臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此篇論文討論關於離開方向(direction of departure, DOD)與到達方向(direction of arrival, DOA)的估計問題。在傳統的均勻線性天線陣列(Uniform Linear Array, ULA)有許多角度估計的方法，而我們是以著名的MUSIC演算法(Multiple Signal Classification)作為研究的出發點，在相位陣列(Phased Array)中進行到達方向估計的工作，但實際環境中可能會有許多非理想的因素存在，像是同調(coherent)、天線相互耦合(mutual coupling)、天線元件位置擾動、天線元件增益與相位誤差(gain and phase errors)等，而我們利用文獻中解決天線相互耦合的方法遞迴秩減少 (Recursive Rank-reduction, R-RARE) 演算法，配合梯度(gradient)演算法，發展出了可以改善天線相互耦合、天線元件增益與相位誤差同時存在的環境，而參考文獻中又有使用了輔助天線的方法，是使用部分已經校準天線元件增益與相位誤差的天線，我們將其已知的部分代入我們的迭代方法中，在角度估計的性能又能比其再進步許多。
接著我們開始考慮多輸入多輸出雷達(Multi-input Multi-output Radar)架構上的角度估計，在多輸入多輸出雷達中除了到達方向還多了離開方向需要估計，而傳統的二維MUSIC需要二維的角度搜尋，其所需要的計算複雜度非常龐大，因此我們引入了文獻中分離(separate) 到達方向與離開方向的 MUSIC演算法，將到達方向與離開方向原本需要二維的角度搜尋，拆開成兩個一維的角度搜尋，最後再進行角度的配對，不只降低了計算複雜度，還可以解決同調環境所造成的影響。因此我們開始考慮三種誤差同調、天線相互耦合、天線元件增益與相位誤差同時存在的狀況，並且參考我們過去在相位陣列可以解決兩種誤差同時存在的方法，配合分離(Separate) 到達方向與離開方向的方法，可以使到達方向與離開方向獨立估計，將兩個方向以迭代的方式來進行角度的估計，我們也觀察到使用輔助天線會產生更好的效果。而在非同調環境下，我們也試著將都普勒頻率一同估計出來。

This thesis considers the estimation of the direction of departure (DOD), the direction of arrival (DOA) and doppler frequency in the actual situations for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar systems.
In the literature, many methods have been presented for DOD and DOA estimation. However, the existing methods can not deal with the problems due to such as coherent, mutual coupling, sensors position perturbation, sensors gain and phase errors, etc. We have developed methods by using the recursive rank-reduction algorithm (R-RARE) to solve the problem due to mutual coupling between the sensors, and the gradient algorithm to deal with the situations with mutual coupling and gain and phase errors. By incorperating with R-RARE and gradient algorithm, we presents iterative algorithms to enhance the capabilities in dealing with the DOD and DOA estimation for MIMO radars.
Moreover, the existing methods generally require large computational complexity for implementation. The proposed methods adopt separate estimation scheme to reduce the required computational complexity during. Finally, computer simulation example have also be presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the prosed through illustration and comparison.

口試委員會審定書 #
誌謝 i
摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iv
NOTATIONS v
目錄 vi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 1
1.3 論文貢獻 2
1.4 論文架構 3
Chapter 2 陣列訊號處理之理論基礎與估測法 5
2.1 訊號模型與理論基礎 5
2.1.1 一維均勻線性天線陣列訊號模型 5
2.1.2 二維均勻圓形天線陣列訊號模型 6
2.1.3 共變異數矩陣(Covariance Matrix) 7
2.1.4 RMSE(Root-Mean-Square Error) 8
2.2 Multiple Signal Classification(MUSIC)演算法 9
2.2.1 MUSIC演算法原理 9
2.2.2 MUSIC演算法步驟 9
2.3 常見的非理想環境 10
2.3.1 同調(Coherent)訊號源 10
2.3.2 已知的天線相互耦合(Mutual Coupling)模型 10
2.3.3 未知的天線相互耦合模型 11
2.3.4 天線元件位置擾動 11
2.3.5 天線元件增益與相位誤差(Gain and Phase errors) 12
Chapter 3 一維均勻線性天線陣列非理想環境演算法 13
3.1 對抗同調環境 13
3.1.1 空間平均法(Spatial Smoothing,SS) 13
3.1.2 前後空間平均法(Forward and Backward Spatial Smoothing technique, FBSS) 14
3.2 對抗未知的天線相互耦合 15
3.2.1 Recursive Rank-Reduction(R-RARE) Method 15
3.3 對抗天線元件位置擾動 17
3.3.1 TAM演算法 17
3.3.2 ITAM演算步驟 18
3.4 輔助天線元件存在下在未知的天線相互耦合、天線元件增益與相位誤差之方位角估計 19
3.4.1 估計天線元件的Gain and Phase errors 20
3.4.2 利用R-RARE估計DOA與MCM 20
3.5 模擬實驗 22
3.6 結論 25
Chapter 4 多輸入多輸出(MIMO)雷達系統 26
4.1 MIMO 雷達之訊號模型 26
4.2 估測法 29
4.2.1 MUSIC演算法 29
4.2.2 Spatio Temporal 2D Processing 29
4.3 在MIMO雷達系統中常見的誤差 31
4.3.1 同調環境 31
4.3.2 Mutual Coupling 31
4.3.3 天線元件位置擾動 32
4.3.4 天線元件增益與相位誤差 33
Chapter 5 MIMO雷達對抗同調環境之演算法 34
5.1 VWS(Virtual Windowing Smoothing) 34
5.2 分離(Separate)DOD與DOA估計 35
5.2.1 DOD估計 35
5.2.2 DOA估計 37
5.2.3 配對DOD與DOA 39
5.3 模擬實驗 39
5.4 結論 42
Chapter 6 MIMO雷達對抗同調與未知的天線相互耦合之演算法 43
6.1 Separate MUSIC Middle Array 43
6.1.1 DOD估計 43
6.1.2 DOA估計 44
6.1.3 配對DOD與DOA 45
6.1.4 都普勒頻率估計 46
6.2 Separate R-RARE 47
6.2.1 DOD估計 47
6.2.2 DOA估計 49
6.2.3 配對DOD與DOA 52
6.2.4 都普勒頻率估計 52
6.3 模擬實驗 53
6.4 結論 66
Chapter 7 輔助天線元件存在下MIMO雷達對抗同調、未知的天線相互耦合、天線元件增益與相位誤差之演算法 67
7.1 Auxiliary Separate Closed-form R-RARE 67
7.1.1 迭代步驟 67
7.1.2 傳送端之DOD初始值估計 68
7.1.3 傳送端之Gain and Phase errors估計 69
7.1.4 傳送端之Mutual Coupling係數、DOD估計 69
7.1.5 接收端之DOA初始值估計 71
7.1.6 接收端之Gain and Phase errors估計 72
7.1.7 接收端之Mutual Coupling係數、DOA估計 73
7.1.8 配對DOD與DOA 74
7.1.9 複雜度分析 75
7.2 模擬實驗 78
7.3 結論 93
Chapter 8 MIMO雷達對抗同調、未知的天線相互耦合、天線元件增益與相位誤差之演算法 94
8.1 Separate Iteration Gradient R-RARE 94
8.1.1 迭代步驟 94
8.1.2 傳送端之DOD初始值估計 95
8.1.3 傳送端之Gain and Phase errors估計 96
8.1.4 傳送端之Mutual Coupling係數、DOD估計 96
8.1.5 接收端之DOA初始值估計 98
8.1.6 接收端之Gain and Phase errors估計 99
8.1.7 接收端之Mutual Coupling係數、DOA估計 100
8.1.8 配對DOD與DOA 101
8.1.9 都普勒頻率估計 102
8.1.10 複雜度分析 103
8.2 模擬實驗 106
8.3 結論 120
Chapter 9 總結與未來研究方向 121
REFERENCE 123

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