臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

專案管理對企業來說一直以來都是十分重要的議題，在軟體產業亦是如此。但根據調查軟體產業的專案能如期、如質、如成本的完成比率卻只有34%。本研究將結合實獲值管理與關鍵鏈使專案的控管能更加精確，協助專案管理者提高軟體專案如期、如質、如成本的完成的可能性。本研究以實獲值指標調整關鍵鏈之緩衝時間，使關鍵鏈專案排程的緩衝分配更為合理。並以基因演算法之資源平準模式求出軟體專案最佳或近似最佳的資源分配。趕工模式則利用兩個動態趕工係數來判斷何時需要趕工及何時該停止趕工。最後將以一實際軟體專案作驗證，使本專案管理模式更能合理地應用於現實環境中。

Project management has always been an important topic for enterprises as well as for the software industry. But, according to some investigates, only 34% of the software projects can be completed on time, under cost and as quality. This study combines the earned value management and the critical chain in order to make the project control more precise. Assist project manager increase the possibility to complete software project on time, under cost and as quality. It is an effort to make the allocation of the critical chain''s buffer time more reasonable by using the EVM index to adjust the critical chain''s buffer time. In the resource leveling module, genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal or near optimal solution for resource allocation for software project. In the crashing module, two dynamic crashing coefficients are used to decide when to enforce crashing the project and when to stop. Finally, this study will confirm by one real software project case that will make this project management mode be applied in real world more reasonably.

摘　要 i
ABSTRACT ii
誌 謝 iii
目 錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究範圍與限制 3
1.4 研究流程 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1專案管理 4
2.1.1專案之定義 4
2.1.2專案管理之定義與特性 7
2.1.3專案管理之技術與應用領域 10
2.1.4資訊系統專案之探討 13
2.2實獲值管理 16
2.2.1實獲值管理的發展 17
2.2.2實獲值管理之相關研究與應用 19
2.2.3實獲值管理的優點與特徵 28
2.3 關鍵鏈 30
2.3.1關鍵鏈之定義與原理 30
2.3.2專案時間浪費的問題分析 32
2.3.3關鍵鏈之相關研究 35
2.4專案趕工模式 41
2.5資源平準模式 45
第三章 軟體專案之實獲值關鍵鏈管理模式 49
3.1問題分析 49
3.2實獲值為基礎之關鍵鏈模式 52
3.2.1整合模式應用之基本理念 52
3.2.2實獲值關鍵鏈管理模式 53
3.3實獲值關鍵鏈模式之模組介紹 70
3.3.1融入實獲值之關鍵鏈軟體專案排程 70
3.3.2趕工模式 72
3.3.3資源平準 78
第四章 案例探討 86
4.1個案公司說明 86
4.2融入實獲值之關鍵鏈軟體專案排程案例 87
4.2.1關鍵鏈排程 88
4.2.2以實獲值指標調整緩衝長度 90
4.3軟體專案之關鍵鏈趕工模式案例 98
4.3.1趕工模式之專案情境 98
4.3.2關鍵鏈趕工模式 100
4.4軟體專案之資源平準案例 103
4.4.1基因演算法之實驗背景 103
4.4.2基因演算法資源平準模式之解 109
第五章 結論與研究建議 112
5.1研究結論 112
5.2未來研究建議 113
參考文獻 115
書籍 115
期刊論文 117
會議論文 122
學位論文 122
其他 124

書籍
[1].Dreger, J. B., “Project Management: Effect Scheduling,” New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992.
[2].Fitzsimmons, J. A., and Fitzsimmons, M. J., “Service Management: Operations, Strategy, Information Technology,” 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2008.
[3].Fleming, Q. W., “Put Earned Value Into Your Management Control System,” Columbus, Ohio: Publishing Horizons, Inc, 1983.
[4].Goldratt, E. M., “Critical chain,” North River Press, Inc., 1997.
[5].Goldratt, E. M., “Project Management – The TOC Way,” 1997, 教育部86學年度第一學期技職學校教師專業實務研習，工研院機械所。
[6].Goldratt, E. M., and Fox, R.E., “The race,” North River Press, NY, 1986.
[7].Harris, R. B., “Precedence and Arrow Networking Techniques for Construction,” John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978.
[8].Schwable, K., “Information Technology Project Management,” 5th ed., Thomson, 2008.
[9].Kerzner, H., “Project Management:A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling,” 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
[10].Mandatory Procedures for Major Defense Acquisition Programs (MDAPs) and Major Automated Information System (MAIS) Acquisition Programs, DoD Regulation 5000.2-R (change 2), October 6, 1997, Appendix VI.
[11].Meredith, J. R., and Mantel, S. I., “ Project Management,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1989, New York.
[12].Mode, J. J., and Phillips, C. R., “Project management with CPM and PERT,” Reinhold Pub. Crop, 1964.
[13].Newman, W. H., Warren, E. K., and McGill, A. R., “The Process of Management: Strategy, Action, Results,” 6th ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 1987, p.140 Reprinted by permission.
[14].Nicholas, J. M., “Project Management for Business and Technology,” Ohio: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001.
[15].Project Management Institute Standards Committee, “A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge,” 3rd ed., 2004.
[16].Davis, R. C., “The Foundations of Top Management,” New York, Harper, 1951.
[17].Reeser, C., “Management: Function and Modern Concepts,” Foreman and Company, Scott, 1973.
[18].Burke, R., “Project Management-Planning and Control Techniques,” 3rd ed., John Wiely & Sons, Ltd, 1999.
[19].Russell, R. S., and Taylor, B. W., “Production and Operations Management on Quality and Competitiveness,” Prentice Hall, 1995.
[20].Spinner, M. P., “Project Management: Principles and Practices,” Prentice Hall, 1997.
[21].Stevenson, W. J., “Production and Operations Management,” 5th ed., IRWIN, 1996.
[22].Wysocki, R. K., Beck, R. Jr., and Crane, D. B., “Effective Project Management: How to Plan, Manage, and Deliver Projects on Time and within Budget,” New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
[23].王慶富，「專案管理」，台北聯經，1996，P.1~18，192~205。
[24].高德拉特，「決不是靠運氣」，天下文化出版：黎銘總經銷，1997。
[25].張仁龍，專案管理，中國出版社，1986。
[26].曹延傑，「專案管理」，格致圖書有限公司，2000。
[27].許成績，「現代專案管理教材」，博碩文化(股)公司，2005，初版二刷。
[28].廖慶榮，「作業研究」，三民圖書公司，1994。
期刊論文
[29].Babu, A. R., and Babu, N. R., “Effective nesting of rectangular parts in multiple rectangular sheets using genetic and heuristic algorithms,” International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 37, No. 7, 1999, pp. 1625 – 1643.
[30].Barr, Z., “Earned Value Analysis: A Cast Study,” PM Network, December, 1996, pp. 31 – 37.
[31].Brown, J. W., “Evaluation of Projects Using Critical Path Analysis and Earned Value in Combination,” Project Management Journal, Vol. 16, August, 1985.
[32].Burgess, A. R., and Killebrew, J. B., “Variation in activity level on a cyclical arrow diagram,” Journal of Industrial Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1962, pp. 76 – 83.
[33].Bygstad, B., and Lanestedt, G., “ICT based service innovation – A challenge for project management,” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2009, pp. 234–242.
[34].Chen, C. C., Law, C. C. H., and Yang, S. C., “Managing ERP Implementation Failure: A Project Management Perspective,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 56, No. 1, February 2009, pp. 157-170.
[35].Chen, H. G., Jiang, J. J., Klein, G., and Chen, J. V., “Reducing software requirement perception gaps through coordination,” The Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 82, No. 4, 2009, pp. 650-655.
[36].Christensen, D. S., and Ferens, D., “Using Earned Value for Performance Measurement on Software Development Projects,” Acquisition Review Quarterly, Vol. 2, Spring, 1995, pp. 155-171.
[37].Christensen, D. S., and Payne, K., “CPI Stability-Fact or Fiction?” Journal of Parametric, Vol. 10, April, 1992, pp. 27-40.
[38].Christensen, D. S., and Rees, D., “Is the Cumulative CPIbased EAC a Lower Bound to Final Cost on Post-A12 Contracts?” Journal of Cost Analysis and Management, Winter, 2002, pp. 55-65.
[39].Christensen, D. S., and Templin, C., “EAC Evaluation Methods: Do They Still Work?” Acquisition Review Quarterly, Vol. 9, Spring, 2002, pp. 105-116.
[40].Cook, S. C., “Applying critical chain to improve the management of uncertainty in project,” MBA & MS Thesis, MIT, 1998.
[41].Elmaghraby, S. E. E., Herroelen, W. S., and Leus, R., “Note on the paper ‘Resource-constrained project management using enhanced theory of constraint’ by Wei et al.,” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 21, No. 4, 2003, pp. 301–305.
[42].El-Rayes, Khaled, and Jun, D. H., “Optimizing Resource Leveling in Construction Projects,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 135, No. 11, 2009, pp. 1172 – 1180.
[43].Fleming, Q. W., and Koppelman, J. M., "Earned Value Project Management: A Powerful Tool for Software Projects," CROSSTALK, The Journal of Defense Software Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 10, July, 1998, pp. 19-23.
[44].Fleming, Q. W., and Koppelman, J. M., "What''s Your Project''s Real Price Tag?" Harvard Business Review, September, 2003, pp. 20-22.
[45].Fleming, Q. W., and Koppelman, J. M., “Earned Value Management,” Project Management, Vol. 11, Mar-Apr, 2002, pp. 90-95.
[46].Gansler, J. S., Industry standard "Earned Value Management Standard", Policy Memorandum, Undersecretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology), August 17, 1999.
[47].Gerk, J. E. V., and Qassim, R. Y., “Project Acceleration via Activity Crashing, Overlapping, and Substitution,” IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, Vol. 55, No. 4, November, 2008.
[48].Grant, R. M., “Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, Winter Special Issue, 1996, pp. 109–22.
[49].Hartmann, S., “Project Scheduling with Multiple Modes: A Genetic Algorithm,” Annals of Operations Research, Vol. 102, No. 1-4, 2001, pp. 111 – 135.
[50].Hegazy, T., “Optimization of Resource Allocation and Leveling Using Genetic Algorithms,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 125, No. 3, 1999, pp. 167 – 175.
[51].Herroelen, W., Leus, R., and Demeulemeester, E. “Critical Chain Project Scheduling: Do Not Oversimply,” Project Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2002, 48-60.
[52].Howes, R., “Improving the Performance of Earned Value Analysis as A Construction Project Management Tool,” Engineering Construction & Architectural Management, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2000, pp. 399-411.
[53].Jiang, J. J., Klein, G., Wu, S. P. J., and Liang, T.P., “The relation of requirements uncertainty and stakeholder perception gaps to project management performance,” The Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 82, No. 5, 2009, pp. 801–808.
[54].Kim, E.H., Wells,W.G., and Duffey, M. R., “A model for effective implementation of Earned Value Management methodology,” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 21, No. 5, 2003, pp. 375-382.
[55].Kim, Y. W., and Glenn, B., “Earned Value Method And Customer Earned Value,” Journal of Construction Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2002, pp. 55-66.
[56].Kolisch, R., and Sickinger, S., “Experimental investigation of heuristics for resource-constrained project scheduling: An update,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 174, No. 1, 2006, pp. 23 – 37.
[57].Kwak, Y. H., and Anbari, F. T., “Analyzing project management research: Perspectives from top management journals,” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2009, pp. 435–446.
[58].Leach, L. P., “Critical chain project management improves project performance,” Project Management Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2, 1999, 39-51.
[59].Liu, S. X., Wang, M. G., Tang, L. X., and Nie, Y. Y., “Genetic algorithm for the discrete time/cost trade-off problem in project network,” Dongbei Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northeastern University, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2000, pp. 257 – 259.
[60].Moselhi, O., and Lorterapong, P., “Near optimal solution for resource-constrained scheduling problems,” Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 11, Iss. 4, July 1993, pp. 293 – 303.
[61].Mota, C. M. M., Almeida, A. T., and Alencar, L. H., “A multiple criteria decision model for assigning priorities to activities in project management,” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2009, pp. 175–181.
[62].Murata, T., Ishibuchi, H., and Tanaka, H., “Genetic Algorithm for Flowshop Scheduling Problems,” Computer and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1996, pp. 1061 – 1071.
[63].Napier, N. P., Keil, M., and Tan, F. B., “IT project managers'' construction of successful project management practice: A repertory grid investigation,” Info Systems J, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2009, pp. 255–282.
[64].Perry, C. and Greig, I., “Estimating the mean and variance of subjective distributions in PERT and decision analysis,” Management Science, Vol. 21, No. 12, 1975, pp.1477-1480.
[65].Plaza, M., “Team performance and information system implementation -- Application of the progress curve to the earned value method in an information system project,” Inf Syst Front, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2008, pp. 347–359.
[66].Raby, M., “Project management via earned value,” Work Study, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2000, pp. 6–10.
[67].Shtub, A., “Evulation of Two Schedule Control Techniques for The development and Implementation of New Technologies: A Simulation Study,” R&D Management, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1992, pp. 81-87.
[68].Steyn, H., “Project management applications of the theory of constraints beyond critical chain scheduling,” Internal Journal of Project Management, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2002, pp. 75 – 80.
[69].Strauss, H., McClure, D., and White, R., “What Every Government IT Professional Should Know About Earned Value Management,” Gartner, January, 2006.
[70].Tesch, D., Jiang, J. J., and Klein, G., “The Impact of Information System Personnel Skill Discrepancies on Stakeholder Satisfaction,” Decision Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2003, pp. 17–24.
[71].Tesch, D., Sobol, M. G., Klein, G., and Jiang, J. J., “User and developer common knowledge: Effect on the success of information system development projects,” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 27, No. 7, 2009, pp. 657–664.
[72].Thomas, R., “The ABCs of EVM: Using Earned Value on Your Own Project,” The Air Force Acquisition Reform Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 1, January/February 2000, pp. 1-2.
[73].Tukel, O., Rom, O. W., and Eksioglu, S. D., “An investigation of buffer sizing techniques in critical chain scheduling,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 172, No. 2, pp. 401 – 416, 2006.
[74].Verner, J. M., and Evanco, W. M., “In-house software development: what project management practices lead to success?” IEEE Software, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2005, pp. 86–93.
[75].Wei, C.C., Liu, P. H., and Tsai, Y. C., “Resource-constrained project management using enhanced theory of constraint,” Internal Journal of Project Management, Vol. 20, No. 7, 2002, pp. 561-567.
[76].Wuliang, P., and Chengen, W., “A multi-mode resource-constrained discrete time-cost tradeoff problem and its genetic algorithm based solution,” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 27, No. 6, 2009, pp. 600 – 609.
會議論文
[77].Abba, W., “How Earned Value Got to Prime Time: A Short Look Back and Glance Ahead,” EVMS Track Presentations from PMI connections, 2000, Houston.
[78].Abba, W., “Keynote Address, the 15th Annual International college of Performance Management Conference,” St. Paul, Minnesota, May, 1999.
[79].Alexander, S., “Earned Value Management Systems (EVMS): Basic Concepts,” U.S. Department of Energy, 1998, Washington, D. C. Chapter.
[80].Chen, M. T., “Applying Earned Value Procedure to Engineering Management,” AACE Transactions, 1991, O.4.1- O.4.5.
[81].Qi, J. X., Wang, Q., and Guo, X. Z., “Improved Particle Swarm Optimization For Resource Leveling Problem,” Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Hong Kong, August 2007, pp. 19 – 22.
學位論文
[82].毛格民，「多專案實獲值績效分析機制之建立」，碩士論文，逢甲大學工業工程學所，台中，2003。
[83].王斐生，「實獲值管理在專案管理上運用之設計」，碩士論文，國防管理學院後勤管理研究所，台北，2002。
[84].王煇騰，「探討資訊軟體專案開發有效結案之研究」，碩士論文，中原大學資訊管理研究所，桃園，2007。
[85].吳文強，「利用模擬法來驗證限制理論處理時間不確定性的效果」，碩士論文，真理大學管理科學研究所，台北，2003。
[86].吳聰敏，「實獲值管理應用於營建工程專案成本管控之研究」，碩士論文，台灣大學土木工程學研究所，台北，2006。
[87].李宗憲，「實獲值管理在工程專案管理之應用改進研究」，碩士論文，成功大學高階管理碩士在職專班，台南，2007。
[88].沈明恩，「實獲值管理（EVM）在大型研發組織導入之研究－以中科院試行規劃為例」，碩士論文，國防管理學院後勤管理研究所，台北，2003。
[89].林宏澤，「以關鍵鏈為基礎多重專案排程之啟發式模型」，碩士論文，淡江大學資訊管理學系，台北，2003。
[90].林昭凱，「考慮多模式專案排程下資源撫平之研究」，碩士論文，中央大學工業管理研究所，桃園，2004。
[91].林蒼裕，「實獲值管理在工程專案管理之應用－以A機電工程公司工程專案為例」，碩士論文，中央大學高階主管企管碩士班，桃園，2006。
[92].洪銓發，「限制理論於專案管理之應用─以辦公大樓工程之個案為例」，碩士論文，交通大學工業工程與管理研究所，新竹，2001。
[93].張惠敏，「應用實獲值分析與風險辨識建構專案管理模式」，碩士論文，逢甲大學經營管理碩士在職專班，台中，2007。
[94].許世朋，「模糊關鍵鏈專案管理模式之研究」，碩士論文，台北科技大學生產系統工程與管理研究所，台北，1999。
[95].許聖傑，「模糊計畫評核術及其相關問題的研究」，碩士論文，東海大學工業工程研究所，台中，1994。
[96].陳安婷，「專案工程模糊排程最適化求解之探討」，碩士論文，台灣工業技術學院營建工程技術研究所，台北，1998。
[97].黃靖媛，「應用關鍵鏈專案排程技術於民用航空發動機維修業之排程規劃」，碩士論文，交通大學運輸科技與管理學系，新竹，2003。
[98].黃鵬龍，「不同要徑特性下，專案緩衝對實獲值影響之研究」，碩士論文，國防管理學院後勤管理研究所，台北，2004。
[99].楊智評，「專案時程與成本績效指標之建構」，碩士論文，中華大學科技管理研究所，新竹，2004。
[100].廖志寬，「企業專案管理系統 - 提升專案即時資訊透通性及其效益分析」，碩士論文，中央大學資訊管理學系碩士在職專班，桃園，2007。
[101].廖國良，「實獲值管理於專案管理之應用研究--以A工程公司石化建廠為例」，碩士論文，中正大學企業管理所，嘉義，2006。
[102].蔡明君，「模糊環境下專案趕工問題之分析探討」，碩士論文，中正大學企業管理所，嘉義，2008。
[103].鄭至中，「資源受限專案排程問題之最佳趕工策略研發」，碩士論文，中正大學企業管理所，嘉義，2006。
[104].賴建瑞，「實獲值管理於工程實務之應用研究」，碩士論文，逢甲大學土木工程所，台中，2006。
[105].龔邇遠，「多資源平準排程最佳化之研究」，碩士論文，屏東科技大學工業管理系碩士班，屏東，2005。
其他
[106].The Standish Group:
http://www.standishgroup.com/newsroom/chaos_2009.php
[107].TimGlobe台灣資訊服務業商情網： http://www.timglobe.com.tw/group/application/hansy/index.php
[108].P. D. I., “Project Management Tutorials,” Product Development Institute, 1999, http://www.pdinstitute.com.
[109].周祥東，「實獲值管理：基礎篇」，中華專案管理學會電子報專案管理專欄，第37 期，2003。
[110].汪家琪，「高等專案管理」，華樊大學資管所高等專案管理講義，2004。