跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(216.73.216.110) 您好!臺灣時間:2025/09/28 00:49
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

我願授權國圖
: 
twitterline
研究生:張毓珊
研究生(外文):Yu-Shan Chang
論文名稱:番石榴心葉水萃取物中活性成分誘導攝護腺癌DU145細胞凋亡之分子機制
論文名稱(外文):The Bioactive Constituents of Aqueous Guava Budding Leaf Extract and Their Apoptotic Mechanism on DU145 Prostate Cancer Cells
指導教授:謝秋蘭謝秋蘭引用關係陳冠州陳冠州引用關係彭耀寰彭耀寰引用關係
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:弘光科技大學
系所名稱:生物科技研究所
學門:生命科學學門
學類:生物科技學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2008
畢業學年度:96
語文別:中文
論文頁數:86
中文關鍵詞:芭樂心葉攝護腺癌細胞凋亡
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:1
  • 點閱點閱:330
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:1
攝護腺癌為美國男性最普遍的癌症之ㄧ,在台灣之男性罹患攝護腺癌的發生率及死亡率亦日趨提高。本研究基於謝秋蘭教授與陳冠州醫師兩位既有之成果,將番石榴心葉水萃取物分別以甲醇及乙酸乙酯分劃萃取,測定其總多酚及總類黃酮含量,並利用HPLC分析其主要成分。結果發現乙酸乙酯分劃所含總多酚及總類黃酮為647及360.5 mg/g。其主成分為gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, naringenin及kaempferol。其中以gallic acid含量為最高 (150 mg/g),其次為rutin (90 mg/g)。於是選用gallic acid,ruitn與具有植物性雌激素功能之naringenin及kaempferol進行對人類賀爾蒙非依賴型攝護腺癌細胞株DU 145療效之研究。結果發現以250 μM kaempferol處理48小時後,其細胞存活率可降至25 % 且其效果呈現劑量依存性關係;相形之下,以250 μM naringenin處理48小時後,其細胞存活率則僅降至65 %,唯對細胞並無顯著傷害。經由DAPI染色,發現細胞核內細胞質凝聚之現象,以kaempferol之影響為最,其次則屬gallic acid。於DNA之片段化,亦以kaempferol較具明顯,相較之下rutin則較不顯著。以流式細胞儀分析發現sub-G1 phase arrest以kaempferol處理後的凋亡細胞最多 (36.57 %),其次則為naringenin (20.47 %)。以西方點墨分析結果證明酚酸及類黃酮可促進Caspase-3之活化,使Akt蛋白表現量減少,其中亦以naringenin及kaempferol之效應最為明顯。以酚酸及類黃酮處理48小時後未見有影響MAPK家族中JNK及ERK磷酯化之表現,而磷酯化p38之表現量隨著酚酸及類黃酮濃度之增加而減少。另者,將細胞處理6小時後,IκB隨naringenin及kaempferol濃度之增加,其表現量亦隨之增加,由此可推測IκB與NF-κB之結合量應亦增加,因此NF-κB不能釋出並translocate到細胞核中進行蛋白質的合成,細胞由不能存活。因此經酚酸及類黃酮之處理將誘導人類攝護腺癌細胞凋亡。其細胞凋亡路徑或許與透過A kt抑制NF-κB之活化機制有關。
目錄
中文摘要 ……………………………………………………1
英文摘要 …………………………………………………..2
前言 ……………………………………………………3
文獻回顧 …………………………………………………. 5
ㄧ.番石榴 …………………………………………………..5
(一) 本省番石榴生態 …………………………………………..5
(二) 番石榴化學組成 ……………………………………………7
(三) 番石榴醫學用途 …………………………………………..9
二. 類黃酮化合物 ……………………………………………….11
(一) 類黃酮之結構與分類 …………………………………….12
(二) 類黃酮與癌症之關係 …………………………………….16
三. 細胞凋亡 ……………………………………………….17
(一) 細胞凋亡的執行者- 凋亡蛋白 ………………………….17
(二) 細胞分裂活化蛋白激�� ………………………………….18
(三) 蛋白激�、 ………………………………………………. 21
(四) NF-κB ………………………………………………. 22
四. 攝護腺癌 ………………………………………………..23
(一) 攝護腺 …………………………………………………23
(二) 攝護腺癌之診斷與治療 ……………………………….24
研究架構 ………………………………………………..26
實驗材料與方法 ………………………………………………..27
ㄧ. 實驗材料 ………………………………………………..27
(一) 番石榴心葉來源 ……………………………………….27
(二) 人類攝護腺癌細胞株 ………………………………….27
(三) 化學試藥 ……………………………………………..27
(四) 實驗儀器 ……………………………………………..28
(五) 一般溶液配置 ………………………………………….29
(六) 類黃酮化合物溶液之配製 …………………………….29
二. 實驗原理與方法 ……………………………………………29
(一) 番石榴心葉水萃取物成分分析 ……………………….30
(二) 番石榴心葉水萃取物有效成分對攝護腺癌細胞凋亡之影
響 …………………………………………..31
(三) 番石榴心葉有效成分對攝護腺癌細胞凋亡之分子訊息傳遞
路徑之探討 …………………………………………..37
結果與討論 ………………………………………………..42
結論 ………………………………………………..52
參考文獻 ………………………………………………..53
圖表 …………………………………………………68
Afanasev, I. B., Dorozhko, A. I., Kostyuk, V. A. and Potapovitch, A. I. 1989. Chelating and free radical scavenging mechanisms of inhibitory action of rutin and quercetin in lipid peroxidation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 38: 1763-1769.
Ahmad, N. Feyes, D.K., Nieminen, A.L., Agarwal, R. and Mukhtar, H. 1997. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle in human carcinoma cells. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 89: 1881-1886.
Adlercreutz, H. 2002. Phytooestrogens and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 3: 364-373.
Andressen, B. T., Rizzo, M. A., Shome, K., and Romero, G. 2002. The role of phosphatidic acid in the regulation Ras/MEK/Erk signal cascade. FEBS Lett. 531: 65-68.
Antonio, S., Carmen, P,, Garbin˜ e Roy, Constantino Cespo´n, MarıBa, L. V., Mercedes, N. and Pedro Gonza´lez-Porque´. 1998. Derivatives of Gallic Acid Induce Apoptosis in Tumoral Cell Lines and Inhibit Lymphocyte Proliferation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 350: 49-54.
Akagi, K., Hirose, M., Mizoguchi, Y., Ito, N. and Shirai, T. 1995. Modulating effects of ellagic acid, vanillin and quercetin in a rat medium multiorgan carcinogenesis modle. Cancer Lett. 94: 113-121.
Arany, I., Megyesi, J. K., Kaneto, H., Price, P. M. and Safirstein, R. L. 2004. Cisplatin-induced cell death is EGFR/src/ERK signaling dependent in mouse proximal tubule cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 287: 543-549.
Ayensu, E. S. 1978. Medicinal Plants of West Africa. Reference Publications, Algonac, Michigan. ISBN No. 0-917556-07-7.
Baeuerle, P. A. and Baltimore, D. 1996. NF-κB: Ten years after. Cell. 87: 13-20.
Barkett, M. and Gilmore, T. D. 1999. Control of apoptosis by Rel/ NF-κB transcription factors. Oncogene. 18: 6910-6924.
Belemtougrir, G., Constantin, B., Cognard, C., Raymond, G., and Sawadogo, L. 2006. Effect of two midicinal plants Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) and Diospyros mespiliformis L. (Ebenaceae) leaf extracts on rat skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B7: 56-63.
Bonhevi, J. S., Coll, F. V. and Jorda, R. E. 1994. The composition active compounds and bacteriostatic activity of propolis in dietetics. J. Am. Oil Cham. Soc. 71: 529-532.
Burkill, H. M. 1997. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Edition 2. Vol. 4. Families M-R. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. ISBN No.1-900347-13-X.
Canning, M.T., Postovit, L.M., Clarke, S.H. and Graham, C.H. 2001. Oxygenmediated regulation of gelatinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases- 1 expression by invasive cells. Exp. Cell Res. 267: 88- 94.
Chang, W. H., Chen, C. H., Gau, R. J., Lin, C. C., Tsai, C. L., Tasi, K. and Lu, F. J. 2002. Effect of baicalein on apoptosis of the human Hep G2 cell line was induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. Planta Medica. 68: 302-306.
Chang, C. H., Chyau, C. C., Hsieh, C. L., Wu, Y. Y., Ker, Y. B., Tsen, H. Y. and Peng, R. Y. 2007. Relevance of phenolic constituents to antioxidant activity of supercritical CO2 extract from the leaves of rosemary. Natural Product Research. In press.
Chen, W., Martindale, J. L., Holbrook, N. J. and Liu, Y. 1998. Tumor promoter arsenite activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase through a signaling pathway mediated by epidermal growth factor and Shc. Mol. Cell Biol. 18: 5178-5188.
Chen, F. E. and Ghosh, G. 1999. Regulation of DNA binding by Rel/ NF-κB transcription factors: structural views. Oncogene. 18: 6845-6852.
Chen, K. C., Hsieh C. L., Peng, C. C., Hsieh-Li, H. M., Huang, K. D. and Peng, R.Y. 2007. Brain derived metastatic prostate cancer DU 145 cells are affectively inhibited in vitro by guava (Psidium gujava L.)leaf extracts. Nutr. Cancer 58: 93-106.
Chen, Y. C., Liang, Y. C., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Ho, C. T. and Lin, J. K. 1999. Inhibition of TPA-induced protein kinase C and transcription activator protein-1 binding activities by theaflavin-3,3’-digallate from black tea in NIH3T3 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 1416-1421.
Chen, M., Bao, W., Aizman, R., Huang, P., Aspevall, O., Gustafsson, L. E., Ceccatelli, S. and Celsi, G. 2004. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediates apoptosis induced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli toxins via nitric oxide synthase: protective role of heme oxygenase-1. J. Infect. Dis. 190: 127-135.
Cook, N. C. and Samman, S. 1996. Flavonoids chemistry metabolism cardioprotective effect, and dietary sources. J. Nutr. Biochem. 7: 66-76.
Croft, K. D. 1998. The chemistry and biological effects of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 854: 435-442.
Datta, S. R., Brunet, A. and Greenberg, M.E. 1999. Cellular survival: a play in three AKTs. Genes Dev. 13: 2905-2927.
Dweck, A. C. 2003. A review of guava (Psidium guajava). Dweck Data.
Enari, M., Sakahira, H., Yokoyama, H., Okawa, K., Iwamatsu, A. and Nagata, S. 1998. A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD. Nature 391: 43-50.
Farooq, A. and Zhou, M. M. 2004. Structure and regulation of MAPK phosphatases. Cell Signal. 16: 769-779.
Formica, J. V. and Regelson, W. 1995. Review of the biology of Quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem. Toxicol. 33: 1061-1080.
Fraga, C. G., Martino, V. S., Ferraro, G. E., Coussio, J. D. and Boveris, A. 1987. Flavonoids as antioxidants evaluated by in vitro and in situ liver chemiluminescence. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36: 717-720.
Francesca, S., Laura, R., Valeriana, D. C., Samantha, D., Adriana, A., Maria, R. N., Pier, G. N. and Anna, B. 2006. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the endothelin axis and downstream signaling pathways in ovarian carcinoma. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5: 1483-1492.
Gardner, A. M. and Johnson, G. L. 1996. Fibroblast growth factor-2 suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis requires Ras and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 14560-14566.
Gann, P. H., Hennekens, C. H. and M. J. Stampfer. 1995. A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA 273: 289-294.
Gleave, M. E., Hsieh, J. T. H. C. Wu, A. C. Eschenbach, V. and Chung, L. W. 1992. Serum prostate specific antigen levels in mice bearing human prostate LNCaP tumors are determined by tumor volume and endocrine and growth factors. Cancer Res. 52: 1598-1605.
Gotoh, Y., Nishida, E., Matsuda, S., Shiina, N., Kosako, H., Shiokawa, K., Akiyama, T., Ohta, K. and Sakai, H. 1991. In vitro effects on microtubule dynamics of purified xenopus M phase-activated MAP kinase. Nature 349: 251-254.
Gruyter, W.D. 1983. Concise encyclopedia of biochemistry, Berlin, New York, USA
Gupta, S., Afaq, F. and Mukhtar, H. 2001. Selective growth-inhibitiry, cell-cycle deregulatory and apoptotic resaponse of apigenin in normal versus human prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287: 914-920.
Haneda, M., Sugimoto, T. and Kikkawa, R. 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase: a negative regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 365: 1-7.
Ham, J., Eilers, A., Whitfield, J., Neame, S. J. and Shan, B. 2000. c-Jun and the transcriptional control of neuronal apoptosis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 60: 1015-1021.
Harris, D. M., Bessslink, E., Henning, S. M., GO, V. L. W. and Heber, D. 2005. Phytoestrogens Induce Differential Estrogen Receptor Alpha- or Beta-Mediated Responses in Transfected Breast Cancer Cells. Exp. Biol. Med. 230: 558-568.
Henry, W.C. L., Lin, C. J., Hour, M. J., Yang, W. H., Wang, M. Y. and Lee, H. Z. 2007. Kaempferol induced apoptosis in humam lung non-small carcinoma cells accompanied by an induction of antioxidant enzymes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45: 2005-2013.
Hoshi, M., Nishida, E., Inagaki, M., Gotoh, Y. and Sakai, H. 1990. Activation of a serine/threonine kinase that phosphporylates microtubule-associated protein 1B in vitro by growth factors and phorbol esters in guiescent rat fibroblastic cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 193: 513-519.
Hsieh, C. L., Yang, M. H., Chyau, C. C., Chiu, C. H., Wang, H. E., Lin, Y. C., Chiu, W. T. and Peng, R. Y. 2007. Kinetic analysis on the sensitivity of glucose- or glyoxal-induced LDL glycation to the inhibitory effect of Psidium guajava extract in a physiomimic system. BioSystems 88: 92-100.
Hsieh, C. L., Huang, C. N., Lin, Y. C. and Peng, R. Y. 2007. Molecular action mechanism against apoptosis by aqueous extract from guajava budding leaves elucidated with human umbilical vin endothelial cell model. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 8523-8533.
Huang, M., Koh, D. C., Weng, L. J., Chang, M. L., Yap, Y. K., Zhang L. and Wong, S. M. 2000. The p38 signal transduction pathway activation and function. Cell Signal. 1: 1-13.
Huang, N. T. and Ferraro, T. 1992. Phenolic compounds in food and cancer prevention. Phenolic compounds in food and their effect on health II: antioxidants & cancerprevention. American Chemical Society Washington 8-34.
http://www.raintree-health.co.uk/plants/guava.html
Iwu, M. M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. Boca Raton, CRC Press Inc. pp. 223-224.
Jaiarj, P., Khoohaswan, P., Wongkrajang, Y., Peungvicha, P., Suriyawong, P., Saraya, M. L. S. and Ruangsomboon, O. 1999. Anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava L. leaf extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 67: 203-212.
Johnson, G. L. and Lapadat, R. 2002. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science 298: 1911-1912.
Juniewicz, P. E., McCarthy, M. B. M., Lemp, Barbolt, T. A. C., Shaw, D. M., Hollenbaugh, R. C., Winneker, J. R. R. and Batzold, F. H. 1990. The effect of the steroidal androgen receptor antagonist, Win 49,596, on the prostate and testis of beagle dogs. Endocrinology 126: 2625-2634.
Kitada, C., Gong, Z., Tanaka, Y., Yamazaki, M. and Saito, K. 2001. Differential expression of two cytochrome P450s involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins in chemovarietal forms of Perilla frutescens. Planta cell Physiol. 42: 1338-1344.
Klein, G., Vellenga, E., Fraaje, M. W., Kamps, W. A. and de Bont., E.S.J.M. 2004. The possible role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in cancer, e.g. acute leukemia. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 50: 87-100.
Kurland, J. F., Kodym, R., Story, M. D., Spurgers, K. B., McDonnell, T. J. and Meyn, R. E. 2001. NF-κB (p50) homodimers contribute to transcription of the bcl-2 oncogene. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 45380-45386.
Lawlor, M.A. and Alessi, D.R. 2001. PKB/AKT: a key mediator of cell proliferation, survival and insulin responses? J. Cell Sci. 114: 2903-2910.
Lee, S. H. 1986. Effective constituents of hypoglycemic Psidium guajava on diabetes (2). A master thesis as a partial fulfillment required by the Research Institute of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University.
Lee, C. M., Chen, C. T., Lee, H. H. and Lin, J. K. 2002. Prevention of cellular ROS damage by isovitexin and related flavonoids. Planta Medica. 68: 365-367.
Lozoya, X. 1999. Xiuhpatli, Herba officinalis. SSA/UNAM, Mexico, p.127
Lozoya, X., Becerril, G. and Martinez, M. 1990. Modelo de perfusion intraluminal delile�曝 del cobayo in vitro en el estudio de las propriedades antidiarr�縯cas de la guayaba (Psidium guajava). Arch. Invest. Med (Mex). 21: 155-162.
Lutterodt, G. D., 1989. Inhibition of gastrointestinal release of caetylcholine by quercetin as a possible mode of action of Psidium guajava leaf extracts in treatment of acute diarrhoeal disease. J. Ethnopharm. 25: 235-247.
Mielke, K. and Herdegen, T. 2000. JNK and p38 stresskinases degenerative effectors of signal transduction-cascades in the nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 61: 45-60.
Miean, K. H. and Mohamed, S. 2001. Flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and epigenin) content of edible tropical plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 3106-3112.
Mora, A., Paya, M., Rios, J. L. and Alcaraz, M. J. 1990. Structure-activity relationships of polymethoxyflavones and other flavonoids as inhibitors of non-enzymic lipid peroxidation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40: 793-797.
Morton, J. F. 1987. Fruit of warm climates. Miami, Florida,U.S.A. pp. 356-363.
Nadkarni, K. M. and Nadkarni, A. K. 1999. Indian Materia Medica - with Ayurvedic, Unani-Tibbi, Siddha, Allopathic, Homeopathic, Naturopathic and Home remedies. Popular Prakashan Private Ltd., Bombay, India. ISBN No. 81-7154-142-9.
Norihiro, W., Ryoichi, H. and Nobuo, K. 2007. The chemopreventive flavonoid apigenin confers radiosensitizing effect in human tumor cells grown as monolayers and spheroids. J. Radiat. Res. 48: 45-50.
Nundkumar, N. and Ojewole, J. A. 2002. Studies on the antiplasmodial properties of some South African medicinal plants used as antimalarial in Zulu folk medicine. Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 24: 397-401.
Nicholson, K. M. and Anderson, N. G. 2002. The protein kinase B/Akt signal pathway in human malignancy. Cell Signal. 14: 381-395.
Obatomi, D. K., Bikomo, E. O. and Temple, V. J. 1994. Anti-diabetic properties of the African mistletoe in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharm. 43: 13-17.
O’Brien, N. M., Woods, J. A., Aherna, S. A. and O’Callaghan, Y. C. 2000. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative reactions in cell-culture models: modulatory effects of phytochemicals. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28: 22-26.
Olajideu, U., O. A., Awe, S. O. and Makinde, J. M. 1999. Pharmacological studies on the leaf of Psidium guaja” L. Fitoterapia. 70: 25-31.
Oesterling, J. E. 1991. Prostate specific antigen: a critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. 145: 907-923.
Orrenius, S., Zhivotovsky, B. and P. Nicotera. 2003. Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4: 552-565.
Paez, X. and Hernandez, L. 2003. Topical hemostatic effect of a common ornamental plant, the geraniaceae Pelargonium zonale. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 43: 291-295.
Pahl, H. L. 1999. Activatiors and target genes of Rel/ NF-κB transcription factors. Oncogene. 18: 6853-6866.
Palombella, V. J., Rando, O. J., Goldberg, A. L. and Maniatis, T. 1994. The ubiguitin-proteasome pathway is reguired for processing the NF-κB1 precursor protein and activation of NF-κB. Cell. 78: 773-785.
Partin, A. W. and J. E. Oesterling. 1994. The clinical usefulness of prostate specific antigen: update 1994. J. Urol. 152: 1358-1368.
Papatsoris, A. G. and Papavassiliou, A. G. 2001. Molecular ‘palpation’ of BPH: a tale of MAPK signalling? Trends Mol. Med. 7: 288-292.
Popenoe, W. 1948. Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit. Hafner Press, New York, U.S.A. pp. 474.
Raingeaud, J., Gupta, S., Rogers, J. S., Dickens, M., Han, J., Ulevitch, R. J. and Davis, R. J. 1995. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. J. Biochem. 270: 7420-7426.
Ravikanth, V., Rana P. S., Zhengjie L., John A. T., Rajesh, A. and Chapla, A. 2006. Fractionation of grape seed extract and identification of gallic acid as one of the major active constituents causing growth inhibition and apoptotic death of DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 127: 1445-1453.
Richter, M., Ebermann, R. and Marian, B. 1999. Quercetin-induced apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells: possible role of EGF receptor signaling. Nutr. Cancer 34: 77-99.
Pupa, S. M., Menard, S., Forti, S. and Tagliabue, E. 2002. New insights into the role of extracellular matrix during tumor onset and progression. J. Cell Physio. 92: 259-267.
Plaumann, B., Fritsche, M., Rimpler, H., Brander, G. and Hess, R.D. 1996. Flavonoids activate wild-type p53. Oncogene. 13: 1605-1614.
Robinso, M. J., Stippec, S. A., Goldsmith, E., White, M. A. and Cobb, M.H. 1998. A constitutively active and nuclear form fof the MAP kinase ERK2 is sufficient for neurite outgrowth and cell transformation. Curr. Biol. 8: 1141-1150.
Sakahira, H., Enari, M., Ohsawa, Y., Uchiyama, Y. and Nagata, S. 1999. Apoptosis nuclear morphological change without DNA fragmentation. Curr. Biol. 9: 543-546.
Salti, G. J. and Constantinou, A. I. 2000. Genistein induces apoptosis and topoisomerase II-mediated DNA breakage in colon cancer cells. Eur. J. Cancer 36: 796-802.
Shore, P., Whitmarsh, A. J.,Bhaskaran, R., Davis, R. J., Waltho, J. P. and Sharrocks, A. D. 1996. Determinants of DNA-binding specificity of ETS-domin transcription factors. Mol. Cell Biol. 16: 3338-3349.
Stefan, M. and Axel, M. F. 2005, Flavones and flavone synthases. Phytochem. 66: 2399–2407.
See, F., Thomas, W., Way, K., Tzanidis, A., Kompa, A., Lewis, D., Itescu, S. and Krum, H. 2004. p38 MAP kinase as a therapeutic targetin cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Res. 1: 55-63.
Smith, T. J. and Yang, C. S. 1994. Effects of food phytochemicals on xenobiotic metabolism and tumorigenesis. Phenolic compounds in food and their effect on healthⅠ:Fruits and vegetables. American Chemical Society Washington 17-18.
Suresh, R. V., Destiny, M. D., Stephanie, J. M. and Michael, J. W. 2005. Modulation of aberrant crypt foci and apoptosis by dietary herbal supplements (quercetin, curcumin, silymarin, ginseng and rutin). Carcinogenesis 26: 1450-1456.
Snyder, B. W., Winneker, R. C. and F. H. Batzold. 1989. Endocrine profile of Win 49596 in the rat: a novel androgen receptor antagonist. J. Steroid Biochem. 33: 1127-1132.
Syu-ichi, K., Ayako, T., Takaharu, O., Kimiko, K., Mayuko, U. and Masaaki, I. 2006. Narigenin-induces apoptosis via activation of NF-κB and necrosis involving the loss of ATP in human promyeloleukemia HL-60 cells. Toxicol. Lett. 166: 131-139.
Syu-ichi, K., Ayako, T., Takako, H., Yuu, O., Ai, S., Mayuko, U., Takaharu, O., Katsuhiko, K. and Masaaki, I. 2005. Inhibitory effects of naringenin on tumor growth in human cancer cell lines and sarcoma S-180-implanted mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28: 527-530.
Taga, M. S., Miller, E. E. and Pratt, D. E. 1984. Chia seed as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 61: 928-931.
Tangpu, T. V. and Yadav, A. K. 2006. Anticestodal efficay of Psidium guajava against experimental Hymenolepis diminuta infection in rats. Indian J. Pharmacol. 38: 29-32.
Thompson, C. B. 1995. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267: 1456-1462.
Tona, L. K., Kambu, K., Cimanga, S., de Bruyne, T., Pieters, L., Totte, J. and Vlietink, A. J. 1999. Biological screen of traditional preparations from some medicinal plants used as antidiarrhoeal in Kinshasa, congo. Phytomed. 6: 59-66.
Tournier, C., Hess, P., Yang, D. D., Xu, J., Turner, T. K., Nimnual, A., Bar-Sagi, D., Jones, S. N., Flavell, R. A. and Davis, R. J. 2000. Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 288: 870-874.
Villa, J., Kaufmann, S. H. and Earnshaw, W. C. 1997. Caspases and caspase inhibitors. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22: 388-393.
Wang, M. C., Valenzuela, L. A., Murphy, G. P. and Chu, T. M. 1979. Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Invest. Urol. 17: 159-163.
Wang, H. K., Xia, Y., Yang, Z. Y., Natschke, S. L. and Lee, K. H. 1998. Recent advances in the discovery and development of flavonoids and their analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agent. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 439: 191-22.
West, K. A., Castillo, S. S. and Dennis, P. A. 2002. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and chemotherapeutic resistance. Drug Resist. Updat. 5: 234-248.
Winkel-Shirley, B. 2002. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 218-223.
Xia, Z., Dickens, M., Raingeaud, J., Davis, R. J. and Greenberg, M. E. 1995. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science 270: 1326-1331.
Yoshida, M., Sahi, T., Hosokawa, N., Marui, N., Matsunoto, K. and Fujioka, A. 1990. The effect of quercetin on cell cycle progression and growth of human gastric cancer cells. FEBS Lett. 360: 10-13.
台灣農業年報,台灣省政府農林廳,1993。
珍珠拔與水晶拔之特性與栽培管理,高雄區農業專訊,2000,第31期。
優質番石榴栽培管理,台中區農業專訊,2003,第51期。
行政院衛生署,衛生統計資訊網,2006,http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm 。
美國 Cellsignaling公司,www.cellsignal.com 。
農友種苗股份有限公司,http://www.knownyou.com/ 。
http://140.112.88.1/life/95_1/20061018.pdf 。
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
無相關期刊