臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Abstract

This thesis proposes an iconographical reading of the Wilton Diptych and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight—two important but distinct images of Richard II’s kingship—in their specific cultural historical context of late fourteenth-century England. Chapter One examines the Wilton Diptych by associating it with the other religious icons during its time. It first looks into how Richard II, in the last phase of the medieval world’s reinforcement of kingly power, fashioned his kingly image by associating himself with a rich iconographic tradition in the past, and then seeks to find out Richard’s vision of an ideal kingship conveyed through it. Chapter Two discusses Sir Gawain as a work reflecting the general social pessimistic atmosphere embodied in the concept of the Wheel of Fortune at that time by analyzing its main narrative images. The thesis argues that the framework of Troia Fortuna set the overall pessimistic tone for the poem and contained the whole narrative of Sir Gawain in this ever-turning idea of the wheel and its unpredictable rule. Chapter Three goes on to demonstrate how this pessimistic view of life explains the political and economical changes during Richard II’s reign. Chapters Two and Three together constitute a critique of the vision revealed in Chapter One in a broader social atmosphere. It demonstrates how Troy, Camelot and Richard II’s London were interconnected through a literary convention current at that time, and how through this interconnection the glory of the past history found its new articulation in the present before it soon once again became history. That the old was doomed to be replaced by the new was the permanent rule of the dynamic Wheel. The thesis focuses on the reign of Richard II as seen through a range of texts including literary, chronicle and pictorial, offering a way of reading history through its refractions in art and literature.

Table of Contents

Abstract......................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….v
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1
The Wilton Diptych and Sir Gawain………………………………………………2
Medieval Narrative Experience……………………………………………………5

Chapter One: The Wilton Diptych: Richard II’ s Auenter in Erde………………11
1.1 Richard II: A Homeric Poet of Vision…………………………………………11
1.2 The Diptych and Manuscript Culture………………………………………….13
1.3 The White Hart—Richard II from Unicorn to Christ the Lamb........................16
1.4 The Three Saints—Richard II from Martyr to the Savior……………………..27
1.5 Virgin and Child—Female Containment………………………………………34

Chapter Two: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: The Rule of Fortune………….43
2.1 The Fall of Troy………………………………………………………………..43
2.2 The Circular Structure of Sir Gawain………………………………………... 47
2.3 The Turning of the Wheel……………………………………………………...51
2.31 Classical Origins: Roman Fortuna and Greek Morai……………………...51
2.32 Lady Fortune in Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy…………………...52
2.33 Medieval Fortune………………………………………………………….53
2.34 Arthurian Fortune………………………………………………………….55
2.35 Fortune in Sir Gawain……………………………………………………..58
2.36 Hautdesert: the House of Fortune…………………………………………66
2.4 The Rule of Fortune: Narratorial Control and Feminine Freedom……………69
2.5 The Laughter…………………………………………………………………..75

Chapter Three: The Dynamic Wheel in Late Fourteenth-Century England…...77
3.1 The Political Wheel of Fortune………………………………………………..78
3.11 Arthur’s Camelot; Richard’s London……………………………………...80
3.12 Troy: The Legacy of the Past……………………………………………...82
3.13 From Hautdesert to York: The New New Troy……………………………86
3.2 The Economic Wheel of Fortune……………………………………………...89
3.21 Commercial Situation in Late Fourteenth-Century England………………89
3.22 Camelot vs. Hautdesert: Feudalism vs. Commercialism…………………..91
3.23 The Fall of the Gentry……………………………………………………..93
3.24 The Chaunce of þe Grene Chepel: the Moral of the Wheel……………….97

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...99

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….106

Works Cited

A.Primary Sources
Alexander, Jonathan, and Paul Binski. Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England 1200-1400. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987.
Barron W.R.J., and S.C. Weinberg, eds. and trans. Brut, or, Hystoria Brutonum. New York : Longman, 1995.
Benson, Larry D. King Arthur''s Death: The Middle English Stanzaic Morte Arthur and Alliterative Morte Arthur. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 2000.
Boethius. De Consolatione Philosophiae. Trans. John Walton. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 1998.
Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. Trans. Victor Watts. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
Cable, James, trans. The Death of King Arthur. London: Penguin Books, 1971.
Carlson, David R., ed. Richard Maidstone: Concordia. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 2003.
Childs, Wendy R., John Taylor, and Leslie Watkiss, eds. The St Albans Chronicle: The “Chronica maiora” of Thomas Walsingham. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003.
Dean, James M., ed. Richard the Redeless. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 2000.
Gates, Robert J., ed. Awntyrs off Arthure at the Terne Wathelyne: A Critical Edition. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1969.
Geoffrey Chaucer. Troilus and Criseyde: A New Edition of the “Book of Troilus.” Ed. B. A. Windeatt. London: Longman, 1984.
Gordon, E. V., and J. R. R. Tolkien, eds. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Oxford UP, 1967.
Hansen, Alma, and Robert Strachan Wallace, eds. Holinshed’s Chronicle: Richard II, 1398-1400, Henry IV, Henry V. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
Harvey, Barbara F., and L. C. Hector, eds. and trans. The Westminster Chronicle, 1381-94. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
John Lydgate. Lydgate’s “Troy Book.” Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000.
Macaulay, G. C., ed. The Chronicles of Froissart. London: Macmillan, 1924.
Pausanias. Description of Greece. Trans. W. H. S. Jones. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1992-1995.
Pliny the Elder. Historia Naturalis. Trans. H. Rackham. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1979-1989.
St. Augustine. On the Trinity: Books 8-15. Ed. Gareth B. Matthews. Trans. Stephen McKenna. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.
Stone, Brian, trans. King Arthur’s Death. London: Penguin Books, 1989.
Swanton, Michael., ed. and trans. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. London: Phoenix Press, 2000.
Thomas Walsingham. Historia Anglicana. Ed. Henry Thomas Riley. London: Longman, 1863-1864.
Thompson, E. M., ed. Chronicon Angliae, 1328-1388, by Thomas Walsingham. London: Longman, 1874. Reprint, Kraus, 1965.
Vantuono, William., ed. and trans. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: A Dual Language Version. New York: Garland, 1991.
Weston, Jessie L., trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Cambridge: Parentheses P, 1999.

B. Secondary Sources
Acherman, Robert. “Gawain’s Shield: Penitential Doctrine in GGK.” Anglia 126 (1958): 254-65
Andrew, Malcolm. “The Fall of Troy in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Troilus and Criseyde.” The European Tragedy of Troilus. Ed. Piero Boitani. New York: Oxford UP, 1989. 75-93.
Anonymous. “Sacred Trees and Flowers.” The Quarterly Review 114 (1863): 210-250.
Astell, Ann W., and Michael J. Bennett. Political Allegory in Late Medieval England. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999.
Barber, Richard, Richard Brown, and Julian Munby. Edward III’s Round Table at Windsor: The House of the Round Table and the Windsor Festival of 1344. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2007.
Barron, Caroline M. “Richard II and London.” Richard II: The Art of Kingship. Eds. Anthony Goodman and James L. Gillespie. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1999. 129-54.
---. “The Quarrel of Richard II with London 1392-7.” The Reign of Richard II. Ed. Caroline M. Barron. New York: Oxford UP, 1971. 173-201.
---. ed. The Reign of Richard II. New York: Oxford UP, 1971.
Barron, W. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Bateson, Gregory. “Style, Grace, and Information in Primitive Art.” The Anthropology of Art: A Reader. Ed. Morgan Perkins. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006. 78-90.
Bath, Michael. “Imperial renovatio Symbolism in the Très Riches Heures,” Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 17.1 (1987): 5-22.
Bennett, Michael J. “Courtly Literature and Northwest England in the Later Middle Ages.” Court and Poet. Ed. Glyn S. Burgess. Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1981. 69-78.
---. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the Literary Achievement of the North-West Midlands: The Historical Background.” Journal of Medieval History 5 (1979): 63-88.
---. “The Court of Richard II and the Promotion of Literature.” Chaucer’s England: Literature in Historical Context. Ed. Barbara A. Hanawalt. Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota P, 1992. 3-19.
Benson, C. D. The History of Troy in Middle English Literature. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 1980.
Benson, Larry D. Art and Tradition in “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1965.
Binski, Paul. The Painted Chamber at Westminster. London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 1986.
Bird, Ruth. Turbulent London of Richard II. London: Longman, 1949.
Bishop, Ian. “Time and Tempo in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,” Neophilologus 69.4 (1985): 611-9.
Bloch, R. Howard. Medieval Misogyny: and the Invention of Western Romantic Love. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991.
Bond, Francis. Dedications and Patron Saints of English Churches: Ecclesiastical Symbolism, Saints and Their Emblems. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1914.
Borroff, Marie. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: A Stylistic and Metrical Study. New Haven: Yale UP, 1962.
Bowers, John M. “Chaste Marriage: Fashion and Texts at the Court of Richard II.” Pacific Coast Philology 30.1 (1995): 15-26.
---. The Politics of “Pearl”: Court Poetry in the Age of Richard II. Cambridge: Brewer, 2001.
Boyd, David L. “Sodomy, Misogyny, and Displacement: Occluding Queer Desire in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Arthuriana 8.2 (1998): 77-113.
Brewer, Derek and Jonathan Gibson, eds. A Companion to the “Gawain”-Poet. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 1999.
Burrow, J. A. Ricardian Poetry: Chaucer, Gower, Langland, and the “Gawain”-poet. London, Routledge and K. Paul, 1972.
Campbell, Joseph. The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology. New York: Viking, 1959.
Chism, Christine. Alliterative Revivals. Philadelphia: U of Philadelphia P, 2002.
Cioffari, Vincenzo. “The Function of Fortune in Dante, Boccaccio and Machiavelli.” Italica 24.1 (1947): 1-13.
Clamp, Mike. Shakespeare: King Richard II. Ed. Rex Gibson. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004.
Corrie, Marilyn. “Fortune and the Sinner: Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate and Malory’s Morte Darthur.” Literature Compass 5.2 (2008): 207.
Curry, Anne. “Richard II and the War with France.” The Reign of Richard II. Ed. Gwilym Dodd. Stroud: Tempus, 2000. 33-50.
Dean, James M. “Literature of Richard II’s Reign and the Peasants’ Revolt.” Medieval English Political Writings. Ed. James M. Dean. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1996. 119-22.
---. ed. Medieval English Political Writings. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1996.
Dendinger, Lloyd N. “The Dynamic Structural Balance of SGGK.” Essays in Honor of Esmond Linworth Marilla. Ed. Thomas A. Kirby and William J. Olive. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1970. 367-78.
Dinshaw, Carolyn. “A Kiss is Just a Kiss: Heterosexuality and Its Consolations in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Diacritics 24.2 (1994): 205-26.
Dobson, R. B., ed. The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. London: Macmillan, 1983.
Dodd, Gwilym, ed. The Reign of Richard II. Stroud: Tempus, 2000.
Duby, Georges. Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. Pennsylvania: U of Pennsylvania P, 1998.
Eberle, Patricia J. “Richard II and the Visual Arts.” Richard II: The Art of Kingship. Eds. Anthony Goodman and James Gillespie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. 241-4.
Ebin, Lois. John Lydgate. Boston: Twayne, 1985.
Elliott, R. W. V. “Some Northern Landscape Features in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Iceland and the Medieval World: Studies in Honour of Ian Maxwell. Ed. G. Turville-Petre and J. S. Martin. Melbourne: U of Melbourne P, 1974. 132-43.
Elvins, Fr. Mark. “England: the Dowry of Mary: The Origin of the Title ‘Dowry of Mary’ and the Shrines of Our Lady at Westminster.” Catholic Trivia: Our Forgotten Heritage. London: Harper Collins, 1992. 149-58.
Englehardt, George. “The Predicament of Gawain.” Modern Language Quarterly 16 (1955): 218-25.
Everett, Dorothy. Essays on Middle English Literature. Ed. Patricia M. Kean. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.
Federico, Sylvia. “Arthur’s Court and Britain’s House of Fame.” New Troy: Fantasies of Empire in the Late Middle Ages. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2003. 29-64.
---. New Troy: Fantasies of Empire in the Late Middle Ages. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2003.
Fenster, Thelma S. Arthurian Women. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Fisher, Sheila. “Leaving Morgan Aside: Women, History, and Revisionism in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Arthurian Women. Ed. Thelma S. Fenster. New York: Routledge, 2000. 77-95.
---. ed. Seeking the Woman in Late Medieval and Renaissance Writings: Essays in Feminist Contextual Criticism. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1989.
Fulton, Rachel. “The Virgin in the Garden, or Why Flowers Make Better Prayers.” Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality 4.1 (2004): 1-23.
Gibson, Margaret. Boethius, His Life, Thought, and Influence. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981.
Gillespie, James L. “Ladies of the Fraternity of Saint George and of the Society of the Garter.” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 17.3 (1985): 259-78.
Gillespie, James, and Anthony Goodman, eds. Richard II: The Art of Kingship. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.
Goody, Jack. The Culture of Flowers. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.
Gordan, Dillian. Making and Meaning: The Wilton Diptych. London: National Gallery, 1993.
Hanawalt, Barbara A. Chaucer’s England: Literature in Historical Context. Minnesota: U of Minnesota P, 1992.
Harvey, John. “The Wilton Diptych: A Re-examination.” Archaeologia 98 (1961): 1-28.
Hieatt, A. Kent. “Sir Gawain: Pentangle, Luf-Lace, Numerical Structure.” Papers on Language and Literature, IV (1968): 339-59.
Highbarger, Ernest L. The Gates of Dreams: An Archaeological Examination of Vergil, Aeneid vi, 893-899. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1940.
Howard, Donald. R. The Three Temptations: The Medieval Man in Search of the World. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1966.
---. “Structure and Symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Speculum 39.3 (1964): 425-33.
Hunt, David. “The Association of the Lady and the Unicorn, and the Hunting Mythology of the Caucasus.” Folklore 114.1 (2003): 75-90.
Ingledew, Francis. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” and the Order of the Garter. Nortre Dame: U of Nortre Dame P, 2006.
Jackson, Justin Andrew. “Hony soyt qui mal pence: The violent and the prophetic in Pearl, Cleanness, Patience, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”. Ph.D. dissertation. Purdue University, 2004.
Johnsgard, Karin, and Paul A. Johnsgard. Dragons and Unicorns: A Natural History. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1992.
Jones, Richard H. “The Figure of God’s Majesty.” Royal Policy of Richard II: Absolutism in the Later Middle Ages. Oxford: Blackwell, 1968. 164-75.
---. Royal Policy of Richard II: Absolutism in the Later Middle Ages. Oxford: Blackwell, 1968.
Keen, Maurice. England in the Later Middle Ages: A Political History. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Kirby, Thomas A., and William J. Olive, eds. Essays in Honor of Esmond Linworth Marilla. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1970.
Kiteley, J. “The De Arte Honeste Amandi of Andreas Capellanus and the Concept of Courtesy in SGGK.” Anglia 129 (1961): 7-16
Kolve, V. A. Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1984.
Lass, Roger. “Man’s Heaven: The Symbolism of Gawain’s Shield,” Medieval Studies 28 (1966): 354-60.
Levy, Bernard S and Paul E. Szarmach, eds. The Alliterative Tradition in the Fourteenth Century. Kent: Kent State UP, 1981.
Loomis, Laura Hibbard. “Gawain and the Green Knight.” Critical Studies of “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Eds. Donald Howard and Christian Zacher. Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P, 1968. 16-28.
Loomis, Laura H., and R. S. Loomis, eds. Medieval Romances. New York: Mcgraw-Hill College, 1965.
Loomis, R. S. “More Celtic Elements in GGK.” JEGP XLII (1943): 149-84.
Lopez, Robert. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1976.
Mann, Jill. “Price and Value in SGGK.” Essays in Criticism 36 (1986): 294-318.
Martin, J. S., and G. Turville-Petre, eds. Iceland and the Medieval World: Studies in Honour of Ian Maxwell. Melbourne: U of Melbourne P, 1974.
Mathew, Gervase. “Ideals of Knighthood in Late-Fourteenth-Century England.” Twentieth Century Interpretations of “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1968. 68-72.
McCall, John P. “The Trojan Scene in Chaucer’s Troilus.” ELH 29.3 (1962): 263-75.
McHardy, A. K. “Richard II: A Personal Portrait.” The Reign of Richard II. Ed. Gwilym Dodd. Stroud: Tempus, 2000. 11-32.
Mills, M. “Christian Significance and Romance Tradition in SGGK,” Modern Language Review 110 (1965): 483-93
Mohacsy, Ildiko. “The Legend of the Unicorn: An Illumination of the Maternal Split.” Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 12 (1984): 387-412.
Moll, Richard James. “Adventures in History.” Before Malory: Reading Arthur in Late Medieval England. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2003. 123-56.
---. Before Malory: Reading Arthur in Late Medieval England. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2003.
Moorman, Charles. “Introduction.” The Works of the “Gawain”-poet. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1977. 1-20.
---. “Myth and Medieval Literature: SGGK.” Medieval Studies 18 (1956): 158-72.
Morgan, Gerald. “The Significance of the Pentangle Symbolism in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” The Modern Language Review 74.4 (1979): 769-90.
Munby, Julian. Edward III’s Round Table at Windsor. London: Boydell, 2007
Myers, Henry A. Medieval Kingship. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1982.
Nightingale, Pamela. A Medieval Mercantile Community: the Grocers’ Company and the Politics and Trade of London, 1000-1485. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.
---. “Knights and Merchants: Trade, Politics and the Gentry in Late Medieval England.” Past and Present 169 (2000): 36-62.
---. Medieval Mercantile Community. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1989.
Ormrod, W. M. “Richard II’s Sense of English History.” The Reign of Richard II. Ed. Gwilym Dodd. Stroud: Tempus, 2000. 97-110.
Ostrom, Theresa. “‘And He Honoured Þat Hit Hade Euermore After’: The Influence of Richard II’s Livery System on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”. M.A. dissertation. University of Florida, 2003 <http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000762>.
Pearsall, Derek A. “Rhetorical ‘Descriptio’ in SGGK.” MLR 50 (1955): 129-34.
Pigg, Daniel F. “Imagining Feudalism in Piers Plowman: Attempts to Restore an Order.” The Rusted Hauberk: Feudal Ideals of Order and Their Decline. Eds. Liam O. Purdon and Cindy L. Vitto. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1994. 29-48.
Purdon, Liam O., and Cindy L. Vitto, eds. The Rusted Hauberk: Feudal Ideals of Order and Their Decline. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1994.
Reichardt, Paul F. “A Note on Structural Symmetry in SGGK,” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 72 (1971): 276-82.
---. “Gawain and the Image of the Wound.” PMLA, 99.2 (1984): 154-61.
Robertson, D. W. Jr. Chaucer’s London. London: John Wiley & Sons, 1968.
---. Preface to Chaucer: Studies in Medieval Perspectives. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1962.
Roney, Lois. “Chaucer Subjectivizes the Oath: Depicting the Fall from Feudalism into Individualism in the Canterbury Tales.” The Rusted Hauberk: Feudal Ideals of Order and Their Decline. Eds. Liam O. Purdon and Cindy L. Vitto. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1994. 269-98.
Rothery, Guy Cadogan. Concise Encyclopedia of Heraldry. London: Stanley Paul and Company, 1994.
Sadowski, Piotr. The Knight on his Quest: Symbolic Patterns of Transitions in “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Cranbury: Associated UP, 1996.
Saul, Nigel. The Three Richards: Richard I, Richard II, and Richard III. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2006.
Schlauch, Margaret. English Medieval Literature and its Social Foundations. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1956.
Senior, Michael. The Life and Times of Richard II. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981.
Shoaf, R.A. The Poem as Green Girdle: “Commercium” in “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1984.
Sonjae, An. “Echoes of Boethius and Dante in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde.” Medieval and Early Modern English Studies 12:2 (2004): 393-418.
Spearing, A. C. The “Gawain”-Poet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1970.
Staley, Lynn. Language of Power in the Age of Richard II. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State UP, 2005.
---. “Princely Powers.” Language of Power in the Age of Richard II. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State UP, 2005. 165-264.
Stanbury, Sarah. “Regimes of the Visual in Premodern England: Gaze, Body, and Chaucer’s Clerk’s Tale.” New Literary History 28.2 (1997): 262-89.
---. Seeing the “Gawain”-poet: Description and the Act of Perception. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1991.
---. “Space and Visual Hermeneutics in the Gawain-poet.” Chaucer Review 21.4 (1987): 476-89.
---. “Visibility Politics in Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale.” 26 March 2007 <http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/conf/cs95/papers/stanbury.html>.
Steer, Alex. “Re-reading Through Return in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Some Late Medieval Carols,” Marginalia 2 (2004) 12 May 2008 <http://www.marginalia.co.uk/journal/05cambridge/steer.php>.
Stow, George B. “Richard II in Thomas Walsingham’s Chronicles.” Speculum 59.1 (1984): 68-102.
Symes, Michael. “Hortus Conclusus.” The Oxford Companion to Gardens. Ed. Patrick Taylor. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1986.
Tamplin, Ronald. “The Saints in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” Speculum 44.3 (1969): 403-420.
Taylor, John. “Richard II’s View of Kingship.” Proc. Leeds Phil. and Lit. Soc. 14 (1971): 195-7.
Vitto, Cindy L. “Controlling the Feminine Voice in Cleanness and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” In Parentheses: Papers in Medieval Studies 1 (1999): 3-16.
Walker, Simon. “Richard II’s Reputation.” The Reign of Richard II. Ed. Gwilym Dodd. Stroud: Tempus, 2000. 119-28.
Wattenbach, Wilhelm. Schriftwesen im Mittelalter. 3rd ed. Leipzig: Hirzel, 1896.
Williams, George. Wilderness and Paradise in Christian Thought: The Biblical Experience of the Desert in the History of Christianity & the Paradise Theme in the Theological Idea of the University. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1962.
Wormald, Francis. “The Wilton Diptych.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 17.3 (1954): 191-203.