臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著經濟發展，電網的需求持續增加，導致電網供電日益趨緊與難以維護。近年的事故紀錄指出大規模停電事件通常是起因於隱故障所衍生之連鎖故障，亦即建立一個精確的隱故障模型是必要的。過去關於隱故障模型的研究皆著重在各種參數對系統的衝擊分析與評估可能的緩解方法，因此直流隱故障模型被建立來驗證線路流量、備轉容量與隱故障機率等參數於各系統中的影響。另一方面，為了控制模型參數，使用了隨機規劃以找出最佳的發電策略來改善連鎖故障模型，也採用班德氏分解法來提升此類複雜問題的運算速度。可以分成兩種類型的模擬算法：一個是控制器再跑隱故障模型前計算並導入；另一類則是在連鎖故障之間求解控制器策略並改善。兩種類型皆有用來改善IEEE系統的直流隱故障模型以驗證其個別特性。
考量到直流模型的不足之處，隱故障模型被擴展到交流系統。利用Python語法來編寫程式以使用電力系統分析軟體PSS/E中的套裝函數，最終保證軟體能有最佳效能。另外因為交流隱故障模型包含了電壓穩定度的議題，故利用負載裕度程式來計算系統到電壓崩潰臨界點的系統裕度，以作為電壓穩定度的參考指標。預防性安全限制最佳潮流被導入來改善交流系統，控制器使用時機一樣能分成兩種類別，兩種也皆會被用來模擬與驗證IEEE測試系統與台電系統在交流隱故障模型中導入預防性控制的情況。

As the electrical demand continuously rises up due to economic growth, the power system becomes more stressed and hard to maintain. The recent records indicate that the large-scale blackouts are usually referred from the effect of cascading failures and the precise construction of hidden failure model is necessary. The researches of hidden failure model have been focused on the impacts of several parameters and assessing possible mitigation methods. Therefore, DC hidden failure model is built to verify the system parameters such as loading level, spinning reserve and the probability of hidden failures. To improve the system with hidden failures, stochastic programming is introduced to solve generation expansions that can efficiently deal with cascading events. Benders decomposition is applied to speed up computing time of complex problem. Two types of simulation algorithm are addressed: one is that the control actions are solved before the whole hidden failure simulation and the other type is that the controls are calculated and applied between the cascading stages. Both types of procedure will be tested with several IEEE systems.
Considering the shortage of DC model, the hidden failure model is extended to AC form. To guarantee the high performance of cascading model, the programs are written in python script to utilize the package function from PSS/E, a powerfully commercial program. AC hidden failure model contains the issue of voltage stability. Hence, load margin evaluation is used to measure the system margin to voltage collapse. Preventive security constraint optimal power (PSCOPF) is applied to improve the system. There are also two types of algorithms. Both of them will be simulated and compared. IEEE test systems and Taipower system will be used to verify AC hidden failure model and PSCOPF.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
Contents III
List of Figures V
List of Tables VII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Literature Review 2
1.3 Outline 5
Chapter 2 DC Hidden Failure Model and Cascading Blackouts 7
2.1 Hidden Failure 7
2.2 DC Optimal Power Flow Formulation 9
2.3 DC Load Shedding Strategy 11
2.4 Verification of Self-organized Criticality and Long-tailed Theory 14
2.5 Algorithm of Cascading Failure 18
2.6 Results of Cascading Failure Simulations 20
2.6.1 Impact of Loading Level 20
2.6.2 Impact of Spinning Reserve Capacity 24
2.6.3 Impact of Hidden Failure Probability 26
Chapter 3 AC Hidden Failure Model and Preventive Security Constraint Optimal Power Flow 28
3.1 Python Script of PSS/E 28
3.2 Estimating Severity Rankings 28
3.3 Voltage Stability and Load Margin 31
3.4 AC Hidden Failure Model 35
3.4.1 Corrective Actions 35
3.4.2 Algorithm of AC cascading failure 38
3.5 Preventive Security Constraint Optimal Power Flow 39
3.6 AC Hidden Failure Simulation with Preventive Security Constraint Optimal Power Flow 43
3.7 Results of AC Hidden Simulation with PSCOPF 45
3.7.1 Control Actions by PSCOPF 45
3.7.2 AC Hidden Failure Simulation with Single PSCOPF 47
3.7.3 AC Hidden Failure Simulation with PSCOPF 51
Chapter 4 Conclusions and Future Works 57
4.1 Conclusions 57
4.2 Future Works 58
References 59
Appendix - Python Coding 62

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