臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

傳統經濟生產批量模式假設物料供應商將貨品送至製造商時，製造商需即刻將購買款項繳交物料供應商。然而實際生產環境中，物料供應商為增加銷貨量或促進提貨意願，往往給與製造商一段固定延遲付款期限，此即為信用交易期限。透過信用交易期限，製造商可以賺取無須事先負擔利息的投資報酬。此外，傳統經濟生產批量模型假設生產線的產出皆為完美品質，或者其生產率皆固定。然而實際情況下，可能因製程可靠度問題使得產品生產品質難達到完美；另外在某些情況下，作業員在生產過程會產生學習效果，進而對生產產品所需的時間與成本產生影響。因此，本研究考慮允許延遲付款之經濟生產批量問題，並且分別加入生產具學習效果以及不良品重工等因素，探討其對經濟生產批量所造成的影響。同時本研究也針對重要參數進行深入之敏感度分析，並對結果進行相關探討。

The traditional economic production quantity (EPQ) model assumes that manufacturers must pay to the material suppliers as soon as they receive the items. However, in practices, material suppliers usually offer manufacturers a permission of delayed payment for the purchase, which is “trade credit period” in order to increase the amount of orders. Through the trade credit period, manufacturers are apt to earn the investment remuneration without paying the interest in advance. In addition, the traditional EPQ model assumes that all units produced are of perfect quality and the production rate is constant. These assumptions may not be valid for most of the production environments. In many practical situations, the process may deteriorate and produce defective items. In addition, learning is an important consideration whenever an operator begins production of a new product, changes to a new machine or restarts production after some delay. This implies that the time/cost needed to produce a product will reduce as the individual, or group of individuals, becomes more proficient. Therefore, this study incorporates the effects of learning and reworking of defective items into the EPQ problem with permissible delay in payments. Two mathematical models that minimize the total inventory cost are derived. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the solution procedures for the developed models. Also, sensitivity analyses are performed and discussed.

摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 III
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
1.　緒論 1
1.1　研究背景與動機 1
1.2　研究目的 4
1.2　研究範圍與限制 5
1.3　研究方法與架構 5
2.　文獻探討 8
2.1　傳統存貨生產系統之相關文獻 8
2.2　允許延遲付款期限之生產系統相關文獻 12
2.3　具學習效果之生產系統相關文獻 17
2.4　考慮不良品重工策略之存貨系統相關文獻 20
2.5　小結 24
3.　允許延遲付款期限與學習效果之經濟生產批量模式 27
3.1　符號定義 27
3.2　基本假設 29
3.3　存貨成本模式之建構 29
3.4　最佳解求解過程 40
3.5　數值範例 47
3.6　敏感度分析 51
3.6.1　不同學習率對T*及TCU(T*)影響之敏感度分析 51
3.6.2　不同允許延遲付款期限下對T*以及TCU(T*)影響之敏感度分析 53
3.6.3　不同設置成本下對T*及TCU(T*)影響之敏感度分析 54
3.6.4　不同人工成本下對T*及TCU(T*)影響之敏感度分析 55
3.6.6　不同單位時間需求量下對T*及TCU(T*)影響之敏感度分析 57
3.6.7　不同單位物料成本下對T*及TCU(T*)影響之敏感度分析 58
3.7　小結 59
4.　允許延遲付款期限期限與重工之經濟生產批量模式 61
4.1　符號定義 61
4.2　基本假設 63
4.3　存貨成本模式之建構 63
4.4　最佳解求解過程 76
4.6　敏感度分析 87
4.5.1　不同延遲付款期限下對T*及E[TCU(T*)]影響之敏感度分析 87
4.5.2　不同設置成本下對T*及E[TCU(T*)]影響之敏感度分析 89
4.5.3　不同期望不良率下對T*及E[TCU(T*)]影響之敏感度分析 90
4.5.4　不同物料成本下對T*及E[TCU(T*)]影響之敏感度分析 91
4.5.5　不同儲存成本下對T*及E[TCU(T*)]影響之敏感度分析 93
4.5.6　不同人工成本下對T*及E[TCU(T*)]影響之敏感度分析 94
4.6　小結 95
5.　結論與未來研究方向 97
5.1　結論 97
5.2　未來研究方向與建議 99
參考文獻 100
作者簡介 109

Aggarwal, S.P., and C.K. Jaggi, “Ordering policies of deteriorating items under permissible delay in payments,” Journal of Operational Research Socie, 46(5), 458-662 (1995).
Agnihothri, S. R., and Kenett, R. S., “The impact of defects on a process with rework,” European Journal of Operational Research, 80(2), 308-327 (1995).
Bayındır Z. P., S. I. Birbil, and J.B.G. Frenk, “A deterministic inventory/production model with general inventory cost rate function and piecewise linear concave production costs,” European Journal of Operational Research, 179(1), 114-123 (2007)
Ben-Daya, M., and Raouf, A., “Inventory models involving lead time as a decision variable,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 45(5), 579-582 (1994).
Cárdenas-Barrón L.E., “The economic production quantity (EPQ) with shortage derived algebraically,” International Journal of Production Economics, 70(3), 289-292 (2001).
Carlson, J. G. H., “Cubic learning curves: precision tool for labor estimating,” Manufacturing Engineering and Management, 67(11), 22-25 (1973).
Chand, S., and. Sethi, S. P, “A dynamic lot sizing model with learning in setups,” Operations Research, 38(4), 644-655 (1990).
Chand, S., “Lot sizes and setup frequency with learning in setups and process quality,” European Journal of Operational Research, 42(2), 190-202 (1989).
Chang, H. K., and Yushin, H., “An optimal production run length in deteriorating production processes,” International Journal of Production Economics, 58, 183-189 (1999).
Chang, C.T., “Extended economic order quantity model under cash discount and payment delay,” International Journal of Information and Management Sciences, 13(1), 57-69 (2002).
Chapman, C. B., Ward, S. C., Cooper, D. F., and Page, M. J., “Credit policy and inventory control,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 35(12), 1055-1065 (1984).
Chiu S. W., Ting C. K., and Chiu Y. S. P., “Optimal production lot sizing with rework, scrap rate, and service level constraint,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46(3-4), 535–549 (2007)
Chu, P., Chung, K. J., and Lan, S. P., “Economic order quantity of deteriorating items under permissible delay in payments,” Computers & Operations Research, 25(10), 817-824 (1998).
Chung, K. J., “A theorem on the determination of economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments,” Computers & Operations Research, 25(1), 49-52 (1998).
Chung, K. J., and S.D. Lin, “An exact solution of cash flow for an integrated evaluation of investment in inventory and credit,” Production Planning & Control, 9(4), 360-365 (1998).
Chung, K.H., “Inventory control and trade credit revisited,” Journal of Operational Research Society, 40(5), 495-498 (1989).
Chung, K.J., and Huang Y.F.,” The optimal cycle time for EPQ inventory model under permissible delay in payments,” International Journal of Production Economics, 84(8), 307-318 (2003).
Chung, K.J., and Liao J.J., “Lot-size decisions under trade credit depending on the ordering quantity,” Computers & Operations Research, 31(6), 909-928 (2004).
Covert, R.P., and G.C. Philip, “An EOQ model for items with Weibull distribution deterioration,” AIIE Transactions, 5, 323-326 (1973).
Datta, T. K., and Pal, A. K., “A note on an inventory model with inventory-level-dependent demand rate,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 41(10), 971-975 (1990).
Deb, M., and Chaudhuri, K. S., “A note on the heuristic for replenishment of trended inventory considering shortages,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 38(5), 459-463 (1987).
Dejong, J. R., The effects of increasing skill on cycle time and its consequencesfor time standards, Ergonomics (1957).
Donaldson, W. A., “Inventory replenishment policy for a linear trend in demand-an analytical solution,” Operational Research, 28(3), 663-670 (1977).
Elmaghraby, S. E., “Economic manufacturing quantities under conditions of learning and forgetting,” Production Planning and Control, 1(4), 196-208 (1990).
Fisk, J. C., and Ballou, D. P., “Production Lot Sizing under a Learning Effect,” IIE Transactions, 14(4), 257-264 (1982).
Grubbström R., W., and A. Erdem, “The EOQ with backlogging derived without derivatives,” International Journal of Production Economics, 59(1-3), 529-530 (1999).
Ghare, P. M., and Schrader, G. H, “A model for exponentially decaying inventory system,” International Journal of Production Research, 21, 449-460 (1963).
Glover, J. H., “Manufacturing progress functions:An alternative model and its comparison with existing functions,” International Journal Production Research, 4(4), 279-300 (1966).
Goyal, S.K., “Economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments,” Journal of Operational Research Society, 36(4), 335-338 (1985).
Haley, C.W., and R.C. Higgins, “Inventory policy and trade credit financing,” Management Science, 20(4), 464-471 (1973).
Harris, F., “Operations and Cost,” Factory Management Series. A.W. Shaw, Chicago, 48-52 (1915).
Hayek, P. A. and Salameh, M. K. ,“Production lot sizing with the reworking of imperfect quality items produced,” Production planning and control, 12(6), 584-590 (2001)
Hiller, R.M., G.J. “Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research (6th ed.),” McGraw-Hill Inc., New York (1995).
Inderfurth K., Kovalyov M. Y., C.T. Ng, and Werner F., “Cost minimizing scheduling of work and rework processes on a single facility under deterioration of reworkables,” International Journal Production Economics, 105(2), 345-356 (2007)
Jaber, M. Y., and Bonney, M., “The economic manufacture/order quantity (EMQ/EOQ) and the learning curve: past, present, and future,” International Journal of Production Economics, 59(1-3), 93-102 (1999).
Jaber, M. Y., and Bonney, M., “Lot sizing with learning and forgetting in set-ups and in product quality,” International Journal of Production Economic, 83(1), 95-111 (2003).
Jaber, M. Y., and Guiffrida, A. L., “Learning curves for process generating defects requiring reworks,” European Journal of Operational Research, 159(3), 663-672 (2004).
Jamal, A. M. M., Bhaba R, Sarker, and Sanjay Mondal, “Optimal manufacturing batch size with rework process at a single-stage production system,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, 47(1), 77-89 (2004).
Keachie, E. C., and R. J. Fontana, “Effects of learning on optimal lot size,” Management Science, 13(2), pp102-108 (1966).
Khouja, M., and A. Mehrez, “Optimal inventory policy under different supplier credit policies,” Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 15(5), 334-339 (1996).
Kim, Y.H., and K.H. Chung, “An integrated evaluation of investment in inventory and credit: a cash flow approach,” Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 17(3), 381-390 (1990).
Kingsman, B. G., “The effect of payment rules on ordering and stocking in purchasing,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 34(11), 1085-1098 (1983).
Leung, K. N., “A generalized geometric-programming solution to An economic production quantity model with flexibility and reliability considerations,” European Journal of Operational Research, 176(1), 240-251 (2007)
Layek, L. A. M., and Roberto, M., “On the multi-product newsboy problem with two constraints,” The Computer and Operations Research, 32(8), 2095-2116 (2005).
Li, G., and Rajagopalan, S., “The impact of quality on learning,” Journal of Operations Management, 15(3), 181-191 (1997).
Liao, H. C., C.H. Tsai, and C.T. Su, “An inventory model with deteriorating items under inflation when a delay in payment is permissible,” International Journal of Production Economics, 63(2), 207-214 (2000).
Liao, J. J., “On an EPQ model for deteriorating items under permissible delay in payments,” Applied Mathematical Modelling, 31(3), 393-403 (2007).
Lin, C. S., “Integrated production-inventory models with imperfect production processes and a limited capacity for raw materials,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 29(2), 81-89 (1999).
Liu, J. J., and Yang, P., “Optimal lot-sizing in an imperfect production system with homogeneous reworkable jobs,” European Journal of Operational Research, 91 (3), 517–527 (1996) .
Mandal, B.N., and S. Phaujdar, “Some EOQ models under permissible delay in payments,” International Journal of Management and Systems, 5(2), 99-108 (1989).
Muth, E. J., and Spremann, K., “Learning effects in economic lot sizing,” Management Science, 29(2), 264-269 (1983).
Ouyang, L.Y., Chen M.S., and Chuang K.W., “Economic order Quantity model under cash discount and payment delay,” International Journal of Information and Management Sciences, 13(1), 1-10 (2002).
Papachristos, S., and Skouri, K., “An inventory model with deteriorating items, quantity discount, pricing and time-dependent partial backlogging,” International Journal of Production Economics, 83(3), 247-256 (2003).
Park, K.S., “Inventory model with partial backorder,” International Journal of System Science, 13, 1313-1317 (1982).
Pascale A. H; Moueen K. S. “Production lot sizing with the reworking of imperfect quality item produced,” Production Planning and Control, 12(6), 584–590 (2001).
Porteus, E., “Investing in Reduced Setups in the EOQ Model,” Management Science, 31(8), 998-1010 (1985).
Sarker, B.R., A.M.M. Jamal, and S. Wang, “Supply chain models for perishable products under inflation and permissible delay in payment,” Computers and Operations Research, 27(1), 59-75 (2000).
Shah, Y.K.. “An order-level lot-size inventory model for deterioration items,” AIIE Transactions, 9, 108-112 (1976).
Shan, N.H., “A lot-size model for exponentially decaying inventory when delay in payments is permissible,” Cahiers Du CERO, 35, 115-123 (1993).
Shawky A.I., and M.O. Abou El Ata, “Constrained production lot-size model with trade-credit policy: ‘a comparison geometric programming approach via Lagrange’,” Production Planning & Control, 12(7), 654-659 (2001).
Silver, E. A., Pyke, D. F., and Peterson, R., Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling, John Wiley, New York (1998).
Smunt, T. L., and. Morton, T. E, “The effects of learning on optimal lot sizes: further development on the single product case,” IIE Transactions, 17(1), 33-37 (1985).
Spradlon, B., and D. Pierce, “Production scheduling under a learning effect by dynamic programming,” Journal of Industrial Engineering, 18(3), 219-222 (1967)
Steedman, I., “Some Improvement Curve Theory,” International Journal of Production Research, 8(3), 189-205 (1970).
Tzur, M., “Learning in setups: analysis, minimal forecast horizons, and algorithms,” Management Science, 42(12), 1732-1743. (1996).
Wee, H. M., “A deterministic lot-size inventory model for deteriorating items with shortages and a declining market,” Computers and Operations Research, 22(3), 345-356 (1995).
Wortham, A. W., and A. M. Mayyasi, “Learning considerations with economic order quantity,” AIIE Transactions, 4(1), 69-71 (1972).
Wright, T., “Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes,” Journal of Aeronautical Science, 4(4), 122-128 (1936).
Wu, K.S., and Ouyang L.Y., “An integrated single-vendor single-buyer inventory system with shortage derived algebraically,” Production Planning & Control, 14(6), 555-561 (2003).
Yelle, L. E., “Estimating learning curves for potential products,” Industrial Marketing Management, 5(2), 147-154 (1976).