臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要

本論文之目的在於探討老鼠斑飼料中添加17β-estradiol、testosterone及methyltestosterone對老鼠斑成長的影響、並分析血清中 Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT)、Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) 等酵素活性，Total protein、Triglyceride、Glucose、Cholesterol、17β-estradiol、Testosterone、Progesterone、17-hydroxyprogesterone等生理指標及固醇類賀爾蒙濃度的變化。
實驗一結果發現飼料中添加高劑量的固醇類賀爾蒙對老鼠斑的成長速率皆受到抑制，並且隨著劑量的增加成長速率下降，而FCR值則是成長越慢的組別有越高的趨勢。血清中生理因子的分析結果發現，GOT及GPT酵素活性於各處理組皆有上升的趨勢；添加17β-estradiol的組別血清當中TG、CHOL及TP的濃度皆上升，而GLU的濃度則下降；添加testosterone的組別血清當中CHOL的濃度上升，而TP及GLU的濃度則下降；添加methyltestosterone的組別血清當中TG、CHOL及TP的濃度則下降。血清當中固醇類賀爾蒙濃度的變化則為添加17β-estradiol的組別血清當中E2的濃度上升，而T、P及17-OH-P的濃度則下降；添加testosterone的組別血清當中T的濃度上升，而P的濃度則下降；添加methyltestosterone的組別血清當中T及17-OH-P的濃度上升，而P的濃度則下降。連續處理十五週後發現各處理組的畸形率都有上升的趨勢，其中以添加17β-estradiol的組別畸形率高於添加testosterone及methyltestosterone的組別。
實驗二結果發現飼料中添加17β-estradiol 0.5 mg/kg 及testosterone 0.5 mg/kg 組別會促進老鼠斑的成長，而其他各處理組對於老鼠斑的成長皆沒有顯著影響 (p＞0.05)；FCR則以飼料中添加17β-estradiol 0.5 mg/kg 及testosterone 0.5 mg/kg 組別最低。

Abstract

The purpose of this study is aimed to know the effect of 17β-estradiol, testosterone and methyltestosterone on the growth performance of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis). The physiological parameter of serum GOT, GPT, TP, TG, GLU, CHOL, E2, T, P and 17-OH-P were analyzed at the end of the experiment. The results in experiment 1 showed that the steroid supplement significantly affect growth performance, the growth was notably depressde by increasing steroid supplement. A similar trend on FCR was also observed during the experiment culture period. Serum GOT and GPT were found elevated in all treatments.Furthermal, serum GLU decreased but TG, CHOL and TP increased by 17β-estradiol supplementation. Administration of testosterone enhanced serum CHOL increase but serum TP and GLU decrease. Neither TG, CHOL nor TP increased but decreased by dietary supplementation of methyltestosterone. On the other hand, the increased in E2 but the decreased in T, P and 17-OH-P by offering diet with 17β-estradiol supplement. Supplementation of testosterone significantly increased T but reduced in P. A notable depression of P and increase in T and 17-OH-P were also found in fish fed with methyltestosterone. At the end of the study, deformity of humpback grouper was found increased in all treatments, significantly triplet in E2 treatments than those in testosterone and methyltestosterone treatments. The result of experiment 2 showed that either 0.5 mg/kg of 17β-estradiol or testosterone notably increased in growth performance of the humpback grouper, but no significant difference was observed among treatments. The lowest FCR was found in fish fed with either 0.5 mg/kg of 17β-estradiol or testosterone.

目 錄

頁次：
謝辭----------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
中文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
英文摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
目錄---------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
表目錄-----------------------------------------------------------------------------vi
圖目錄-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ix
第一章 前言-----------------------------------------------------------------------1
第二章 文獻整理-----------------------------------------------------------------3
第三章 材料方法---------------------------------------------------------------15
第四章 結果---------------------------------------------------------------------24
第五章 討論---------------------------------------------------------------------35
第六章 結論---------------------------------------------------------------------52
第七章 參考文獻---------------------------------------------------------------54
附錄--------------------------------------------------------------------------------94

表 目 錄

Table 1. The steroid concentrations of the diets supplemented with various dose of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone in Experiment 1.---------------------------------------------------------------------15

Table 2. Ingredient composition of the Experiment 1 diet (%) -----------73

Table 3. Mean (±standard deviation) weight gain(%) of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol during the culture period in Experiment 1.---------------------------------------------------------74

Table 4. Mean (±standard deviation) weight gain(%) of Crompileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of testosterone during the culture period in Experiment 1.---------------------------------------------------------75

Table 5. Mean (±standard deviation) weight gain(%) of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of methyltestosterone during the culture period in Experiment 1.------------------------------------------------76

Table 6. Mean (±standard deviation) weight gain(%) of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone during the culture period in Experiment 1.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------77

Table 7. Mean (±standard deviation) weight, weight gain, FCR, HSI, and survival of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone during the culture period in Experiment 1.-----------------------------------------------------------------78

Table 8. Mean (±standard deviation) GOT, GPT, TG, TP, CHOL and GLU of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol after 15 weeks in Experiment 1.-----------------------------------------------------79

Table 9. Mean (±standard deviation) GOT, GPT, TG, TP, CHOL and GLU of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of testosterone after15 weeks in Experiment 1.------------------------------------------------80

Table 10. Mean (±standard deviation) GOT, GPT, TG, TP, CHOL and GLU of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of methyltestosterone after 15 weeks in Experiment 1.------------------------81

Table 11. Mean (±standard deviation) GOT, GPT, TG, TP, CHOL and GLU of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone after 15 weeks in Experiment 1.---------------------------------------------------------------------82

Table 12. The steroid concentrations of the diets supplemented with various dose of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone for Experiment 2.---------------------------------------------------------------------21

Table 13. Ingredient composition of the Experiment 2 diet (%)-----------83

Table 14. Mean (±standard deviation) weight gain (%) of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol during the culture period in Experiment 2.---------------------------------------------------------84

Table 15. Mean (±standard deviation) weight gain (%) of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of testosterone during the culture period in Experiment 2.---------------------------------------------------------85

Table 16. Mean (±standard deviation) weight gain (%) of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of methyltestosterone doses during the culture period in Experiment 2.--------------------------------------------86

Table 17. Mean (±standard deviation) weight gain (%) of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone during the culture period in Experiment 2.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------87

Table 18. Mean (±standard deviation) weight, weight gain, FCR, and survival of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone during the culture period in Experiment 2.-----------------------------------------------------------------88


圖 目 錄

Figure 1. Serum testosterone concentrations in Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone for 15 weeks in Experiment 1.-------------------------------------------------89

Figure 2. Serum 17β-estradiol concentrations in Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone for 15 weeks in Experiment 1.-------------------------------------------------90

Figure 3. Serum Progesterone concentrations in Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone for 15 weeks in Experiment 1.-------------------------------------------------91

Figure 4. Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations in Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various doses of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone for 15 weeks in Experiment 1.--------------------------92

Figure 5. Deformity (%) of Cromileptes altivelis fed diets with various dose of 17β-estradiol、testosterone、methyltestosterone after 15 weeks in Experiment 1.---------------------------------------------------------------------93

王錫崗，2001。幾種小分子藥物對類固醇激素合成與分泌的影響。科學發展月刊第29卷，9期：641-646。
江秉穎，1999。內分泌學精義。
呂明毅，劉擎華，2000。石斑魚的養殖生物學之研究。石斑魚繁養殖技術改進與疾病防治研討會，pp. 24-32。
沈士傑，1993。台灣魚類誌，pp. 286。
邱文瑞，2002。海鱺飼料化學組成特性及其影響魚類品質之探討。國立台灣海洋大學水產養殖研究所碩士論文。
高承志，2001。老鼠斑的人工繁殖。中國水產，580卷，pp. 42-48。
黃友珊，2001。黑鯛雌性素受器之研究：基因選殖與性轉變之關係。國立台灣海洋大學水產養殖研究所碩士論文。
黃沂訓，2000。台灣水產養殖箏勢與石斑魚養殖。石斑魚繁養殖技術改進與疾病防治研討會，pp. 34-43。
黃貴民，2003。實用石斑魚養殖。養魚世界雜誌，4月刊。
張簡子暉，2004。飼料中添加可體松與性固醇類賀爾蒙對點帶石斑非特異性免疫反應之影響。國立台灣海洋大學水產養殖研究所碩士論文。
Abu, E.O., Horner, A., Kusec, V., Triffitt, J.T., Compston, J.E., 1997. The
localization of androgen receptors in human bone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 82, 3493-3497.

Ali, S.H., O’Donnell, A.L., Mohamed, S., Mousa, S., Dandona, P., 1999. Stable over-expression of estrogen receptor-α in ECV304 cells inhibits proliferation and levels of secreted endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 152, 1-9.

Alison, M.B., 2004. An endocrine disrupter increases growth and risky behavior in threespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Horm. Behav. 45, 108-114.

Barron, M. G., 1986. Endocrine control of smoltification in anadromous salmonids. J. Endocrinol. 108, 313-319.

Bentley, P.J., 1998. Hormones and reproduction in: comparative vertebrate endocrinology. cambridge univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 379-454.

Bergmeyer, H.U., Hψrder, M., Rej, R., 1986. Approved recommendation on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 2.IFCC Method for aspartate aminotransferase. J. Clin. Chem. Biochem. 24, 497-508.

Billard, R., 1989. Endocrinology and fish culture. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 7, 49-58.

Björnsson, B.Th., Taranger, G.L., Hansen, T., Stefansson, S.O., Haux, C., 1994. The interrelation between photoperiod, growth hormone, and sexual maturation of adult salmon (Salmo salar). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 93, 70-81.

Blázquez, M., Piferrer, F., Zanuy, S., Carrillo, M., Donaldson, E.M., 1995. Development of sex control techniques for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) aquaculture: effects of dietary 17α-methyltestosterone prior to sex differentiation. Aquaculture 135, 329-342.

Borski, R.J., Tsai, W., DeMott-Friberg, R., Barkan, A.L., 1996. Regulation of somatic growth and the somatotropic axis by gonadal steroids: primary effect on insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression and secretion. Endocrinol. 137, 3253-3259.

Boudreau, M., Courtenay, S.C., MacLatchy, D.L., Berube, C.H., Hewitt, L.M., Kraak, G.J.V.D., 2005. Morphological abnormalities during early-life development of the estuarine mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, as an indicator of androgenic and anti-androgenic endocrine disruption. Aquat. Toxicol. 71, 357-369.

Bradley, J.T., Grizzle, J.M., 1989. Vitellogenin induction by estradiol in channel catfish , Ictalurus punctatus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 73, 28-39.

Bucher, F., Hofer, R., 1990. Effect of domestic wastewater on serum enzyme activities of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Comp. Biochem. Pysiol. C 97, 385-391.

Bulkley, R.V., Swihart, G.L., 1973. Effect of the anabolic steroids stanozol on growth of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus and goldfish Carassius auratus. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 102, 444-446.

Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Mitchell, L.G., 1999. Biology. pp. 893-910.

Canosa, L.F., Lin, X., Peter, R.E., 2002. Regulation of expression of somatostatin genes by sex steroids hormones in goldfish forebrain. Neuroendocrinol. 76, 8-17.

Cardenas, R., Lin, X., Canosa, L.F., Luna, M., Aramburo, C., Peter, R.E., 2003. Estradiol reduces pituitary responsiveness to somatostatin (SRIF-14) and down-regulates the expression of somatostatin sst2 receptors in female goldfish pituitary. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 132, 119-124.

Chang, C.F., Lau, F.L., Lin, B.Y., 1995. Stimulation of spermatogenesis or of sex reversal according to the dose of exogenous estradiol-17β in juvenile males of protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Gen. Comp. Endocrimol. 100, 355-367.

Chao, T.M., Chow, M., 1990. Effect of methyl testosterone on gonadal development of Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal). Singapore J. Pri. Ind. 18, 1-14.

Chen, F.Y., Chow, M., Chao, T.M., Lim, R., 1977. Artificial spawning and larval rearing of the grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (FORSKAL) in Singapore. Singapore J. Pri. Ind. 5, 1-21.

Cowey, C.B., Pope, J.A., Adron, J.W., Blair, A., 1973. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish : the effect of oral administration of diethylstilbestrol and cyproheptadine on the growth of pleuronectes platessa. Mar. Biol. 19, 1-6.

Dasmahapatra, A.K., Medda, A.K. 1982. Effect of estradiol dipropionate and testosterone propionate on the glycogen , lipid, and water contents of liver, muscle, and gonad of male and female (vitellogenic and non- vitellogenic) Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 48, 476-484.

Degani, G., 1985. The influence of 17-α-methyltestosterone on body composition of eels (Anguilla Anguilla (L.)). Aquaculture 50, 23-30.

Degani, G., Boker, R., Jackson, K., 1996. Growth Hormone, Gonad Development, and Steroid Levels in Female Carp. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 115, 133-140.

Degani, G., Boker, R., Jackson, K., 1998. Growth hormone, sexual maturity and steroids in male carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 120, 433-440.

Degani, G., Gallagher, M.L., 1985. Effect of 17-α-methyltestosterone and bovin growth hormone on growth and food conversion of slow-and normally growing Aerican elvers (Anguilla rostrata). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42, 185-189.

Donadson, E.M., Fagerlund, U.H.M., Higgs, D.A., McBride, J.R. 1979. Hormonal enhancement of growth in fish. In Fish Pysiology 8, pp. 455-497.

Duan, C., 1997. The insulin-like growth factor system and its biological actions in fish. Amer. Zool. 37, 491-503.

Duncan, D.E., 1995. Multiple-range and multiple F tset. Biometrice 11, 1-42.

Emmersen, B.K., Petersen, I.M., 1976. Nature occurrence and experimental induction by estradiol-17β, of a lipophosphoprotein (vitellogenin) in flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 54, 443-446.

Fagerlund, U.H.M., Higgs, D.A., McBride, J.R., Plotnikoff, M.D., Dosanjh, B.S., Markert, J.R., 1983. Implications of varying dietary protein, lipid and 17-α-methyltestosterone content on growth and utilization of protein and energy in juvenile coho salmone (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture 30, 109-124.

Fagerlund, U.H.M., McBride, J.R., 1975. Growth increments and some flesh and gonad characteristics of juvenile coho salmone receiving diets supplemented with 17-α-methyltestosterone. J. Fish Biol. 7, 305-314.

Fine, M., Sakal, E., Vashdi, D., Daniel, V., Levanon, A., Lipshitz, O., Gertler, A., 1993. Recombinant carp (Cyprinus carpio) growth hormone: expression, purification, and determination of biological activity in vitro and in vivo. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 89, 51-61.

Francis Sunny, P.S.L., Oommen, V.O., 2002. Rapid action of cortisol and testosterone on lipogenic enzymes in a fresh water fish Oreochromis mossambicus: short-term in vivo and in vitro study. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 131, 297-304.

Ghosh, D., Ray, A.K., 1993. Subcellular action of estradiol-17 beta in a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 90, 274-281.

Glamuzina, B., Glavic, N., Skaramuca, B., Kozul, V., 1998. Induced sex reversal of dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe). Aquacult. Res. 29, 563-568.

Green, B., Leake, R., 1987. Measurement of steroid hormone concentrations in blood, urine and tissue. Steroid Horm. 1, pp. 2-4.

Green, H., Morikawa, M., Nixon, T., 1985. A dual e.ector theory of growth-hormone action. Differentiation 29, 195-198.

Greiling, H., Gressner, A.M., 1995. Lehrbuch der klinischen Chemi und Pathobiochemie, 3rd ed. Stuttgart/New York: Schattauer.

Haux, C., Norberg, B., 1985. The influence of estradiol-17β on the liver content of protein, lipid, glycogen and nucleic acids in juvenile rainbow trout, Salmon gairdneri. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 81, 275-279.

Higgs, D.A., Fagerlund, U.H.M., Eales, J.G., McBride, J.R., 1982. Application of thyroid and steroid hormones as anabolic agents in fish culture. Comp. Biochem. Phsiol. B 73, 143-176.

Higgs, D.A., Fagerlund, U.H.M., McBride, J.R., Dye, H.M., Donaldson, E.M., 1977. Influence of combination of bovine growth hormone, 17-α-meyhtltestosterone and L-thyroxine on growth of yearling coho salmone (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Zool. 55, 1048-1056.

Holloway, A.C., Leatherland, J.F., 1997. Effect of gonadal steroid hormones on plasma growth hormone concentrations in sexually immature rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 105, 246-254.

Howerton, R.D., Okimoto, D.K., Grau, E.G., 1992. The effect of orally administered 17α-methyltestosterone and triiodothyronine on growth and proximate body composition of seawater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Aquacult. Fish Manag. 23, 123-128.

Ince, B.W., Lone, K.P., Matty, A.J., 1982. Effect of dietary protein level, and an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol on the growth , food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of rainbow trout (Salmon gairdneri). Br. J. Nutr. 47, 615-624.

Itagane, Y., Inada, H., Fujita, K., Isshiki, G., 1991. Interactions between steroid hormones and insulin-like growth factor-I In rabbit chondrocytes. Endocrinol. 128, 1419-1424.

Jeng, S.R., Chen, G.R., Lai, J.Y., Huang, Y.S., Dufour, S., Chang, C.F., 2002. Regulation of pituitary gonadotropin II and growth hormone content by sex steroid and pituitary extract in the aquaculture Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Aquaculture 209, 319-332.

Kasperk, C.H., Wakley, G.K., Hterl, T., Ziegler, R., 1997. Gonadal and adrenal androgens are potent regulators of human bone cell metabolism in vitro. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, 464-471.

Kawata, M., Yuri, K., Ozawa, H., Nishi, M., Ito, T., Hu, Z., Lu, H., Yoshida, M., 1998. Steroid hormones and their receptors in the brain. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 65, 273-280.

Kim, S.G., Kang, J.C., 2004. Effect of dietary copper exposure on accumulation, growth and hematological parameters of the juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Mar. Environ. Res. 58, 65-82.

King, H.R., Pankhurst, N.W., 2003. Ovarian growth and plasma sex steroid and vitellogenin profiles during vitellogenesis in Tasmanian female Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 219, 797-813.

Kitano, T., Takamune, K., Nagahama, Y., Abe, S.I., 2000. Aromatase inhibitor and 17α-methyltestosterone cause sex-reversal from genetical females to phenotypic males and suppression of P450 aromatase gene expression in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Mol. Reprod. Dev. 56, 1-5.

Korsgaard, B., Emmersen, J., Petersen, I., 1983. Estradiol induced hepatic protein synthesis snd transaminase activity in the male flounder, Platichthys flesus L.. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 50, 11-17.

Kuwaye, T.T., Okimoto, D.K., Shimoda, S.K., Howerton, R.D., Lin, H.R., Pang, P.K.T., Grau, E.G., 1993. Effect of 17α-methyltestosterone on the growth of the euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, in fresh water and in seawater. Aquaculture 113, 137-152.

Larry, G.R., Nurney, H. R., Tetsuya, H., Gordon, G., 2002. Activation of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis by treatment with 17α-methyltestosterone and seawater rearing in the Tilapia, Oreochromis mossanbicus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 127, 285-292.

Larsson, D.G.J., Sperry, T.S., Thomas, P., 2002. Regulation of androgen receptors in Atlantic croaker brains by testosterone and estradiol. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 128, 224-230.

Le Gac, F., Blaise, O., Fostier, A., Le Bail, P. Y., Loir, M., Mourot, B., Weil, C., 1993. Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: A review. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 11, 219-232.

Leatherland, J. F., 1985. Effects of 17β-estradiol and methyltestosterone
on the activity of the thyroid gland in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdner Richardson. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 60, 343-352.

Leena, S., Shameena, B., Oommen, O.V., 2000. Studies on the effect of growth hormone in vivo and in vitro on lipogenic enzymes and transaminases in a teleost Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Endocrinol. Res. 25, 341-355.

Leena, S., Shameena, B., Oommen, O.V., 2001. In vivo and in vitro effects of prolactin and growth hormone on lipid metabolism in a teleost, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 128, 761-766.

Li, W., Lin, H.R., 2000. Effect of sex steroid on the growth hormone gene expression in the pituitary of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Acta Zool. Sin./Dongwu Xuebao. 46, 175-182.

Lin, H., Romos, D.R., Tack, P.I., Leveille, G.B., 1977. Influence of diet on in vitro and in vivo rates of fatty acids synthesis in Coho salmon, Oncorhyncus kisutch (Walbaum). J. Nutr. 107, 1677-1682.

Lone, K.P., Matty, A.J., 1980. The effect of feeding methyltestosterone on the growth and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 40, 409-424.

Lone, K.P., Matty, A.J., 1981. The effect of feeding androgenic hormones on the proteolytic activity of the alimentary canal of carp Cyprinus carpio L.. J. Fish Biol. 18, 353-358.

Lone, K.P., Matty, A.J., 1982. Cellular effect of adrenosterone feeding to juvenile carp, Cyprinus carpio L., on liver, kidney, brain and muscle protein and nucleic acids. J. Fish Biol. 21, 33-45.

Malison, J.A., Best, C.D., Kayes, T.B., Amundson, D.H., Wenworth, B.C., 1985. Hprmonal growth promotion and evidence for a size-related difference in response to estradiol-17β in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42, 1627-1633.

Malison, J.A., Kayes, T.B., Wentworth, B.C., Amundson, C.H., 1988. Growth and feeding responses of male versus female yellow perch (Perca flavescens) treated with estradiol-17β. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45, 1942-1948.

Mandiki, S.N.M., Babiak, I., Bopopi, J.M., Leprieur, F., Kestemont, P., 2005. Effect of sex steroids and their inhibitor on endocrine parameters and gender growth differences in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) juveniles. Steroids 70, 85-94.

Mandiki, S.N.M., Houbart, M., Babiak, I., Vandeloise, E., Gardeur, J.N., Kestemont, P., 2004. Are sex steroids involved in the sexual growth dimorphism in Eurasian perch juveniles? Physiol. Behav. 80, 603-609.

Matty, A.J., Cheema, I.R., 1978. The effect of some steroid hormones on the growth and protein metabolism of rainbow trout. Aquaculture 14, 163-178.

Matty, A.T., Lone, K.P., 1985. Hormonal control of protein deposition. In:Nutrition and Feeding in Fish pp. 147-167. Academic Press, London.

Mauras, N., Rogol, A.D., Haymond, M.W., Veldhuis, J.D., 1996. Sex steroids, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I: neuroendocrine and metabolic regulation in puberty. Horm. Res. 45, 74-80.

McBride, J.R., Higgs, D.A., Fagerlund, U.H.M., Buckley, J.T., 1982. Thyroid and steroid hormones: protential for control of growth and smoltification of salmonids. Aquaculture 28, 201-209.

McKim, J.M., Christensen, G.M., Hunt, E.P., 1970. Changs in the blood of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) after short-term exposure to cooper. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 27, 1883-1889.

McLean, E., Devlin, R., 2000. Application of biotechnology to enhance growth of salmonids and other fish. In: Fingerman, M.N., (Eds.), Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, pp. 17-55.

McLean, E., Donaldson, E.M., Teskeredzic, E., Souza, L.M., 1993. Growth enhancement following dietary delivery of recombinant porcine somatotropin to diploid and triploid coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 11, 363-369.

Medda, A.K., Dasmahapatra, A.K., Ray, A.K., 1980. Effect of estrogen and testosterone on the protein and nucleic acid contents of liver, muscle, and gonad and plasma protein content of male and female (vitellogenic and non vitellogenic) singi fish, Heteropneustes fossillis Bloch. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 42, 427-436.

Melamed, P., Eliahu, N., Or, M., Levavi-Sivan, B., Smal, J., Rentier-Delrue, F., Yaron, Z., 1995. The effects of gonadal development and sex steroids on growth hormone secretion in the male tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 14, 267-277.

Menuet, A., Pellegrini, E., Brion, F., Gueguen, M.M., Anglade, I., Pakdel, F., Kah, O., 2005. Expression and estrogen-dependent regulation of the zebrafish brain aromatase gene. J. Comp. Neurol. 485, 304-320.

Nakamura, M., Iwahashi, M., 1982. Studies on the practical masculinization in Tilapia nilotica by the oral administration of androgens. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48, 763-769.

Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M., 2000. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. Worth Publishers: New York, pp. 623-658.

Ng, T.B., Woo, N.Y.S., Tam, P.P.L., Au, C.Y.W., 1984. Changes in metabolism and hepatic ultrastructure induced by estradiol and testosterone in immature female Epinephelus akaara (teleostei, Serranidae). Cell Tissue Res. 236, 651-659.

Oliana, C., Marco, C., Francesca, M., Marco, P., Ike, O., Alberta, M.P., Gilberto, M., Bruria, F., 2005. Hormonal regulation of hepatic IGF-Ι and IGF-Π gene expression in the marine teleost Sparus aurata. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 71, 12-18.

Oursler, M.J., Landers, J.P., Riggs, B.L., Spelsberg, T.C., 1993. Oestrogen effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Ann. Med. 25, 361-371.

Pennypacker, K.R., Fine, M.L., Mills, R.R., 1985. Sexual differences and steroid-induced changes in metabolic activity in toadfish sonic muscle. J. Exp. Zool. 236, 259-264.

Perry, K.R., Wilson, J.L., 1976. Effects of the steroid, methandrostenolone, on growth and gross pathology of channel catfish. Proc. Ann. Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish Wildlife Agencies 31, 597-602.

Persson, P., Johannson, S.H., Takagi, Y., Bjørnsson, B.T., 1997. Estradiol-17β and nutritio nalstatus affect calcium balance, scale and bone resorption, and bone formation in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Comp. Physiol. B 167, 468-473.

Peter, R.E., Habibi, H.R., Chang, J.P., Nahorniak, C.S.,Yu, K.L., Huang, Y.P., Marchant, T.A., 1990. Actions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the goldfish. Progress in Comparative Endocrinology pp. 393-398.

Petersen, I.M., Sand, O., Korsgaard, B., 1983. A time course study of the effect of repetitive doses of estradiol-17 beta on serum glucose and lipids, liver glycogen and some carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in liver of male flounder (Platichtys flesus L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 74, 459-466.

Peyon, P., Calvayrac, R., Baloche, S., Burzawa-Gerard, E., 1998. Metabolic studies on eel hepatocytes in primary culture: effect of 17β-estradiol and growth hormone. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 121, 35-44.

Quinn, P.G., Payne, A.H., 1985. Steroid product induced oxygen mediated damage of microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes in Leydig cell cultures. Relationship to desensitization. J. Biol. Chem. 25, 2092-2099.

Reinecke, M., Schmid, A., Ermatinger, R., Loffing-Cueni, D., 1997. Insulin-like growth factor I in the teleost Oreochromis mossambicus, the tilapia: gene sequence, tissue expression, and cellular distribution. Endocrinol. 138, 3616-3619.

Riley, L.G., Hirano, T., Grau, E.G., 2004. Estradiol-17beta and dihydrotestosterone differentially regulate vitellogenin and insulin-like growth factor-Ι production in primary hepatocytes of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 138, 177-186.

Robinson, J.A., Harris, S.A., Riggs, B.L., Spelsberg, T.C., 1997. Estrogen regulation of human osteoblastic cell proliferation differentiation. Endocrinol. 138, 2919-2927.

Rougeot, C., Jacobs, B., Kestemont, P., Melard, C., 2002. Sex control and sex determinism study in Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis, by use of hormonally sex-reversed male breeders. Aquaculture 211, 81-89.

Sand, O., Petersen, I.M., Emmersen, B.K., 1980. Changes in some carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and glycogen in liver, glucose and lipid in serum during vitellogenesis and after induction by estradiol-17- in the flounder (Platichthys flesus L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 65, 327-332.

Schreck, C.B., Fowler, L.G., 1982. Growth and reproductive development in fall Chinook salmon : effect of sex hormones and their antagonists. Aquaculture 26, 253-263.

Seidel, J., 1993. AACC meeting abstract 34. Clin. Chem. 39, 1127.

Sheridan, M.A., 1994. Regulation of lipid metabolism in poikilothermic
vertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 107, 495-508.

Simone, D.A., 1990. The effects of the synthetic steroid 17-α-methyltestosterone on the growth and organ morphology of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture 84, 81-93.

Sunny, F., Jacob, A., Oommen, O.V., 2002. Sex steroid regulate intermediary metabolism in Oreochromis mossabicus. Endocrinol. Res. 20, 175-188.

Tam, P.P.L., Ng, T.B., Woo, N.Y.S., 1983. Effects of estradiol-17β and testosterone on the histology of pituitary, liver, ovary and skin of previtellogenic Epinephelus akaara (Teleostei, Serranidae). Cell Tissue Res. 231, 579-592.

Urushitani, H., Shimizu, A., Katsu, Y., Iguchi, T., 2002. Early estrogen exposure induces abnormal development of Fundulus heteroclitus. J. Exp. Zool. 293, 693-702.

Vaglio, A., Landriscina, C., 1999. Changes in liver enzyme activity in the teleost Sparus aurata in response to cadmium intoxication. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 43, 111-116.

Wahlefeld, A.W., Bergmeyer, H.U., 1974. Methods of enzymatic analysis. New Your, NY: Acandemic Press Inc, pp. 1831.

Wang, L., Andersson, S., Warner, M., Gustafsson, J.Å., 2001. Morphological abnormalities in the brains of estrogen receptor β knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 98, 2792-2796.

Wehrenberg, W.B., Giustina, A., 1992. Basic counterpoint: mechanisms and pathways of gonadal steroid modulation of growth hormone secretion. Endocrinol. Rev. 13, 299-308.

Whiting, S.J., Wiggs, A.J., 1978.Effect of sexual maturation and estradiol 17-β on liver glycogen and tyrosine aminotransferase activity of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 60, 463-465.

Wieagand, D.D., Peter, R.E., 1980. Effects of sex steroids on plasma lipids in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Can. J. Zool. 58, 967-972.

Woo, N.Y.S., Chung, A.S.B., Ng, T.B., 1993. Influence of oral administration of estradiol-17β and testosterone on growth, digestion, food conversion and metabolism in the underyearling red sea bream, Chrysophrys major. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 10, 377-387.

Yeh, S.L., Luo, W.S., Ting , Y.Y., 1986. Studies on the sexual conversion of grouper with hormone treatment. Bull. Taiwan Fish. Res. Inst. 41, 241-258.

Yeh, S.L., Ting, Y.Y., Kuo, C.M., 1987. Induced sex reversal and spawning of grouper Epinephelus salmonoides, Epinephelus fario. Bull. Taiwan Fish. Res. Inst. 43, 143-152.

Young, G., McCormick, S.D., Björnsson, B.Th., Bern, H. A., 1995. Circulating growth hormone, cortisol, and thyroxine levels after 24 h seawater challenge of yearling coho salmon at different developmental states. Aquaculture 136, 371-384.

Zikic, R.V., Stajn, A.S., Pavlovic, S.Z., Ognjanovic, B.I., Saicic, Z.S., 2001. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in erythrocytes and plasma transaminases of goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.) exposed to cadmium. Physiol. Res. 50, 105-111.

Zou, J.J., Trudeau, V.L., Cui, Z., Brechin, J., Mackenzie, K., Zhu, Z., Houlihan, D.F., Peter, R.E., 1996. Estradiol stimulates growth hormone productionin female goldfish. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 106, 102-112.