeds at 8 weeks of age, but it had no significant difference among treatments at 12 and 16 weeks of age (P>0.05). The chickens fed 20% SDR had most shear value of breast muscle at 8 and 12 weeks of age (P<0.05), but it had no significant difference among treatments at 16 weeks of age. It had no significant difference on panel scores of breast muscle in Taiwan black-color native chickens at every feeding period, and all chickens had good feather appearance in 16-week-old.
Experiment 2. Taiwan black-color native chickens were fed commercial rations adding different ratio of SDR to investigate the effect of SDR on concentration of antioxidative enzyme in physiological tissues of chickens. 168 Taiwan black-color native chickens were devided to 3 treatments and fed commercial rations adding 0, 15, 30% SDR respective for a 8-week feeding period. Chickens were weighted every two weeks and sacrificed at week 9 and 13 to analyse H2O2 content and superoxide dismutaes (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in 13-week chickens' body weight and average daily gain among treatments (P>0.05). Feed efficiency of chickens fed 30% SDR was significant lower than it of 0% SDR for all feeding period except for 9-11 weeks of age.
In antioxidative ability of 9-week chickens, the SOD activity of blood plasma increased with the increasing ratio of SDR (P<0.05), but CAT activity on blood plasma of chickens fed 15% SDR was lower than it of 0% and 30%. The H2O2 content and GPX activity on blood plasma of Taiwan black-color native chickens had no significant difference among treatments at 9 weeks of age. Chickens fed 15% SDR had higher CAT activity than the control, and there was no significant difference among treatments in the H2O2 content and GPX, SOD activity on brain of Taiwan black-color native chickens at 9 weeks of age. In liver, it had highest SOD activity in 30% SDR treatment, and the H2O2 content in 15% SDR chickens was higher than the control (P<0.05). The CAT and GPX activity in liver of Taiwan black-color native chickens had no significant difference among treatments at 9 weeks of age. Chickens fed 15% SDR had higher CAT activity in blood plasma than the control, and there was no significant difference on SOD, GPX activity and H2O2 content in blood plasma among treatments at 13-week age. It had highest CAT activity and H2O2 content in brain of chickens fed 30% SDR (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference on SOD and GPX activity in brain among treatments at 13-week age. In liver of chickens, it had highest H2O2 content on the control, and there was higher SOD activity on 30% DDGS treatment than the 15%. It had no significant difference on CAT and GPX activity in liver among treatments at 13-week age.
Above all, there will be no significant effect on growth performance when Taiwan black-color native chickens are fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing 30% SDR. But it will decrease feed efficiency if chickens are fed commercial rations adding 30% SDR. Adding SDR in diet will enhance antioxidative ability of physiological tissues in Taiwan black-color native chickens.

目錄
頁次
壹、 中文摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
貳、 英文摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．4
參、 前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．8
肆、 文獻檢討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9
一、 含可溶物乾燥酒糟．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9
（一） 含可溶物乾燥酒糟之定義．．．．．．．．．．．．．9
（二） 含可溶物乾燥酒糟之緣由．．．．．．．．．．．．10
（三） 含可溶物乾燥酒糟之生產．．．．．．．．．．．．12
1. 玉米酒糟．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．12
2. 高粱酒糟．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．15
（四） 含可溶物乾燥酒糟之營養成分．．．．．．．．．．16
1. 玉米酒糟．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．16
(1) 能量值．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．16
(2) 蛋白質與胺基酸含量．．．．．．．．．．．．．18
(3) 礦物質．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．18
(4) 維生素及其他營養成分．．．．．．．．．．．．19
2. 高粱酒糟之一般成分．．．．．．．．．．．．．19
（五） 含可溶物乾燥酒糟營養價值之影響因子．．．．．．20
1. 穀物種類．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．20
2. 生產系統的差異．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21
3. 可溶性物質的添加量．．．．．．．．．．．．．23
4. 乾燥溫度或時間．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．25
（六） 含可溶物乾燥酒糟應用於動物日糧之優勢與劣勢．．28
1. 優勢．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．28
2. 劣勢．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．31
二、 含可溶物乾燥酒糟在家禽飼糧之利用．．．．．．．．．32
（一） 白肉雞．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．33
（二） 蛋雞．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．34
（三） 火雞．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．36
（四） 台灣有色土雞．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37
三、 高粱酒糟之多酚化合物及單寧．．．．．．．．．．．．38
（一） 高粱酒糟之多酚化合物及單寧含量．．．．．．．．39
（二） 多酚化合物及單寧之結構．．．．．．．．．．．．42
（三） 多酚化合物及單寧之抗氧化性及生理功能．．．．．45
（四） 單寧於動物營養之影響．．．．．．．．．．．．．52
四、 生物體內抗氧化防禦系統．．．．．．．．．．．．．．55
（一） 自由基對健康之影響．．．．．．．．．．．．．．55
1. 自由基定義及來源．．．．．．．．．．．．．．55
2. 自由基之作用．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．56
3. 體內自由基的產生．．．．．．．．．．．．．．59
4. 自由基與老化．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．59
（二） 非酵素性抗氧化防禦系統．．．．．．．．．．．．62
（三） 酵素性抗氧化防禦系統．．．．．．．．．．．．．64
1. 超氧歧化酶 (superoxide dismutase, SOD)．．．．．66
2. 麩胱甘肽過氧化酶 (glutathione peroxidase, GPX)．．68
3. 觸酶 (catalase, CAT)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．72
伍、 材料與方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．74
試驗一．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．74
試驗二．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．85
陸、 結果與討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．102
試驗一．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．102
試驗二．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．153
柒、 結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．164
捌、 參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．165
玖、 小傳．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．190

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