臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文研究以應用層群播(Application Layer MultiCast, ALM)架構傳輸即時視訊封包碼流(IPTV)之方法。本實作系統包含一個追蹤管理伺服器(tracker server)、一至數個即時媒體串流伺服器(live media streaming server)以及多個交互傳輸碼流的使用者終端機(peers)。為了提升整體IPTV的服務效能，當新的節點加入IPTV群播網對數位媒體伺服器發出存取要求時，追蹤管理伺服器確認使用者身份後，系統會選擇傳輸能力略高於新節點、傳輸延遲較低的父節點，並限制只有認證許可的用戶可以互相連線，以維持整體IPTV的穩定傳輸骨幹;當線上節點要離線時，會先為其所有子節點依照新節點加入的方法找尋最佳接入點。另外，媒體伺服器可依據現有網路狀況調整參數，改變傳輸位元率(bit rate)，進而產生不同大小的串流。當視訊傳送至一個終端節點，會同時和其它節點交換（提供或索取）數據，有效分散整體系統的傳輸負載。在使用者與伺服器資料交握階段中，使用者登入的資訊會以AES來加密。實驗結果顯示本論文有效的將使用者終端、追蹤管理伺服器與媒體中心整合，提供即時的媒體碼流服務，並在大多數節點效能不佳時，仍能保持群播網路低延遲與影質穩定等效能。

A real-time application layer multicast system has been developed in this thesis. The system comprises: one tracker server, one live media streaming server and many user terminal peers. When one new peer requests the media server to join the IPTV system, the tracker server determine to accept or not by recognizing its ID. To improve the IPTV service efficiency, the system would select a parent peer with low-delay and uplink capability better than the incoming peer. It would maintain the basic stable transmission framework. When one peer determined to leave the multicast tree, it has to find for each children peer a new parent peer according to above rules before updating the parent peer parameter of current one. In addition, the system can adjust the streaming bandwidth of media server in accordance with current network condition. When one peer received the import streaming, it would also out-port the streaming to other online peers, which would help to evenly distribute the transmission loading for the whole IPTV system. The key of user profile is encrypted with AES. We have implemented one a multicast system that integrates tracker server, live media streaming server and user terminal. Experiments show that the average frame rate and the transmission delay of all peers can be maintained at acceptable performances even when most peers are with low uplink capability.

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 V1I
表目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究方法概述 2
第二章 相關研究 3
2.1 網路傳輸模式 3
2.1.1 單點傳播(Unicast) 3
2.1.2 廣播(Broadcast) 4
2.1.3 群播(Multicast) 4
2.2 應用層群播(Application-Layer Multicast, ALM) 5
2.2.1 NICE 7
2.2.2 ZIGZAG 8
2.3 點對點網路(Peer to Peer，P2P) 10
2.3.1 純分散式架構(Purely Decentralized) 10
2.3.2 複合式架構(Hybrid Architecture) 11
2.4 P2P串流網路 13
2.4.1 樹狀結構演算法(Tree-based algorithms) 13
2.4.2 網格結構演算法(Mesh-based algorithms) 14
2.4.3 Gossip結構演算法(Gossip-based algorithms) 14
2.5 H.264/AVC 14
2.5.1 網路提取層(Network Abstraction Layer) 15
2.5.2 視訊編碼層(Video Coding Layer) 17
2.6 Advanced Encryption Standard 21
2.6.1 ByteSub 22
2.6.2 ShiftRow 23
2.6.3 MixColumn 24
2.6.4 AddRoundKey 24
第三章 P2P即時視訊群播系統 26
3.1 基本架構 26
3.2 安全傳輸機制 28
3.2.1 註冊 28
3.3 即時串流媒體伺服器 29
3.4 追蹤管理伺服器 31
3.4.1登入管理(Login Service) 32
3.4.2 工具管理單元(Tools Management) 33
3.4.3 節點管理(Peer Management) 33
3.4.3.1 索引表(Index Table) 34
3.5 基於頻寬之階層式叢集演算法(BHCA) 36
3.5.1 P2P群播網路結構 36
3.5.2 節點分級 37
3.5.3 節點進入 38
3.5.4 節點離開 41
3.6 使用者端 41
3.6.1 登入階段 42
3.6.2 追蹤管理控制單元(Tracker Control) 44
3.6.3 節點服務單元(Peer Service) 44
3.6.4 使用者介面(User Interface) 44
3.6.5 播放視訊單元(Display) 44
第四章 實作結果 46
4.1 系統架設 46
4.2 介面說明 46
4.2.1 即時串流媒體伺服器 46
4.2.2 追蹤管理伺服器 47
4.2.3 使用者端 48
4.3 系統運作 48
4.4 實驗結果 51
4.4.1 影像品質量測 51
4.4.2 視訊延遲度比較 55
4.4.3 各階層節點之位元率 56
4.4.4 視訊啟動時間 58
第五章 結論及未來發展 59
參考文獻 60

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