臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

無基礎式架構網路(MANET)是一種不需要任何基地台便可使行動裝置(moblile hosts, MHs)之間的溝通具有靈活及機動特性的無線網路架構。然而實際上，由於行動裝置的多樣化，不同的MH可能有不同的傳輸功率以及接收靈敏度，然而這可能導致在MH之間存在非對稱(單向)傳輸連結之現象，我們發現非對稱傳輸連結的存在將使某些眾所皆知的on-demand繞送協定效能嚴重地下降，如AODV及DSR。為了解決這個問題，我們提出「反向路徑確認動態來源繞送機制(Back-path-Affirmed Dynamic Source Routing algorithm, BA-DSR)」，基本上，我們實施條件性轉播RREQ封包的策略，只有在MH確認與先前節點有回應路徑(back path)時才將RREQ封包轉播。模擬結果顯示，相較於AODV與DSR，在非對稱傳輸環境之下，BA-DSR有效改善了路徑建立與維護的效率。

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) provides flexible and dynamic interconnections among a set of mobile hosts (MHs) without relying any access point. However, in practice, due to the device variety, MHs may own different transmission powers and receiving sensitivities. This potentially causes asymmetric (unidirectional) transmission links between MHs. We find that the existence of such asymmetric transmission links severely deteriorates the performance of some well-known on-demand routing protocols, like AODV and DSR. To solve this problem, we propose a back-path-affirmed dynamic source routing (BA-DSR) algorithm. Basically, we enforce a conditional rebroadcast policy that a MH rebroadcasts a route request (RREQ) message to its neighbors only if a back path to its predecessor exists. The simulation results reveal that compared with AODV and DSR, BA-DSR significantly improves the path establishment and maintenance in a MANET with asymmetric transmission links.

摘 要　I
Abstract　II
誌謝　II
目錄　IV
圖表索引　VII
1. 緒論　1
　1.1 研究背景　1
　1.2 研究動機　4
　1.3 研究目的　5
　1.4 論文架構　7
2. 文獻探討　9
　2.1 三種MANET 之繞送方式　9
　2.2 MANET 路由協定　11
　2.3 非對稱性傳輸對MANET 繞送之影響　17
　2.4 AODV 於非對稱傳輸環境之探討　19
　　2.4.1 AODV 繞送協定　19
　　2.4.2 非對稱傳輸環境對AODV 之影響　21
　2.5 DSR 於非對稱傳輸環境之探討　24
　　2.5.1 DSR 繞送協定　24
　　2.5.2 非對稱傳輸環境對DSR 之影響　26
3. 研究方法　29
　3.1 問題定義　29
　3.2 Back-Path-Affirmed(BA) DSR 　30
　　3.2.1 Bi-directaional Link Test(BL test)　30
　　3.2.2 Route Discovery 　32
　　3.2.3 Route Recovery 　38
　3.3 AODV、DSR 與BA-DSR 之路徑特性探討　39
4. 模擬實驗與結果討論　42
　4.1 在靜態Link 拓撲下非對稱性傳輸環境之影響　43
　　4.1.1 路徑建立時間比較　45
　　4.1.2 封包到達率比較　47
　　4.1.3 控制封包數量比較　48
　4.2 在動態拓撲下非對稱性傳輸環境之影響　50
　　4.2.1 封包到達率比較　52
　　4.2.2 控制封包數量比較　55
　　4.2.3 Forwarding Path 平均hop count 數量比較　56
　4.3 模擬結果討論　58
5. 結論　59
參考文獻　61
附錄　64
作者簡介　77

參考文獻
[1] 周湘宏, “非對稱性傳輸特性對無實體架構無線網路繞送之影響”, 國立屏東科技大學資訊管理系碩士學位論文, 2006年6月.
[2] 鄭家和, “以DSR為基礎的自動路徑縮短路由演算法之效能分析”, 義守大學資訊工程研究所碩士論文, 2005年7月.
[3] Abolhasan, M., Tadeusz, W., Eryk, D, “A review of Routing protocols for mobile Ad Hoc Network” Ad Hoc Networks, pp. 1-22, Jan 2004.
[4] Bao, L., Garcia, L.A. “Link-state Routing in Networks with Unidirectional Links”. In Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (IC3N), pages 358-363, 1999.
[5] Chung, C.M., Wang, Y.H., Chuang, C.C. “Ad hoc on-demand backup node setup routing protocol”, Information Networking Proceedings 15th International Conference, Page 933-937, 31 Jan.-2 Feb. 2001.
[6] Chen, Y.S., Kao, T.C., Sheu, J.P., Chinag, C.Y. “A Mobile Scaffolding-Aid-Based Bird-Watching Learning System”, IEEE 2002.
[7] Chiang, C.C. “Routing in clustered multihop mobile wireless networks with fading channel”, Proceedings of IEEE SICON, pp. 197-211, April 1997.
[8] Cavilla, A.L., Baron, G., Hart, T.E., Litty, L., Lara, E.D. “Simplified Simulation Models for Indoor MANET Evaluation are not Robust”, IEEE 2004.
[9] Das, R.S., Perkins, E.C., Royer, M.E. “Performance Comparison of Two On-Demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks” IEEE Personal Communications, February 2001.
[10] Duros, E., Dabbous, W., Izumiyama, H., Fujii, N., Zhang, Y. ” A Link-Layer Tunneling Mechanism for Unidirectional Links. “ RFC 3077, 2001.
[11] Green, D.B., Obaidat, M.S. “Modeling and simulation of IEEE 802.11 WLAN mobile ad hoc networks using topology broadcast reverse-path forwarding (TBRPF) “ Computer Communications Page 1741-1746, 2003.
[12] Hassanein, H., Zhou, A. “ Load-aware destination- Controlled routing for MANETs “ Page 1551-1559 Computer Communications, 2003.
[13] Hu, C., Hong Y., Hou, J. “On Mitigating the Broadcast Storm Problem with Directional Antennas” IEEE Communications, 2003.
[14] Jorge N. “A Comprehensible GloMoSim Tutorial”, INRS - Universite du Quebec, March 4, 2004.
[15] Johnson, B.D., Maltz, A.D., Hu,Y.C. “The dynamic source Routing protocol for mobile Ad Hoc Networks “, IETF internet draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt, 19 July 2004.
[16] Lee, S.J., Gerla, M. “AODV-BR: Backup Routing in Ad Hoc Networks”, IEEE WCNC, Chicago, IL 2000..
[17] Lee, M.J., Zheng, J., Hu, X., Juan, H.H., Zhu, C., Liu, Y., Yoon, J.S., Saadawi, T.N. “A New Taxonomy of Routing Algorithms for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: The Component Approach”, Page 116–123, IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2006.
[18] Leung R., Liu, J.,Poon, E.,Chan A., Li, B. “MP-DSR: A QoS-Aware Multi-Path Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks”, In Proc. of the 26th IEEE Annual Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2001), pp. 132-141, November, 2001.
[19] Marina, K.M., Das, R.S. “ Routing Performance in the Presence of Unidirectional Links in Multihop Wireless Networks”, Proc. ACM MobiHoc 02, pp. 12-23, 2002.
[20] Moy, J. “OSPF Version 2”, STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.
[21] Moon J.K.; Young I.E., “An adaptive routing protocol for supporting reliable communication in wireless ad-hoc network environments”, Dependable Computing 2001 Pacific Rim International Symposium, 2001, Page 206-213, 17-19 Dec.
[22] Marina, M., Das, S. “On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks”, in Proceedings of the International Conference for Network Procotols (ICNP), Riverside, Nov. 2001.
[23] Ni, S.Y., Tseng, Y.C., Chen, Y.S., Sheu, J.P. “The Broadcast Storm Problem in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network”, ACM Wireless Networks Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 153-167, March 2002.
[24] Ogier, R.G, Lewis, M., Templin, F. “Topology Broadcast based on Reverse Path Forwarding (TBRPF),” IEEE RFC 3684 Feb 2004.
[25] Perkins, C.E, Watson, T.J “Highly dynamic destination sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers”, ACM SIGCOMM 94 Conference on Communications Architectures, London, UK, 1994.
[26] Perkins, C.E., Belding-Royer, E.M., Das, S.R. “ Ad Hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) Routing”, draft-ietf-manet-aodv- 13.txt, IETF internet draft, 17 FEB 2003.
[27] Ramasubramanian, V., Chandr, R., Moss´e, D. ” Providing a Bidirectional Abstraction for Unidirectional Ad Hoc Networks”. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, 2002.
[28] Remondoa, D., Niemegeers, G.I. “Ad Hoc Networking in future wireless communications”, Computer Communications, pp. 36-40, 2003.
[29] Saigala, V., Nayakb, A.K., Pradhanc, S.K., Mall, R. “ Load balanced routing in mobile ad hoc networks “ Page 295–305 Computer Communications, 2004.
[30] Yang, C.C., Chen, C.Y. “A Reachability-Guaranteed Approach for Reducing Broadcast Storms in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” Proceedings of IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-2002), 2002.