臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文提出一應用於車載系統之非接觸電能傳輸平台設計與特性分析，其中包含車內可攜式電子產品定點充電系統之一對一電能傳輸與車載電能移動式充電系統之三對一電能傳輸系統。有鑑於目前車內電子產品皆採有線連接方式傳輸電能，且電動車充電主採定點充電站型態，因此若能採用非接觸傳輸電能，且於道路鋪設充電軌道，即時對於車輛進行移動式充電，預將有效提升充電便利性。故本文旨在探討非接觸電能傳輸之特性分析，以選定適切補償架構，並針對系統需求功率與傳輸距離提出一套感應線圈設計流程。最後，將上述設計方法於一對一系統驗證後，進一步擴充為三對一移動式電能傳輸雛型系統，並藉由偵測各模組線圈電壓，進而獲得充電軌道與車輛之位置關係，續透過控制各換流器之功率晶體導通責任週期，將可彈性因應車輛行進時之供電調整。本文經數學軟體分析與硬體電路測試驗證所提電路設計方法之可行性，研製成果輔以證實設計電路之應用潛力與參考價值。

This thesis proposes a contactless power transfer platform for electric vehicles with characteristics analysis, where both one-to-one power transfer and three-to-one power transfer for on-board portable electronic products are included. In view of inconvenience resulted from the scenario when the plug connection is the sole way of providing the power for most vehicles, the thesis suggests to utilize the wireless power transfer along with charging tracks, anticipating facilitating the dynamic charging of electric vehicles. This study begins with the investigation of contactless power transfer, which is followed by the selection of compensation structure. Based on the power demand and the distance to transfer the power, a flowchart of induction coil design is developed. Through the validation of one-to-one power transfer, the method is further extended as a three-to-one power transfer prototype. The voltage of each module is detected in order to formulate the relationships between charging tracks and position of vehicle. By controlling the duty cycle of each power transistor in the converter, the charging power can be adjusted flexibly. This proposed platform has been theoretically analysed and experimentally tested. Experimental results support the potentials and reference values of this proposed circuit for the application investigated.

中文摘要I
英文摘要II
誌謝V
目錄VI
表目錄IX
圖目錄X
符號說明XVI
第一章 緒論1
1-1 研究背景與動機1
1-2 研究方法與目的4
1-3 內容大綱7
第二章 非接觸電能傳輸電路與換流器諧振電路分析8
2-1 前言8
2-2 非接觸感應線圈等效電路模型分析9
2-3 諧振補償電路分析12
2-3-1 SS與SP補償架構及其輸出特性分析13
2-3-2 調整補償電容之諧振電路特性分析21
2-4 換流器諧振補償與整流濾波電路分析27
2-4-1 各式換流器架構簡介27
2-4-2 非對稱脈波寬度調變理論 29
2-4-3 整流濾波電路分析31
2-4-4 換流器功率晶體柔性切換分析32
2-4-5 換流器與諧振補償電路之時序分析33
第三章 系統軟硬體電路設計與規劃39
3-1 前言39
3-2 非接觸電能傳輸系統主電路架構40
3-2-1 半橋式換流器 41
3-2-2 非接觸感應線圈及補償電容參數設計42
3-2-3 整流濾波電路設計51
3-3 控制訊號產生及功率晶體驅動電路51
3-3-1 微控制器簡介52
3-3-2 控制訊號產生電路52
3-3-3 功率晶體驅動電路54
3-4 系統保護與控制策略57
3-4-1 定電壓控制器 57
3-4-2 電壓回授電路62
第四章 系統實驗結果66
4-1 前言66
4-2 SS補償架構之電路特性測試68
4-3 一對一非接觸電能傳輸電路系統測試73
4-3-1 半橋式換流器柔性切換測試73
4-3-2 諧振補償電路實測波形分析81
4-3-3 系統保護與控制策略96
4-3-4 系統輸出功率與效能實測 102
4-3-5 一對一非接觸電能傳輸系統實體圖106
4-4 三對一非接觸電能傳輸電路系統測試107
4-4-1 諧振補償電路暨系統控制策略測試108
4-4-2 系統輸出電壓與效能實測 124
4-4-3 三對一非接觸電能傳輸系統實體圖127
第五章 結論與未來研究方向130
5-1 結論130
5-2 未來研究方向131
參考文獻132

[1]T. S. Chan and C. L. Chen, “LLC Resonant Converter for Wireless Energy Transmission System with PLL Control, IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, Singapore, pp. 136-139, November 2008.

[2]G. Wang, W. Liu, M. Sivaprakasam, J. D. Weiland, and M. S. Humayun, “High Efficiency Wireless Power Transmission with Digitally Configurable Stimulation Voltage for Retinal Prosthesis, IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Arlington, VA, USA, pp. 543-546, March 2005.

[3]K. W. Klontz, D. M. Divan, D. W. Novotny, and R. D. Lorenz, “Contactless Power Delivery System for Mining Applications, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 27-35, February 1995.

[4]G. A. J. Elliott, G. A. Covic, D. Kacprzak, and J. T. Boys, “A New Concept: Asymmetrical Pick-Ups for Inductively Coupled Power Transfer Monorail Systems, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3389-3391, October 2006.

[5]A. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher, and M. Soljacic, “Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances, Science Magazine, vol. 317, no. 5834, pp. 83-86, June 2007.

[6]S. H. Lee and R. D. Lorenz, “Development and Validation of Model for 95%-Efficiency 220-W Wireless Power Transfer Over a 30-cm Air Gap, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 2495-2504, December 2011.

[7]B. L. Cannon, J. F. Hoburg, D. D. Stancil, and S. C. Goldstein, “Magnetic Resonant Coupling As a Potential Means for Wireless Power Transfer to Multiple Small Receivers, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1819-1825, July 2009.

[8]C. J. Chen, C. T. Hsiung, C. L. Lin, and Z. C. Jou, “A Study of Loosely Coupled Coils for Wireless Power Transfer, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 536-540, July 2010.

[9]S. L. Ho, J. Wang, W. N. Fu, and M. Sun, “A Comparative Study Between Novel Witricity and Traditional Inductive Magnetic Coupling in Wireless Charging, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1522-1525, May 2011.

[10]M. Kline, I. Izyumin, B. Boser, and S. Sanders, “Capacitive Power Transfer for Contactless Charging, IEEE Annual Conference and Exposition on Applied Power Electronics, Fort Worth, TX, USA, pp. 1398-1404, March 2011.

[11]B. Peschiera and S. S. Williamson, “Review and Comparison of Inductive Charging Power Electronic Converter Topologies for Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Detroit, MI, USA, pp. 1-6, June 2013.

[12]Q. Yang, J. Li, H. Chen, and J. Wang, “Design and Analysis of New Detachable Coreless Transformer Used for Contact-less Electrical Energy Transmission System, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Harbin, China, pp. 1-4, September 2008.

[13]J. Acero, C. Carretero, I. Lope, R. Alonso, O. Lucia, and J. M. Burdio, “Analysis of the Mutual Inductance of Planar-Lumped Inductive Power Transfer Systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 410-420, January 2013.

[14]X. Liu and S. Y. R. Hui, “Optimal Design of a Hybrid Winding Structure for Planar Contactless Battery Charging Platform, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 455-463, January 2008.

[15]S. R. Cove, M. Ordonez, F. Luchino, and J. E. Quaicoe, “Applying Response Surface Methodology to Small Planar Transformer Winding Design, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 483-493, February 2013.

[16]Y. H. Kim and K. H. Jin, “Design and Implementation of a Rectangular-Type Contactless Transformer, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 12, pp. 5380-5384, December 2011.

[17]O. H. Stielau and G. A. Covic, “Design of Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems, IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, Perth, Australia, vol. 1, pp. 85-90, December 2000.

[18]W. Zhou and H. Ma, “Design Considerations of Compensation Topologies in ICPT System, IEEE Annual Conference on Applied Power Electronics, Anaheim, CA, USA, pp. 985-990, March 2007.

[19]C. S. Wang, G. A. Covic, and O. H. Stielau, “Power Transfer Capability and Bifurcation Phenomena of Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 148-157, February 2004.

[20]T. Sun, X. Xie, G. Li, Y. Gu, Y. Deng, and Z. Wang, “A Two-Hop Wireless Power Transfer System with an Efficiency-Enhanced Power Receiver for Motion-Free Capsule Endoscopy Inspection, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 3247-3254, November 2012.

[21]Z. N. Low, R. A. Chinga, R. Tseng, and J. Lin, “Design and Test of a High-Power High-Efficiency Loosely Coupled Planar Wireless Power Transfer System, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1801-1812, May 2009.

[22]Y. H. Liu, S. C. Wang, and R. C. Leou, “A Novel Primary-Side Controlled Contactless Battery Charger, IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 320-324, November 2007.

[23]X. Zhang, S. L. Ho, and W. N. Fu, “A Hybrid Optimal Design Strategy of Wireless Magnetic-Resonant Charger for Deep Brain Stimulation Devices, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 2145-2148, May 2013.

[24]H. Y. Shen, J. Y. Lee, and T. W. Chang, “Study of Contactless Inductive Charging Platform with Core Array Structure for Portable Products, IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks, XianNing, China, pp. 756-759, April 2011.

[25]S. Haghbin, S. Lundmark, M. Alakula, and O. Carlson, “An Isolated High-Power Integrated Charger in Electrified-Vehicle Applications, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 4115-4126, November 2011.

[26]J. J. Casanova, Z. N. Low, and J. Lin, “Design and Optimization of a Class-E Amplifier for a Loosely Coupled Planar Wireless Power System, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 830-834, November 2009.

[27]H. Matsumoto, Y. Neba, H. Iura, D. Tsutsumi, K. Ishizaka, and R. Itoh, “Trifoliate Three-Phase Contactless Power Transformer in Case of Winding-Alignment, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 53-62, January 2014.

[28]H. Matsumoto, Y. Neba, K. Ishizaka, and R. Itoh, “Model for a Three-Phase Contactless Power Transfer System, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2676-2687, September 2011.

[29]H. Matsumoto, Y. Neba, K. Ishizaka, and R. Itoh, “Comparison of Characteristics on Planar Contactless Power Transfer Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2980-2993, June 2012.

[30]M. L. G. Kissin, G. A. Covic, and J. T. Boys, “Steady-State Flat-Pickup Loading Effects in Polyphase Inductive Power Transfer Systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2274-2282, June 2011.

[31]G. Elliott, S. Raabe, G. A. Covic, and J. T. Boys, “Multiphase Pickups for Large Lateral Tolerance Contactless Power-Transfer Systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1590-1598, May 2010.

[32]J. J. Casanova, Z. N. Low, and J. Lin, “A Loosely Coupled Planar Wireless Power System for Multiple Receivers, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 3060-3068, August 2009.

[33]A. J. Moradewicz and M. P. Kazmierkowski, “Contactless Energy Transfer System with FPGA-Controlled Resonant Converter, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 3181-3190, September 2010.

[34]S. J. Huang, Y. J. Li, H. B. Ge, T. H. Huang, and L. T. Shing, “Contactless Energy-Transfer System Design for Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery-Charging Circuits, IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Kitakyushu, Japan, pp. 217-220, April 2013.

[35]N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins 著，江炫樟 編譯，“電力電子學Power Electronics 全華科技圖書股份有限公司，民國94 年。

[36]Z. Ye, P. K. Jain, and P. C. Sen, “A Two-Stage Resonant Inverter with Control of the Phase Angle and Magnitude of the Output Voltage, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2797-2812, October 2007.

[37]M. Qiu, P. K. Jain, and H. Zhang, “Dynamic Performance of an APWM Resonant Inverter for High Frequency AC Power Distribution System, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1556-1563, November 2006.

[38]P. Jain and M. Tanju, “A 20 kHz Hybrid Resonant Power Source for the Space Station, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 491-496, July 1989.

[39]R. L. Steigerwald, “A Comparison of Half-bridge Resonant Converter Topologies, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 174-182, April 1988.

[40]C. S. Wang, O. H. Stielau, and G. A. Covic, “Design Considerations for a Contactless Electric Vehicle Battery Charger, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1308-1314, October 2005.

[41]dsPIC30F4011/4012 Data Sheet, Microchip Technology Inc., 2005.

[42]IR2110 Data Sheet, International Rectifier, 2005.

[43]S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002.

[44]R. Schaumann and M. E. Van Valkenburg, Design of Analog Filters, Oxford, 2010.