臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

以二個試驗分別探討白羅曼鵝（White Roman geese）孵化後期小腸組織與絨毛型態之發展，及孵化後不同禁食時間對雛鵝生長性能及腸道性狀之影響。試驗一，分別選取孵化第24、25、26、27日之白羅曼鵝種蛋各10枚，測量各腸道性狀，並製作腸道組織固定光學切片及掃瞄式電子顯微鏡式樣。試驗二，選取1日齡體重相近之白羅曼雛母鵝224隻，逢機分成4個處理組，每處理8重複，每重複7隻。四個處理組分別為：孵化後立即給飼；以及孵化後分別禁食24小時、48小時與72小時，給飼後飼料與飲水均採任食。試驗期為3週（21日齡），採籠飼飼養（90㎝ × 56㎝ × 58㎝），所有鵝隻均餵飼商業飼糧（粗蛋白質含量為20%、代謝能約為3000 kcal/kg），試驗鵝隻於0、1、2、3、4、7、14與21日齡時，分別稱量個別之體重及記綠每日飼料攝食量；試驗結束時，犧牲鵝隻採取各部位腸道樣本進行相關性狀測定。試驗結果顯示，孵化第27日時其十二指腸、空腸、迴腸、盲腸與結直腸佔腸道總長度比例分別為15.5、34.3、34.6、8.3及7.3%，以迴腸佔腸道總長度之比例最長；孵化第27日胚胎重量較第24日增加1.4倍；各腸道重量增加1.8~2.2倍；各腸道長度增加1.1~1.4倍；而卵黃囊重量則隨著日齡之增加顯著（P＜ 0.05）降低近47%。孵化後期絨毛型態呈粗短之指狀，表面之皺褶明顯，排列緻密，絨毛高度、肌肉層厚度、周長、面積與寬度皆隨孵化日數增加而提高（P＜ 0.05），孵化第27日時其十二指腸、空腸與迴腸絨毛表面積較孵化第24日分別增加5.32、2.61與3.34倍，絨毛之生長以增長較肥大為快速；各腸道黏膜DNA、RNA與蛋白質含量、十二指腸與迴腸細胞活性與大小均隨著孵化日數增加而遞增，而各腸道蛋白質合成速率則隨著孵化日數增加而遞減。禁食72小時組雛鵝4日齡體重僅為給飼組之50.9%；孵化後立即給飼組鵝隻腸道重量佔體重之比例於3日齡達5.57%而禁食72小組為3.35%；禁食處理組雛鵝各段腸道之重量與長度至21日齡仍較給飼組低。鵝隻消化器官之發育於4~7日齡達高峰之後下降，禁食組鵝隻消化器官相對重量於7日齡與給飼組無顯著差異（P＞ 0.05）。禁食48與72小時處理組恢復給飼後，各腸道蛋白質合成速率於4與7日齡增加，使絨毛之型態於7日齡時達到與給飼組相似之結果。雛鵝生長初期為腸道發育之關鍵時期，孵化後的採食有助於鵝隻腸道的發育，延遲給飼不僅會影響腸道之成熟與消化吸收能力，也會影響雛鵝之生長。

Studies on the intestinal development in pre-hatch,
and the effects of fasting in early age on the growth performance and intestinal characteristics in gosling
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to establish the development of GI tract and villi histology of White Roman geese at 24th to 27th days of incubation, and the effects of different fasting time on the growth performance and intestinal characteristics in post-hatch of goslings. In experiment 1, 40 eggs incubated at 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th day were used to observe the characteristics of GI tracts, and to prepare samples for histological detection and SEM. In experiment 2, 224 1-day-old female White Roman goslings were used and divided into 4 treatments with 8 replicates. The 4 treatments were: goslings were fasted for 0 hr, 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs. After fasting, feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Goslings were housed in wire cages for a three-week experimental period, and fed with commercial diet containing 20% CP and 3000 kcal/kg ME. All goslings were weighted individually, and group daily feed intake was recorded. At the end of experiment, goslings were sacrificed and the intestine was remove immediately for observing intestinal characteristics. The results indicated that the proportion length of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon-rectum to total intestinal length were 15.5, 34.3, 34.6, 8.3 and 7.3%, respectively, among which, ileum was the greatest at 27th day of incubation. The weights of intestine and digestive organs were heavier, and the length of intestine was longer in propotion at 27th day than those at 24th day of incubation. The weight of yolk sac decreased about 47%as age increased. The morphologies of villi of embryo in incubation exhibited a finger-like shape, fold in appearance was clear and arrange in order. The depth of muscle layer, and height, perimeter, area and width of villi increased as age increased. At 27th day of incubation, the villus area of duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased 5.32, 2.61 and 3.34 fold respectively, compared with these in 24th day of incubation. The DNA, RNA and protein contents of the small intestine, and activities and sizes of cell in duodenum and ileum increased as age increased（P＜ 0.05）, but rate of protein synthesis decreased as age increasing. The weight of 4-day-old goslings in 72 hrs of fasting treatment group was only 50.9% in weight compared with no fasting treatment. The proportion of GI tract weight at 3-day-old reached 5.57% of body weight. However, in the treatment of fasted 72 hrs was 3.35%. For all fasting groups , weight and length of GI tract were lower than there with not fasting treatment. The rate of digestive organs were development arrived at peak in 4~7days and then decreased. The relative weights of digestive organs were not significant different among treatments at 7 days of age. In 48 hrs and 72 hrs of fasting treatment, the rate of protein synthesis in GI tract increased at 4th and 7th day. At 7th day, the villus morphology was similar between fasting and feeding treatments. The initial stage of growth was the key stage of GI tract growth in goslings. The feed intake in post-hatch contributed to the development of GI tract in goslings. Delay in feeding not only affected the maturity of GI tract, and the ability of digestion and absorption but also affected the growth of goslings.

壹、中文摘要……………………………………………………………1
貳、英文摘要……………………………………………………………3
參、前言…………………………………………………………………5
肆、文獻檢討……………………………………………………………6
一、我國鵝之生產概況………………………………………………6
二、鵝之消化道形態與功能…………………………………………7
三、家禽孵化後期卵黃囊變化………………………………………9
四、家禽消化道發育之變化…………………………………………10
(一)消化道長度與重量之改變…………………………………10
(二)絨毛形態的變化…………………………………………11
(三)腺窩細胞的變化……………………………………………12
五、影響家禽消化道發育之因素……………………………………15
(一)孵化後早期給飼或禁食……………………………………15
(二)飼糧纖維……………………………………………………16
伍、試驗材料與方法……………………………………………………18
一、試驗動物與試驗設計……………………………………………18
二、試樣之採取與處理………………………………………………18
三、分析項目與方法…………………………………………………20
(一) 飼料之化學分析…………………………………………20
(二) 腸道黏膜DNA、RNA與蛋白質之測定……………………20
(三) 掃瞄式電子顯微鏡試樣處理……………………………20
(四) 腸道組織切片試樣製作…………………………………21
四、統計分析…………………………………………………………22
陸、結果與討論…………………………………………………………23
一、孵化後期胚胎之生長與消化道發育……………………………23
二、孵化後期腸道組織學變化………………………………………28
三、孵化後期腸道黏膜組織DNA、RNA與蛋白質含量………………36
四、早期禁食對雛鵝生長之影響……………………………………39
五、早期禁食對雛鵝消化道性狀之影響……………………………43
（一）腸道重量與長度……………………………………………43
（二）消化器官之發育……………………………………………58
（三）腸道組織學變化……………………………………………65
（四）腸道黏膜組織DNA、RNA與蛋白質含量……………………76
柒、結論…………………………………………………………………85
捌、參考文獻……………………………………………………………86

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