臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

論文提要內容：
霍桑的紅字無疑地被認為是他的最佳傑作因為其中蘊含了被稱為是模擬兩可或是是而非令人扼惱的敘述技巧之怪異性。本篇論文的主旨在於以德希達的延異理論詳細剖析霍桑紅字的書寫策略。根據德希達的理論，當書寫起始，意義隨即展開一場永無止盡的延遲滯宕；意符永遠在其他意符的引介下尋覓意指。因此，本論文著眼於後結構主義的理論基礎，提出霍桑在書寫紅字時逐漸喪失對於語言的全然掌控。除了德希達的延異理論之外，羅蘭巴特、拉崗以及克麗絲蒂娃的理論也經援引來解析霍桑書寫中複雜難解的現象。此論文主要分為三部分，分別探討延異在背景安排、角色刻畫、與符號A的發展在紅字一書中的實踐。在如此的分析之後，我們可以發現身為一位作家，霍桑已逐漸失去對於文本的極權統治，相反地，文本本身就如同是一座遊樂場，於內，符號的自由嬉戲成為可能。最後，當延異開始，腥紅A字的「終極意義」注定難尋─意義是永恆迥異而延宕。

Abstract:
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter has undoubtedly been considered as his masterpiece for there exists some strangeness that is named as ambiguity or paradox, Hawthorne’s “headachy” technique, in it. The objective of this thesis is to examine the strangeness of Hawthorne’s writing strategies of The Scarlet Letter by associating with Derrida’s idea of différance. For Derrida, whenever writing begins, the meaning is endlessly relayed and never comes to a conceptual closure; the signifier is always in search of its signified through the mediation of other signifiers. The thesis is led to a post-structuralist approach, addressing Hawthorne’s incapability of fully controlling the language while writing the novel. To analyze such a complicated phenomenon, except Derrida’s theory, Roland Barthes’, Lacan’s and Julia Kristeva’s have applied to serve some possible explanations. The main body of this thesis is divided into three parts, separately discussing différance practiced on the arrangement of settings, characterization and the development of A-sign in The Scarlet Letter. After this analysis, we may find that Hawthorne, as a writer, has gradually lost his overwhelming power over the text; instead, the text becomes a playground where the free play of signs is made possible. Finally, as différance commences, the “ultimate truth”　of scarlet letter A is doomed to be un-searchable─the meaning is forever differed and deffered.

Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction 1
Chapter Two: Différance in Hawthorne’s Renderings of Settings 15
Chapter Three: Différance in Characterization 38
Chapter Four: Différance Enacted in A-Sign 68
Chapter Five: Conclusion 81
Works Cited 84

Works Cited
I.Primary Source:
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Rose C Murfin. Boston: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
II.Secondary Sources:
Abel, Darrel. The Moral Picturesque: Studies in Hawthorne’s Fiction. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue UP, 1988.
Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Ed. Michael Hoquist. Austin: Texas UP, 1981.
Barthes, Roland. “The Death of the Author.” Critical Theory Since Plato. Ed. Hazard Adams. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1992.
---. S/Z. Trans. Richard Miller. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
Baym, Nina. “The Romantic Malgré Lui: Hathorne in “The Custom-House.” The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Seymour Gross. New York: W.W. Norton, 1988.
---. Ruined Eden of the Present: Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe. Ed. G. R. Tompson and Virgil L. Lokke. West Lafayette: Purdue UP, 1981.
Bell, Michael Davitt. Hawthorne and the Historical Romance of New England. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1971.
Benstock, Shari. “The Scarlet Letter (a)dorée, or the Female Body Embroidered.” The Scarlet Letter Ed. Rose C Murfin. Boston: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
Bercovitch, Sacvan. The Office of The Scarlet Letter. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1991.
Blake, William. Selected Poetry. Ed. Michael Mason. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.
Brodhead, Richard H. Hawthorne, Melville, and the Novel. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1976.
Derrida, Jacques. Derrida and Différance. Ed. David Wood and Robert Bernasconi. Evan, IL: Northwestern UP, 1988.
---. Margin of Philosophy. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1982.
---. Of Grammatology. Trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1976.
---. Positions. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1981.
---. Writing and Difference. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1978.
Dolis, John. The Style of Hawthorne’s Gaze: Reading Subjectivity. Tuscaloosa: Alabama UP, 1993.
Dunne, Michael. Hawthorne’s Narrative Strategies. Mississippi: Mississippi UP, 1995.
Fryer, Judith. The Faces of Eve: Women in the Nineteenth-Century American Novel. New York: Oxford UP, 1976.
Geyer-Ryan, Helga. Fables of Desire: Studies in the ethics of art and gender. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994.
Harris, Kenneth Marc. Hypocrisy and Self-Deception in Hawthorne’s Fiction. Charlottesville: Virginia UP, 1988.
Herzog, Kristin. Women, Ethnics, and Exotics: Images of Power in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Knoxville: Tennessee UP, 1983.
Iser, Wolfgang. “The Repertoire.” Critical Theory Since 1965. Ed. Hazard Adams and Leroy Searle. Florida: Florida UP, 1990.
James, Henry. Hawthorne. New York: AMS Press, 1968.
Kristeva, Julia. Kristeva Reader. Ed. Toril Moi. New York: Columbia UP, 1986.
---. Revolution in Poetic Language. Trans. Margaret Waller. New York: Columbia UP, 1984.
Lacan Jacques. Feminine Sexuality. Trans. Jacqueline Rose. Ed. Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose. Hampshire: Macmillan, 1982.
Leverenz, David. “Mrs. Hawthorne’s Headache: Reading The Scarlet Letter.” The Scarlet Letter Ed. Rose C Murfin. Boston: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
Martin, Terence. “The Power of Generalizations in The Scarlet Letter.” Nathaniel Hawthorne Review. 21.2 (1995):1-6.
Milder, Robert. “The Scarlet Letter and Its Discontents” Nathaniel Hawthorne Review. 22.1(1996): 9-25.
Millington, Richard. “The Office of The Scarlet Letter: An ‘Inside Narrative.’” Nathaniel Hawthorne Review. 22.1(1996): 1-8.
Moi, Toril. Sexual Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory. London; New York: Methuen, 1985.
Norris, Christopher. Deconstruction: Theory and Practice. London; New York: Methuen, 1982.
Ragussis, Michael. “Silence, Family Discourse, and Fiction in The Scarlet Letter.” The Scarlet Letter Ed. Rose C Murfin. Boston: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
Reynolds, David S. Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Schriber, Mary Suzanne. Gender and the Writer’s Imagination: From Cooper to Wharton. Lexington: Kentucky UP, 1987.
Smith, Allan Gardner Lloyd. Eve Tempted: Writing and Sexuality in Hawthorne’s Fiction. Australia: Croom Helm Ltd, 1984.
Staal, Arie. Hawthorne’s Narrative Art. New York: Revisionist Press, 1977.
Tanner, Tony. Adultery in Novel: Contract and Transgression. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1979.
Van Doren, Mark. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: William Slane Associates, 1949.
Waggoner, Hyatt H. Hawthorne: A Critical Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1963.
Waugh, Patricia. Metafiction: The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction. New York: Routledge, 1984.
White, Paula K. “ ‘Original Signification’: Post-Structuralism and The Scarlet Letter.” Kentucky Philol. Assn. Bull. (1982): 41-54.