臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

M52048是一個水稻T-DNA插入性突變株，具有矮株、早開花、節彎曲以及穗無法完全抽出等性狀。該T-DNA活化了插入位附近的三個基因OsMADS14、OsMADS34以及OsCP7。
本研究第一部分在探討水稻開花素Hd3a以及RFT1的表現受OsMADS14調控的分子機制。前人構築大量表現OsMADS14的Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株，發現和M52048突變株同樣具有矮株以及早開花的性狀，在水稻受光週期調控的開花作用路徑中，開花素Hd3a以及RFT1的表現在Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株被活化。本研究分析水稻開花素調控因子OsPRR37、OsCO3、DTH2、OsDof12、PPS以及RFL在Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株的表現情形，其中RFL的表現被活化，然而OsCO3的表現則是被抑制，暗示OsMADS14可能透過RFL及OsCO3間接調控開花素基因的表現。為了研究Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株的早開花的性狀，是否會影響水稻的phase transition，分析miR156及miR172在Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株的表現情形，其中miR156被略微活化，然而miR172的表現被明顯抑制，暗示其phase transition可能被延緩。為了驗證水稻是否有類似於阿拉伯芥的調控機制，本研究針對可能為開花抑制基因 (floral repressor genes)的putative OsTARGET OF EAT1 (OsTOE1)、putative OsTEMPRANILLO1 (OsTEM1)、putative OsTEM2以及RCN1進行分析，其中RCN1以及putative OsTEM1在Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株的表現被活化，推測是為了緩解OsMADS14異常過早表現的效應。為了探討putative OsTOE1、RCN1以及putative OsTEM1在水稻的生理功能，分別針對可能的基因功能活化突變株 (activation tagging mutants)如M59289、M78020以及M89461進行分析，除了M89461有活化putative OsTEM1的表現外，其餘兩個突變株都沒有活化預期的基因。初步觀察M89461的基因型與抽穗期有關連，暗示著putative OsTEM1可能是水稻的開花抑制基因。
本研究第二部分則是探討OsMADS34造成穗抽出異常的可能機制。前人構築大量表現OsMADS34的Ubi:OsMADS34轉殖株，發現和M52048突變株同樣具有穗無法完全抽出的性狀，該性狀可能與第一節間明顯縮短有關。根據對轉殖株幼苗的微陣列晶片分析，許多逆境相關的基因表現量達到顯著差異。本研究則是針對其中31組基因，將成熟材料利用RT-PCR的方式，對幼苗微陣列晶片分析的結果進行驗證，其中M1、M2、M4、M8、M9、M10、M16、M17、M18、M21、M22、M23、M24、M26、M27、M30、M31與微陣列晶片分析的結果一致，推測OsMADS34可能會調控上述基因的表現。

M52048, a T-DNA insertion mutant, shows dwarf, early flowering, node bending and impaired in panicle exsertion and it has been demonstrated to have three flanking genes OsMADS14, OsMADS34 and OsCP7 activated.
Transgenic plants, Ubi:OsMADS14, ectopically overexpressing OsMADS14 revealed dwarf and early flowering phenotype, and up-regulated expression of florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1 were observed in the previous study. The first part of this study is to investigate the possible mechanisms that how the expression of Hd3a and RFT1 can be up-regulated by OsMADS14. At first, the expression profile of rice florigen regulators such as OsPRR37, OsCO3, DTH2, OsDof12, PPS and RFL were analyzed. Among them, the expression of RFL was promoted and OsCO3 was repressed suggesting that the activation of Hd3a and RFT1 might result from the up-regulation of RFL and/or down-regulation of OsCO3. Secondly, the phase transition miRNAs, miR156 and miR172 were investigated and results showed the expression of miR156 was slightly activated while miR172 was repressed suggesting that the delayed phase transition might occurred in Ubi:OsMADS14. Thirdly, the expression of potential floral repressors such as putative OsTOE1 (TARGET OF EAT1), putative OsTEM1 (OsTEMPRANILLO1), putative OsTEM2 and RCN1 that may regulate by OsMADS14 were analyzed. Results showed that OsTEM1 and RCN1 were activated, suggesting the possible involvement of partial counteraction of the effect of early flowering by OsMADS14. Finally, physiological functions of these putative floral repressors were studied by investigating their correspondent T-DNA insertion activation mutants such as M59289 (for OsTOE1), M78020 (for RCN1) and M89461 (for OsTEM1). Among these mutants, only the putative OsTEM1 gene in mutant M89461 was activated and a slightly late flowering phenotype was observed in mutant M89461 as well suggesting that the putative OsTEM1 might be a floral repressor in rice.
Transgenic plants, Ubi:OsMADS34, ectopically overexpressing OsMADS34 revealed impaired panicle exsertion phenotype and that resulted by the reduced length of the first internode was previously demonstrated. The second part of this study is to investigate the possible mechanisms that how the length of the first internode was significant reduced by overexpressing OsMADS34. Results of the microarray assays comparing Ubi:OsMADS34 to TNG67 revealed differential expressed of many stress-related genes. Among them, 31 genes designated as M1 to M31 were selected for further study and their expressions were to be confirmed by RT-PCR. Results showed that the expression profile of M1, M2, M4, M8, M9, M10, M16, M17, M18, M21, M22, M23, M24, M26, M27, M30 and M31 were in accordance with the results of microarray assays suggesting that the expression of these genes were regulated by overexpression of OsMADS34.

中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iv
表目次 vi
圖目次 vi
附表目次 vi
附圖目次 vii
縮寫對照表 viii
前言 1
前人研究 2
一、水稻基因功能之探討 2
二、具有早開花及矮株性狀的M52048突變株 3
三、大量表現OsMADS14、OsMADS34以及OsCP7的異位表現轉殖株 3
四、受環境調控的植物開花機制 3
五、阿拉伯芥受光週期調控的開花途徑 4
六、阿拉伯芥花器分化的機制 5
七、水稻受光週期調控的開花途徑 7
八、MADS-box家族蛋白調控目標基因的轉錄 9
九、OsMADS14活化上游開花素Hd3a、RFT1的表現 10
十、水稻開花素Hd3a及RFT1促進水稻進行開花作用 10
十一、不受Hd1、Ehd1調控的開花調控因子 11
十二、miRNAs參與植物的開花過程 12
十三、Ubi:OsMADS34轉殖株的第一節間嚴重縮短 14
材料與方法 16
一、儀器與設備 16
二、實驗藥品 16
三、研究材料 16
四、水稻轉殖基因分析 16
五、T-DNA插入位之附近基因表現量分析 18
六、水稻花器觀察 19
七、相關基因資訊搜尋 19
結果 20
壹、OsMADS14調控水稻早開花的可能機制探討 20
一、Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株農藝性狀觀察 20
二、水稻開花素基因Hd3a以及RFT1在Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株被活化可能原因的探討 22
三、推論的水稻開花抑制基因的生理功能探討 24
貳、OsMADS34造成穗抽出異常的可能原因探討 27
一、Ubi:OsMADS34轉殖株農藝性狀觀察 27
二、逆境相關基因在成熟Ubi:OsMADS34轉殖株的表現量分析 28
討論 31
一、Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株與M52048突變株的矮化可能為相同因素所造成 31
二、Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株早熟導致穗發育不良 31
三、Ubi:OsMADS14轉殖株的花器分化未受影響 31
四、OsMADS14能活化上游開花素Hd3a、RFT1 32
五、OsMADS14可能藉由活化RFL或抑制OsCO3達到正回饋 32
六、過早累積OsMADS14可能誘使開花抑制基因的活化 32
七、大量表現OsMADS14可能延緩其phase transition 33
八、預測的水稻開花抑制基因功能探討 34
九、OsMADS34影響小穗及穗的發育 34
十、Ubi:OsMADS34轉殖株的穗無法完全抽出的原因探討 34
結論 37
參考文獻 38
表 46
圖 49
附表 68
附圖 76

張斐涵. (2015). 水稻之OsMADS34及OsCP7基因大量表現對穗發育之影響. In 分子生物學研究所 (台中市: 國立中興大學), pp. 84.
陳正昇, 陳榮坤, 金漢?, and 林彥蓉. (2010). 以分子輔助選種導入hd1、Hd6和ehd1抽穗期基因至水稻越光品種. 作物、環境與生物資訊 7卷, 頁1-20.
陳潁芩. (2015). 水稻OsMADS14與OsCP7基因功能探討. In 分子生物學研究所 (台中市: 國立中興大學), pp. 59.
羅舜芳. (2008). 利用T-DNA插入性突變株探討水稻中GA2-oxidase,MADS14,MADS34andFlavonoid3'-hydroxylase之功能. In 分子生物學研究所 (台中市: 國立中興大學), pp. 166.
Abe, M., Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, S., Daimon, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Ikeda, Y., Ichinoki, H., Notaguchi, M., Goto, K., and Araki, T. (2005). FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex. Science 309, 1052-1056.
Alvarez-Buylla, E.R., Pelaz, S., Liljegren, S.J., Gold, S.E., Burgeff, C., Ditta, G.S., Ribas de Pouplana, L., Martínez-Castilla, L., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2000). An ancestral MADS-box gene duplication occurred before the divergence of plants and animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 5328-5333.
Aukerman, M.J., and Sakai, H. (2003). Regulation of flowering time and floral organ identity by a MicroRNA and its APETALA2-like target genes. The Plant Cell 15, 2730-2741.
Baurle, I., and Dean, C. (2006). The timing of developmental transitions in plants. Cell 125, 655-664.
Benlloch, R., Berbel, A., Ali, L., Gohari, G., Millan, T., and Madueno, F. (2015). Genetic control of inflorescence architecture in legumes. Front Plant Sci 6, 543.
Brandstädter, J., Roßbach, C., and Theres, K. (1993). The pattern of histone H4 expression in the tomato shoot apex changes during development. Planta 192, 69-74.
Castillejo, C., and Pelaz, S. (2008). The balance between CONSTANS and TEMPRANILLO activities determines FT expression to trigger flowering. Curr Biol 18, 1338-1343.
Chen, X. (2004). A microRNA as a translational repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis flower development. Science 303, 2022-2025.
Coen, E.S., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1991). The war of the whorls: genetic interactions controlling flower development. Nature 353, 31-37.
Ditta, G., Pinyopich, A., Robles, P., Pelaz, S., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2004). The SEP4 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana functions in floral organ and meristem identity. Curr Biol 14, 1935-1940.
Doi, K., Izawa, T., Fuse, T., Yamanouchi, U., Kubo, T., Shimatani, Z., Yano, M., and Yoshimura, A. (2004). Ehd1, a B-type response regulator in rice, confers short-day promotion of flowering and controls FT-like gene expression independently of Hd1. Genes Dev 18, 926-936.
Fornara, F., Parenicova, L., Falasca, G., Pelucchi, N., Masiero, S., Ciannamea, S., Lopez-Dee, Z., Altamura, M.M., Colombo, L., and Kater, M.M. (2004). Functional characterization of OsMADS18, a member of the AP1/SQUA subfamily of MADS box genes. Plant physiology 135, 2207-2219.
Franco, A.R., Gee, M.A., and Guilfoyle, T.J. (1990). Induction and superinduction of auxin-responsive mRNAs with auxin and protein synthesis inhibitors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 15845-15849.
Garner, W.W., and Allard, H.A. (1920). Effect of the Relative Length of Day and Night and Other Factors of the Environment on Growth and Reproduction in Plants1. Monthly Weather Review 48, 415-415.
Guo, S., Sun, B., Looi, L.S., Xu, Y., Gan, E.S., Huang, J., and Ito, T. (2015). Co-ordination of Flower Development Through Epigenetic Regulation in Two Model Species: Rice and Arabidopsis. Plant & cell physiology 56, 830-842.
Gustafson-Brown, C., Savidge, B., and Yanofsky, M.F. (1994). Regulation of the arabidopsis floral homeotic gene APETALA1. Cell 76, 131-143.
Hayama, R., and Coupland, G. (2003). Shedding light on the circadian clock and the photoperiodic control of flowering. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6, 13-19.
Hayama, R., and Coupland, G. (2004). The molecular basis of diversity in the photoperiodic flowering responses of Arabidopsis and rice. Plant physiology 135, 677-684.
Hayama, R., Yokoi, S., Tamaki, S., Yano, M., and Shimamoto, K. (2003). Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice. Nature 422, 719-722.
Hsing, Y.I., Chern, C.G., Fan, M.J., Lu, P.C., Chen, K.T., Lo, S.F., Sun, P.K., Ho, S.L., Lee, K.W., Wang, Y.C., Huang, W.L., Ko, S.S., Chen, S., Chen, J.L., Chung, C.I., Lin, Y.C., Hour, A.L., Wang, Y.W., Chang, Y.C., Tsai, M.W., Lin, Y.S., Chen, Y.C., Yen, H.M., Li, C.P., Wey, C.K., Tseng, C.S., Lai, M.H., Huang, S.C., Chen, L.J., and Yu, S.M. (2007). A rice gene activation/knockout mutant resource for high throughput functional genomics. Plant molecular biology 63, 351-364.
Ikeda-Kawakatsu, K., Maekawa, M., Izawa, T., Itoh, J., and Nagato, Y. (2012). ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 2/RFL, the rice ortholog of Arabidopsis LEAFY, suppresses the transition from inflorescence meristem to floral meristem through interaction with APO1. Plant J 69, 168-180.
International Rice Genome Sequencing, P. (2005). The map-based sequence of the rice genome. Nature 436, 793-800.
Itoh, J., Nonomura, K., Ikeda, K., Yamaki, S., Inukai, Y., Yamagishi, H., Kitano, H., and Nagato, Y. (2005). Rice plant development: from zygote to spikelet. Plant & cell physiology 46, 23-47.
Jain, M., Tyagi, A.K., and Khurana, J.P. (2006). Genome-wide analysis, evolutionary expansion, and expression of early auxin-responsive SAUR gene family in rice (Oryza sativa). Genomics 88, 360-371.
Jefferson, R.A., Kavanagh, T.A., and Bevan, M.W. (1987). GUS fusions: beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. The EMBO Journal 6, 3901-3907.
Jeon, J.-S., Lee, S., Jung, K.-H., Yang, W.-S., Yi, G.-H., Oh, B.-G., and An, G. (2000). Production of transgenic rice plants showing reduced heading date and plant height by ectopic expression of rice MADS-box genes. Molecular Breeding 6, 581-592.
Ji, X.M., Raveendran, M., Oane, R., Ismail, A., Lafitte, R., Bruskiewich, R., Cheng, S.H., and Bennett, J. (2005). Tissue-specific expression and drought responsiveness of cell-wall invertase genes of rice at flowering. Plant molecular biology 59, 945-964.
Kant, S., Bi, Y.M., Zhu, T., and Rothstein, S.J. (2009). SAUR39, a small auxin-up RNA gene, acts as a negative regulator of auxin synthesis and transport in rice. Plant physiology 151, 691-701.
Kaplan, F., and Guy, C.L. (2004). beta-Amylase induction and the protective role of maltose during temperature shock. Plant physiology 135, 1674-1684.
Kater, M.M., Dreni, L., and Colombo, L. (2006). Functional conservation of MADS-box factors controlling floral organ identity in rice and Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 57, 3433-3444.
Kaufmann, K., Wellmer, F., Muino, J.M., Ferrier, T., Wuest, S.E., Kumar, V., Serrano-Mislata, A., Madueno, F., Krajewski, P., Meyerowitz, E.M., Angenent, G.C., and Riechmann, J.L. (2010). Orchestration of floral initiation by APETALA1. Science 328, 85-89.
Kim, C.-Y., Vo, K.T.X., Nguyen, C.D., Jeong, D.-H., Lee, S.-K., Kumar, M., Kim, S.-R., Park, S.-H., Kim, J.-K., and Jeon, J.-S. (2016). Functional analysis of a cold-responsive rice WRKY gene, OsWRKY71. Plant Biotechnology Reports 10, 13-23.
Kim, S.K., Yun, C.H., Lee, J.H., Jang, Y.H., Park, H.Y., and Kim, J.K. (2008). OsCO3, a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, controls flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT-like genes under SD conditions in rice. Planta 228, 355-365.
Kim, W., Lee, Y., Park, J., Lee, N., and Choi, G. (2013). HONSU, a protein phosphatase 2C, regulates seed dormancy by inhibiting ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant & cell physiology 54, 555-572.
Kobayashi, Y. (1999). A Pair of Related Genes with Antagonistic Roles in Mediating Flowering Signals. Science 286, 1960-1962.
Kojima, S. (2002). Hd3a, a Rice Ortholog of the Arabidopsis FT Gene, Promotes Transition to Flowering Downstream of Hd1 under Short-Day Conditions. Plant and Cell Physiology 43, 1096-1105.
Komatsu, K., Maekawa, M., Ujiie, S., Satake, Y., Furutani, I., Okamoto, H., Shimamoto, K., and Kyozuka, J. (2003). LAX and SPA: major regulators of shoot branching in rice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 11765-11770.
Komatsu, M. (2003). FRIZZY PANICLE is required to prevent the formation of axillary meristems and to establish floral meristem identity in rice spikelets. Development 130, 3841-3850.
Komiya, R., Yokoi, S., and Shimamoto, K. (2009). A gene network for long-day flowering activates RFT1 encoding a mobile flowering signal in rice. Development 136, 3443-3450.
Komiya, R., Ikegami, A., Tamaki, S., Yokoi, S., and Shimamoto, K. (2008). Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice. Development 135, 767-774.
Koo, B.-H., Yoo, S.-C., Park, J.-W., Kwon, C.-T., Lee, B.-D., An, G., Zhang, Z., Li, J., Li, Z., and Paek, N.-C. (2013). Natural Variation in OsPRR37 Regulates Heading Date and Contributes to Rice Cultivation at a Wide Range of Latitudes. Molecular Plant 6, 1877-1888.
Lee, D.Y., and An, G. (2012). Two AP2 family genes, supernumerary bract (SNB) and Osindeterminate spikelet 1 (OsIDS1), synergistically control inflorescence architecture and floral meristem establishment in rice. Plant J 69, 445-461.
Lee, S., Kim, J., Han, J.J., Han, M.J., and An, G. (2004). Functional analyses of the flowering time gene OsMADS50, the putative SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1/AGAMOUS-LIKE 20 (SOC1/AGL20) ortholog in rice. Plant J 38, 754-764.
Lee, Y.S., Yi, J., and An, G. (2016). OsPhyA modulates rice flowering time mainly through OsGI under short days and Ghd7 under long days in the absence of phytochrome B. Plant molecular biology 91, 413-427.
Lee, Y.S., Lee, D.Y., Cho, L.H., and An, G. (2014). Rice miR172 induces flowering by suppressing OsIDS1 and SNB, two AP2 genes that negatively regulate expression of Ehd1 and florigens. Rice (N Y) 7, 31.
Li, D., Yang, C., Li, X., Gan, Q., Zhao, X., and Zhu, L. (2009). Functional characterization of rice OsDof12. Planta 229, 1159-1169.
Li, J., Han, Y., Liu, L., Chen, Y., Du, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, H., and Zhao, Q. (2015). qRT9, a quantitative trait locus controlling root thickness and root length in upland rice. J Exp Bot 66, 2723-2732.
Liljegren, S.J., Gustafson-Brown, C., Pinyopich, A., Ditta, G.S., and Yanofsky, M.F. (1999). Interactions among APETALA1, LEAFY, and TERMINAL FLOWER1 specify meristem fate. The Plant Cell 11, 1007-1018.
Liu, Y.-G., and Whittier, R.F. (1995). Thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR: automatable amplification and sequencing of insert end fragments from P1 and YAC clones for chromosome walking. Genomics 25, 674-681.
Lu, S.-J., Wei, H., Wang, Y., Wang, H.-M., Yang, R.-F., Zhang, X.-B., and Tu, J.-M. (2012). Overexpression of a Transcription Factor OsMADS15 Modifies Plant Architecture and Flowering Time in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 30, 1461-1469.
Mandel, M.A., Gustafson-Brown, C., Savidge, B., and Yanofsky, M.F. (1992). Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene APETALA1. Nature 360, 273-277.
Mao, D., and Chen, C. (2012). Colinearity and similar expression pattern of rice DREB1s reveal their functional conservation in the cold-responsive pathway. PloS one 7, e47275.
Martinez-Zapater, J.M., and Somerville, C.R. (1990). Effect of Light Quality and Vernalization on Late-Flowering Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant physiology 92, 770-776.
Nakagawa, M., Shimamoto, K., and Kyozuka, J. (2002). Overexpression of RCN1 and RCN2, rice TERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS homologs, confers delay of phase transition and altered panicle morphology in rice. The Plant Journal 29, 743-750.
Parcy, F., Bomblies, K., and Weigel, D. (2002). Interaction of LEAFY, AGAMOUS and TERMINAL FLOWER1 in maintaining floral meristem identity in Arabidopsis. Development 129, 2519-2527.
Parcy, F., Nilsson, O., Busch, M.A., Lee, I., and Weigel, D. (1998). A genetic framework for floral patterning. Nature 395, 561-566.
Park, M., Yim, H.K., Park, H.G., Lim, J., Kim, S.H., and Hwang, Y.S. (2010). Interference with oxidative phosphorylation enhances anoxic expression of rice alpha-amylase genes through abolishing sugar regulation. J Exp Bot 61, 3235-3244.
Pelaz, S., Ditta, G.S., Baumann, E., Wisman, E., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2000). B and C floral organ identity functions require SEPALLATA MADS-box genes. Nature 405, 200-203.
Putterill, J., Laurie, R., and Macknight, R. (2004). It's time to flower: the genetic control of flowering time. Bioessays 26, 363-373.
Putterill, J., Robson, F., Lee, K., Simon, R., and Coupland, G. (1995). The CONSTANS gene of arabidopsis promotes flowering and encodes a protein showing similarities to zinc finger transcription factors. Cell 80, 847-857.
Rao, N.N., Prasad, K., Kumar, P.R., and Vijayraghavan, U. (2008). Distinct regulatory role for RFL, the rice LFY homolog, in determining flowering time and plant architecture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 3646-3651.
Ratcliffe, O.J., Amaya, I., Vincent, C.A., Rothstein, S., Carpenter, R., Coen, E.S., and Bradley, D.J. (1998). A common mechanism controls the life cycle and architecture of plants. Development 125, 1609-1615.
Ren, H., and Gray, William M. (2015). SAUR Proteins as Effectors of Hormonal and Environmental Signals in Plant Growth. Molecular Plant 8, 1153-1164.
Rodriguez, P.L. (1998). Protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) function in higher plants. Plant molecular biology 38, 919-927.
Schmid, M., Uhlenhaut, N.H., Godard, F., Demar, M., Bressan, R., Weigel, D., and Lohmann, J.U. (2003). Dissection of floral induction pathways using global expression analysis. Development 130, 6001-6012.
Schwarz-Sommer, Z., Huijser, P., Nacken, W., Saedler, H., and Sommer, H. (1990). Genetic Control of Flower Development by Homeotic Genes in Antirrhinum majus. Science 250, 931-936.
Sgamma, T., Jackson, A., Muleo, R., Thomas, B., and Massiah, A. (2014). TEMPRANILLO is a regulator of juvenility in plants. Sci Rep 4, 3704.
Shi, S., Wang, T., Chen, Z., Tang, Z., Wu, Z., Salt, D.E., Chao, D.Y., and Zhao, F.J. (2016). OsHAC1;1 and OsHAC1;2 Function as Arsenate Reductases and Regulate Arsenic Accumulation. Plant physiology 172, 1708-1719.
Shore, P., and Sharrocks, A.D. (1995). The MADS-box family of transcription factors. European journal of biochemistry 229, 1-13.
Simon, R., Igeno, M.I., and Coupland, G. (1996). Activation of floral meristem identity genes in Arabidopsis. Nature 384, 59-62.
Smaczniak, C., Immink, R.G., Angenent, G.C., and Kaufmann, K. (2012). Developmental and evolutionary diversity of plant MADS-domain factors: insights from recent studies. Development 139, 3081-3098.
Sun, C., Chen, D., Fang, J., Wang, P., Deng, X., and Chu, C. (2014). Understanding the genetic and epigenetic architecture in complex network of rice flowering pathways. Protein Cell 5, 889-898.
Takano, M., Inagaki, N., Xie, X., Kiyota, S., Baba-Kasai, A., Tanabata, T., and Shinomura, T. (2009). Phytochromes are the sole photoreceptors for perceiving red/far-red light in rice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 14705-14710.
Takano, M., Inagaki, N., Xie, X., Yuzurihara, N., Hihara, F., Ishizuka, T., Yano, M., Nishimura, M., Miyao, A., Hirochika, H., and Shinomura, T. (2005). Distinct and cooperative functions of phytochromes A, B, and C in the control of deetiolation and flowering in rice. The Plant Cell 17, 3311-3325.
Tamaki, S., Matsuo, S., Wong, H.L., Yokoi, S., and Shimamoto, K. (2007). Hd3a protein is a mobile flowering signal in rice. Science 316, 1033-1036.
Tanaka, N., Itoh, H., Sentoku, N., Kojima, M., Sakakibara, H., Izawa, T., Itoh, J., and Nagato, Y. (2011). The COP1 ortholog PPS regulates the juvenile-adult and vegetative-reproductive phase changes in rice. The Plant Cell 23, 2143-2154.
Tsuji, H., Taoka, K., and Shimamoto, K. (2011). Regulation of flowering in rice: two florigen genes, a complex gene network, and natural variation. Curr Opin Plant Biol 14, 45-52.
Vij, S., Gupta, V., Kumar, D., Vydianathan, R., Raghuvanshi, S., Khurana, P., Khurana, J.P., and Tyagi, A.K. (2006). Decoding the rice genome. Bioessays 28, 421-432.
Wu, W., Zheng, X.M., Lu, G., Zhong, Z., Gao, H., Chen, L., Wu, C., Wang, H.J., Wang, Q., Zhou, K., Wang, J.L., Wu, F., Zhang, X., Guo, X., Cheng, Z., Lei, C., Lin, Q., Jiang, L., Wang, H., Ge, S., and Wan, J. (2013). Association of functional nucleotide polymorphisms at DTH2 with the northward expansion of rice cultivation in Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, 2775-2780.
Xie, Z., Zhang, Z.L., Zou, X., Yang, G., Komatsu, S., and Shen, Q.J. (2006). Interactions of two abscisic-acid induced WRKY genes in repressing gibberellin signaling in aleurone cells. Plant J 46, 231-242.
Yamaguchi, A., and Abe, M. (2012). Regulation of reproductive development by non-coding RNA in Arabidopsis: to flower or not to flower. J Plant Res 125, 693-704.
Yano, M., Katayose, Y., Ashikari, M., Yamanouchi, U., Monna, L., Fuse, T., Baba, T., Yamamoto, K., Umehara, Y., Nagamura, Y., and Sasaki, T. (2000). Hd1, a Major Photoperiod Sensitivity Quantitative Trait Locus in Rice, Is Closely Related to the Arabidopsis Flowering Time Gene CONSTANS. The Plant Cell 12, 2473-2483.
Zhang, B., Wang, L., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., and Ma, H. (2015). Arabidopsis TOE proteins convey a photoperiodic signal to antagonize CONSTANS and regulate flowering time. Genes & Development 29, 975-987.
Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Liu, J., Wang, W., Sun, J., Gao, Q., Zhang, Y., Ma, D., Wang, J., Xu, Z., and Chen, W. (2016). Loss of function of OsMADS34 leads to large sterile lemma and low grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular Breeding 36.
Zhang, Z.L., Shin, M., Zou, X., Huang, J., Ho, T.H., and Shen, Q.J. (2009). A negative regulator encoded by a rice WRKY gene represses both abscisic acid and gibberellins signaling in aleurone cells. Plant molecular biology 70, 139-151.