臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文針對ISM Band提出兩組電路，其一為實現應用於IEEE 802.15.4之低中頻接收前端電路；其二為超再生架構發射機，以求達到低功耗及近距離生醫無線感測之目標。
由於ZigBee系統低功率消耗的訴求，本論文將電流再利用與操作於次臨界區域的技術保留，使得電路可以在不犧牲增益的情況下有效減少偏壓電流，降低功率消耗。在雜訊上使用摺疊式混波器，將閃爍雜訊較低的PMOS元件組成開關級，並分開增益級與開關級的偏壓電流，使得開關級只流過極小的偏壓電流，進一步減少輸出端之雜訊量。諧波消除級，除了將第一級放大器產生之三次諧波，藉由路徑上諧振腔衰減，更可利用電路抵銷由第一級所產生二次諧波項。此電路操作於1.2V之電壓下，只消耗862uA之電流，增益為17.2dB，P1dB為-16dB，IIP3與IIP2分別為-9.4dBm與5.8dBm，雜訊指數為9.6dB。
超再生架構符合了現時低功率感測器的需求。只需利用壓控振盪器與功率放大器，即可進行調變與解調工作並傳收資料。此電路選用頻率鍵移調變，因此利用電流再利用式壓控振盪器，大幅降低功率消耗，避開超外差等架構，因複雜調變方式，要求壓控振盪器擁有較好的相位雜訊；而功率放大器僅需使用一級，即可達到規範之要求。透過此架構實現少面積、低成本與低功耗之生醫無線感測器。

The thesis develops two circuits for ISM band application. One of circuits is RF front-end circuit for IEEE 802.15.4 under the low IF receiver structure. And the other one is super regenerative transmitter which possesses low power consumption and meets the goal of sensing within short range.
Due to low power consumption issue in IEEE standard, both current-reused method and sub-threshold region technique are adopted in this circuit. Without sacrificing the gain in circuit, less current is employed to reduce the power consumption effectively. As for noise requirement, there are two advantages as using PMOS transistor in folded-cascode mixer. One is less flicker noise in PMOS device than in NMOS’, and the other one is that the transconductance stage and the switching stage are separated in DC biasing; that is, switching stage can be operated in much less dc current as compared to the transconductance stage for less noise contributed at output. Harmonic cancellation at transconducatnce stage not only attenuate the third-order harmonic which is produced by the first stage through resonant tank but cancel the second- harmonic. The circuit is operated with supply voltage of 1.2-V and current consumption of 862-uA. According to the measurement results, the RF front-end achieves 17.2 dB conversion gain with proved P1dB of -16dBm and noise figure of 9.6. Moreover, IIP3 and IIP2 are -9.4 dBm and 5.8dBm, resepctively
The better choice to meet the requirement of low power wireless sensor is designing a system under the structure of super-regeneration. Without complex modulation and the action of mixing, so that the lower phase noise of oscillator is not required. A current-reused VCO is adopted to reduce power consumption. Moreover, just using a voltage controlled oscillator and a power amplifier make the chip small and the cost low.

目錄
致謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究方法及目的 2
1.2.1 健康照護系統簡介 2
1.2.2 能量密度(S)與最大允許曝曬時間(MPE)與吸收率(SAR) 3
1.3 論文架構 7
第二章 射頻接收發射機架構與系統規範 9
2.1 射頻系統之接收發射機架構 9
2.1.1 正交超外差接收發射機 9
2.1.2 直接升頻接收發射機 10
2.1.3 低中頻接收發射機 12
2.2 IEEE 802.15.4(Zigbee)接收機系統規範(T18-99A) 13
2.2.1 系統頻帶與傳輸速度 13
2.2.2 靈敏度、雜訊指數、線性度與相位雜訊規範 15
2.2.3 IEEE 802.15.4(Zigbee)接收機架構與規格 18
2.3 超再生發射機系統規範(T18-99D) 19
2.3.1 操作頻帶與鏈路計算 19
第三章 線性度再提升之IEEE 802.15.4接收機 23
3.1 低雜訊放大器與混波器原理 24
3.1.1 疊接式低雜訊放大器 25
3.1.2 雙平衡式混波器 27
3.1.3 低雜訊放大器合併混波器架構 29
3.2 線性度提升技術 31
3.2.1 電阻式回授技術(Resistive-Feedback) 31
3.2.2 前饋技術(Feedforward) 33
3.2.3 微分疊加技術(Derivative Superposition) 34
3.3 線性度再提升之IEEE 802.15.4低中頻接收前端電路架構 37
3.3.1 MOS電晶體次臨界導通現象分析 39
3.3.2 低雜訊放大器輸入阻抗匹配、雜訊與線性度分析 40
3.3.3 低雜訊放大器電壓增益分析 44
3.3.4 折疊式混波器雜訊分析 45
3.4 低中頻接收機射頻前端電路模擬與量測結果 51
第四章 應用於近距離生醫感測超再生發射機 59
4.1 超再生架構原理 59
4.1.1 超再生架構原理 59
4.1.2 調變原理 60
4.2 應用於近距離生醫感測超再生發射前端電路架構 63
4.2.1 電流再利用之壓控振盪器分析 64
4.2.2 功率放大器之分析 64
4.2.3 低插入損耗開關之分析 67
4.3 超再生發射前端電路模擬與量測結果 70
4.3.1 佈局後模擬結果 71
4.3.2 量測結果 74
第五章 總結與未來展望 77
參考文獻 78

[1]P. Mendoza, P. Gonzalez, B. Villanueva, E. Haltiwanger, and H. Nazeran, “A Web-based Vital Sign Telemonitor and Recorder for Telemedicine Applications,” Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS S.F. CA, pp.1-5 Sep 2004.
[2]Zigbee wireless sensor application for Health, Wellness and Fitness, http://www.zigbee.org, Mar 2009.
[3]Evaluating compliance with FCC guideline for human Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, Federal Communications Commission Office of Engineering & Technology.
[4]B. Razavi, RF Microelectronics, Univ. of California, LA, 1998.
[5]H. T. Friss, “Noise figure of radio receivers,” Proc. IRE, vol.32, pp.419-422, July 1944.
[6]IEEE Standard Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), IEEE standard 802.15.4-2003, 2003.
[7]N. J. Oh and S. G. Lee, “Building a 2.4-GHz radio transceiver using IEEE 802.15.4,” IEEE Circuit and Devises Magazine, vol.21, no. 6, pp. 43-51, Jan-Feb, 2006.
[8]T. K. Nguyen, C. H. Kim, G. J. Ihm, M. S. Yang, and S. G. Lee, “CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier Design Optimization Techniques,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory. Tech., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1433-1442, May. 2004.
[9]T. H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, 2nd edit., Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge Univ., pp. 344-348., 1998.
[10]W. Sansen, “Distortion in Elementary Transistor Circuits,” IEEE Trans. on Circuit and Systems - II: Analog and digital signal processing, vol. 46, no. 3, Mar 1999.
[11]S. Ayazian and R. Gharpurey, “Feedforward Interference Cancellation in Radio Receiver Front-Ends,” IEEE TRANS. ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, vol. 54, no. 10, Oct 2007.
[12]S. Ganesan, E. Sánchez-Sinencio, and J. Silva-Martinez, “A Highly Linear Low-Noise Amplifier,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory. Tech., vol. 54, no. 12, Dec 2006.
[13]V. Aparin and L. E. Larson, “Modified Derivative Superposition Method for Linearizing FET Low-Noise Amplifiers,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory. Tech., vol. 53, no. 2, Feb 2005.
[14]A. V. Do, C. C. Boon, M. A. Do, K. S. Yeo, and A. Cabuk, “A Subthreshold Low-Noise Amplifier Optimized for Ultra-Low-Power Applications in the ISM Band,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory. Tech., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 286-292, Feb 2008.
[15]H. Darabi and A. A. Abidi, “Noise in RF-CMOS Mixers: A Simple Physical Model,” IEEE TRANS. on Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 1, Jan 2000.
[16]P. Choi, H. Chul Park, S. Kim, S. Park, I. Nam, T. W. Kim, S. Park, S. Shin, M. S. Kim, K. Kang, Y. Ku, H. Choi, S. M. Park, and K. Lee, “An Experimental Coin-Sized Radio for Extremely Low-Power WPAN (IEEE 802.15.1) Application at 2.4GHz,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 2258-2268, Dec 2003.
[17]J. A. M. Jarvinen, J. Kaukovuori, J. Ryynänen, J. Jussila, K. Kivekäs, M. Honkanen, and K. A. I. Halonen, “2.4-GHz Receiver for Sensor Applications,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1426-1433, July 2005.
[18]T. K. Nguyen, V. Krizhanovskii, J. Lee, S. K. Han, S. G. Lee, N. S. Kim, and C. S. Pyo, “A Low-Power RF Direct-Conversion Receiver/Transmitter for 2.4-GHz-Band IEEE 802.15.4 Standard in 0.18-um CMOS Technology,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory. Tech., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 4062-4071, Dec 2006.
[19]B. G. Perumana, R. Mukhopadhyay, S. Chakraborty, C. H. Lee, and J. Laskar, “A Low-Power Fully Monolithic Subthreshold CMOS Receiver With Integrated LO Generation for 2.4 GHz Wireless PAN Applications,” IEEE J. Solid-State, vol. 43, no. 10, Oct 2008.
[20]E. H. Armstrong, “Some Recent Developments of Regenerative Circuits,” Proceeding of The Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 10, Issue 4, pp.244-260, Oct 1922.
[21]J. Y. Chen, M. P. Flynn, and J. P. Hayes, “A Fully Integrated Auto-Calibrated Super-Regenerative Receiver in 0.13-um CMOS,” J. Y. Chen, M. P. Flynn, and J. P. Hayes, IEEE J. Solid-State, vol. 42, no. 9, Sep 2007.
[22]J. P. Hong, S. J. Yun, N. J. Oh, and S. G. Lee, “A 2.2-mW Backgate Coupled LC Quadrature VCO with Current Reused Structure,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 17, no. 4, Apr 2007.
[23]C. C. Yen, and H. R. Chuang, “A 0.25um 20-dBm 2.4-GHz CMOS Power Amplifier with an Integrated Diode Linearizer,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless components Letters, vol. 13, no. 2, pp.45-47, Feb 2003.
[24]F. J. Huang, and O. Kenneth, “A 0.5um CMOS T/R Switch for 900-MHz Wireless Applications,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 486-492, Mar 2001.
[25]N. Joehl, C. Dehollain, P. Favre, P. Deval, and M. Declercq, “A Low-Power 1-GHz Super-Regenerative Transceiver with Time-Shared PLL Control,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 36, no. 7, Jul 2001.
[26]B. Otis, Y.H. Chee, J. Rabaey, “A 400 W-RX, 1.6mW-TX Super-Regenerative Transceiver for Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 396–397. Feb 2005.
[27]J. L. Bohorquez, A. P. Chandrakasan, and J.L. Dawson, “A 350 uW CMOS MSK Transmitter and 400 uW OOK Super-Regenerative Receiver for Medical Implant Communications,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, no. 4, Apr 2009.
[28]J. Ayers, K. Mayaram, and T. S. Fiez, “A Low Power BFSK Super-Regenerative Transceiver,” International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 3099–3102 May 2007.
[29]J. Ayers, N. Panitantum, K. Mayaram, and T. S. Fiez, “A 2.4GHz Wireless Transceiver with 0.95nJ/b Link Energy for Multi-Hop Battery-FreeWireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits, pp. 29 – 30, June 2010.
[30]H. Zhang, and E. Sánchez-Sinencio, “Linearization Techniques for CMOS Low Noise Amplifiers A Tutorial,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems – I : Regular Papers, vol. 58, no.1, Jan 2011.
[31]V. H. Le, S. K. Han, J. S. Lee, and S. G. Lee, “Current-Reused Ultra Low Power Low Noise LNA+Mixer,” IEEE Macro. and Wireless Components Letters, vol.19, no.11 Nov 2009.
[32]張盛富, 張嘉展, “無線通訊之射頻晶片模組設計-射頻系統篇”, 全華科技圖書, 2007
[33]張盛富, 張嘉展, “無線通訊之射頻晶片模組設計-射頻晶片篇”, 全華科技圖書, 2008