臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

論文摘要內容:
近年來因原油蘊藏量減少及油價上漲，使各國紛紛投入替代能源之研發，其中以生質柴油為柴油引擎替代燃料廣受大家重視與研究。本研究以1～3 %純丙酮(Acetone，簡稱A)/含水丙酮(water-containing acetone，簡稱WA)及1 %異丙醇(Isopropyl alcohol，簡稱P)分別混合1、3、5、10、20及30 %酯化廢食用油(Waste-edible-oil biodiesel，簡稱W)於純石化柴油(67～97%)之混合生質柴油(Biodieselhol)，以探討發電機在無負載及3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油摻配比時排氣多環芳香烴化合物(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)及其毒性當量(BaPeq)排放特性；此外利用人類男性單核細胞(U937)以MTT(3-(4,5dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)法對排氣各有機溶劑萃取物進行細胞毒性試驗。初步研究結果顯示:無論有無負載發電機使用W1、W3、W5、W10、W20及W30等各廢食用油生質柴油時，其排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度均以W20時最低。與D100相較，無論有無負載發電機使用各廢食用油生質柴油及混合生質柴油(Biodieselhols)時均可降低其排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度，當廢食用油生質柴油添加1~3%純丙酮/含水丙酮時可再降低其排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度，且大致上隨純丙酮或含水丙酮添加比例提高其排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度可再進一步降低。 與D100相較，無論有無負載發電機使用添加丙酮/含水丙酮之混合生質柴油可有效減少排氣有機溶劑萃取物對U937之死亡率。與W1、W3、W5、W10及W20相較，發電機3 kW負載下使用添加1~3%丙酮/含水丙酮之混合生質柴油時均可進一步降低其排氣有機溶劑萃取物對U937死亡率，且均隨丙酮/含水丙酮添加比例增加其排氣有機溶劑萃取物死亡率可再進一步降低，且排氣有機溶劑萃取物對U937死亡率之減少均為WnWA3> WnWA2> WnWA1。

關鍵字:發電機、廢食用油生質柴油、丙酮、異丙醇、多環芳香烴化合物、細胞毒性

The Contents of Abstract in this Thesis :
Due to the depletion of oil reserves decreasing and the rise of oil price in recent years, many countries have devoted to the research and development of alternative energies, among which biodiesel is regarded as an attractive substitute fuel for diesel engines. In this study, the addition of acetone (denoted as A)/water-containing acetone (denoted as WA) (1–3%) and isopropyl alcohol (denoted as P) (1%) mixed with waste-edible-oil biodiesel(denoted as W)(1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30%) to pure petrodiesel (67–97 %) to form Biodieselhol as the fuels of a generator (unloaded and 3 kW loaded) to investigate the emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxicity equivalency(denoted as BaPeq). The male human promonocyte cell line (U937) and MTT (3-(4,5dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) methods were used to test the cytotoxicity of organic solvent extraction of emission gas. Preliminary results showed that the Total-PAHs and Total-BaPeq of W20 was the lowest among using W1, W3, W5, W10, W20 and W30, in spite of the load mode (unloaded or loaded) of generator. Compared with D100, using either Waste-edible-oil biodiesel or Biodieselhols reduced the emitted Total-PAHs and Total-BaPeq, despite the load mode of generator. Further reduction of Total-PAHs and Total-BaPeq emission was obtained when adding 1–3% acetone/water-containing acetone to waste-edible-oil biodiesel, and generally the more acetone/water-containing acetone addition the more Total-PAHs and Total-BaPeq reduction. Compared with D100, adding acetone/water-containing acetone to Biodieselhols decreased the mortality of organic solvent extraction of emission gas to U937, at both modes of generator load. Compared with W1, W3, W5, W10 and W20, adding 1–3% acetone/water-containing acetone to Biodieselhols further decreased the mortality of organic solvent extraction of emission gas to U937 as the generator was loaded at 3 kW. More acetone/water-containing acetone addition further reduced the mortality of organic solvent extraction of emission gas. The reduction of the mortality of organic solvent extraction of emission gas to U937 was in order WnWA3 > WnWA2 > WnWA1.

Keyword : Diesel generator, Waste-edible-oil-biodiesel, Acetone,Isopropyl alcohol, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Cytotoxicity

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract III
謝誌 I
目錄 II
表目錄 VI
第1章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 1
1.3 研究內容 3
第2章 文獻回顧 4
2.1柴油引擎概述 4
2.2柴油引擎之工作原理 4
2.3柴油引擎排氣特性 6
2.3.1柴油引擎汙染物排放特徵及健康危害性 6
2.3.2柴油引擎PAHs排放特徵 8
2.4多環芳香烴(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs) 9
2.4.1 PAHs物化特性 9
2.4.2 PAHs來源與分佈 15
2.4.3 PAHs生成之機制 18
2.4.4 PAHs致癌性及致突變性 19
2.5生質柴油 23
2.5.1 生質柴油發展及因應對策 23
2.5.2 生質柴油製程 27
2.5.3 生質柴油之特性 28
2.5.4 柴油引擎使用生質柴油對汙染物排放之相關研究 30
2.6廢氣有機溶劑 32
2.7空氣汙染物之細胞毒性研究 36
2.7.1 空氣中微粒特性與細微粒之細胞毒性 36
第3章 研究方法 39
3.1採樣規劃 39
3.2採樣設備 41
3.2.1 柴油引擎及發電機規格 41
3.2.2 煙道採樣系統 42
3.2.3 玻璃套筒 42
3.2.4 實驗油品 43
3.3 採樣方法 45
3.4樣品各成分分析 46
3.4.1PAHs成分分析 46
3.4.2 細胞存活率試驗 (MTT assay) 50
3.5 採樣方法之品保與品管 54
3.5.1儀器之校正 54
3.5.2 分析方法之品保與品管 55
3.6 細胞毒性分析程序之品保與品管 59
3.6.1 操作程序之QA/QC 59
3.6.2 空白試驗 60
第四章 結果與討論 61
4.1發電機無負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度 62
4.2發電機3 kW負載下使用混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度 69
4.3發電機不同負載下使用混合生質柴油時排氣PAHs特性 77
4.4排氣BbF、BaP及DBA濃度 82
4.5排氣有機溶劑萃取物之細胞毒性 85
第五章 結果與建議 92
5.1結論 92
5.2建議 93
參考文獻 94
作者簡介 107

表目錄
表2-1 21種PAHs之分子量、結構式及化學式 11
表2-1 21種PAHs之分子量、結構式及化學式 (續) 12
表2-1 21種PAHs之分子量、結構式及化學式 (續) 13
表2-2 21種PAHs之物化特性及其親電性 14
表2-3 21種之毒性特性 21
表2-4 21種PAHs毒性當量轉換因子(TEFs) 22
表2-5 國內外生質柴油政策發展現況 26
表2-6 生質柴油汙染物排放減量效益 30
表2-7 丙酮及異丙醇物化特性 35
表3-1 柴油引擎發電機規格表 41
表3-2 實驗油品及有機溶劑之基本性質 44
表3-3 柴油引擎機油成分分析表 45
表3-4 21種PAHs 之環數分佈 46
表3-5　U937細胞株資料 52
表4-1 發電機無負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs及 Total-BaPeq濃度(1/2) 63
表4-1 發電機無負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs及 Total-BaPeq濃度(2/2) 64
表4-2 PAHs環數 65
表4-3 發電機 3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度(1/3) 70
表4-3 發電機3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度(2/3) 71
表4-3 發電機3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度(3/3) 72
表4-4 發電機0 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs濃度中各PAHs佔之百分比 78
表4-5 發電機3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs濃度中各PAHs佔之百分比(1/2) 79
表4-5 發電機3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs濃度中各PAHs佔之百分比(2/2) 80
表4-6 發電機0 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣有機溶劑萃取物之細胞死亡率(n=3) 86
表4-7 發電機3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時於排氣有機溶劑萃取
物之細胞死亡率(n=3) 88

圖目錄
圖2-1柴油引擎之引擎燃燒分為四個行程 5
圖2-2 PAHs在環境中的生成和遷移變化 18
圖2-3生質柴油轉脂化 27
圖2-4 生質柴油之製造程序 28
圖2-5 懸浮微利進入人體之位置 37
圖3-1 研究流程圖 40
圖3-2 柴油引擎示意圖 42
圖3-3 玻璃套筒填充方式 43
圖3-4 氣相層析儀/質譜儀示意圖 49
圖3-5 PAHs採樣分析流程圖 49
圖3-6 細胞代謝產生Formazan之反應 50
圖3-7 U937 Cell Line 52
圖4-1發電機0 kW負載使用各混合生質柴油時排氣PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度 65
圖4-2 與D100相較發電機0 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣LMW-、MMW-、HMW-及Total-PAH與 Total-BaPeq濃度減量 68
圖4-3 發電機3 kW負載使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs及Total-BaPeq濃度 73
圖4-4 與D100相較發電機3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣LMW-、MMW-、HMW及Total-PAH與Total-BaPeq濃度減量 76
圖4-5發電機0 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs濃度中各PAHs佔之百分比 81
圖4-6 發電機3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣Total-PAHs濃度中各PAHs佔之百分比 81
圖4-7 發電機0 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時BbF、BaP及DBA濃度 83
圖4-8 發電機3 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時BbF、BaP及DBA濃度 83
圖4-9 發電機0 kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣有機溶劑萃取之細胞死亡率 86
圖4-10 發電機3kW負載下使用各混合生質柴油時排氣有機溶劑萃取物之細胞死亡率 87

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